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Cyperaceae and Juncaceae Pollination Measured in the Air at Two Sites in SW Spain

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Cyperaceae and Juncaceae Pollination Measured in the Air at Two Sites in SW Spain Aerobiologia (2007) 23:259–270 DOI 10.1007/s10453-007-9072-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Cyperaceae and Juncaceae pollination measured in the air at two sites in SW Spain Adolfo F. Mun˜oz Rodrı´guez Æ Inmaculada Silva Palacios Æ Rafael Tormo Molina Received: 15 March 2007 / Accepted: 23 July 2007 / Published online: 23 August 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract The presence of airborne Cyperaceae and range 1.8–15.8 for Juncaceae and 111.8–473.9 for Juncaceae pollen was quantified using volumetric Cyperaceae—values far lower than any other ane- aerobiological traps over a 10-year period at two sites mophilous pollen type. The Cyperaceae pollen in SW Spain separated by 60 km (Badajoz 10 years, concentration peaked between 09:00 and 12:00. The Me´rida 3 years). The Pearson correlation coefficient meteorological factor most closely related to its daily was calculated between the daily and hourly concen- variations was found to be the wind direction, trations. The values of the principal meteorological showing that location of the sources is of great parameters—temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, importance. The results lend support to the hypoth- and speed and direction of the wind—were calculated esis of a limitation of allogamous reproduction in during the study period, and with the accumulated favour of vegetative multiplication in both families. values corresponding to the period prior to pollina- Nevertheless, the principal source of the airborne tion. The beginning and ending dates and the duration Cyperaceae pollen was found to be Scirpus holo- of the main pollen season (MPS) were also analyzed. schoenus, whose pollen is distinguishable from the Even though both families are anemophilous, the rest. Hence, because of its large production of pollen, presence of their pollens in the air was low. The this species can be characterized as anemophilous annual accumulated daily concentrations were in the and allogamous. Rainfall in the preceding autumn seemed to be responsible for the amount of Cyper- A. F. Mun˜oz Rodrı´guez Departamento de Biologı´a Ambiental y Salud Pu´blica, aceae pollen in the air, since a lack of rain was found Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de to be associated with lower densities in the traps. For Huelva, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, Huelva 21071, Spain the Juncaceae, it seems that the temperatures of the e-mail: [email protected] preceding December constituted the most limiting I. Silva Palacios meteorological parameter. Departamento de Electro´nica e Ingenierı´a Electromeca´nica, Escuela de Ingenierı´as Agrarias, Keywords Pollination Á Anemophily Á Universidad de Extremadura, Crta. Ca´ceres s/n, Cyperaceae Á Juncaceae Á Aerobiology Badajoz 06080, Spain e-mail: [email protected] R. Tormo Molina (&) 1 Introduction Departamento de Biologı´a y Produccio´n de los Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Badajoz 06080, Spain The Cyperaceae and Juncaceae families have clas- e-mail: [email protected] sically been associated with anemophilous pollination 123 260 Aerobiologia (2007) 23:259–270 on the basis of their floral characteristics (Cronquist that in most of the species the pseudomonads are 1988). There have nonetheless occasionally been arranged in a cylinder such that they are all in contact descriptions of insects visiting their inflorescences, as with the tapetum, thereby limiting the production of in the case of Carex binervis (Proctor et al. 1996) and pollen in this family (Kirpes et al. 1996). As those other species of the same genus (Leereveld et al. authors observe in their review, this arrangement 1991; Villanueva 1994). The two families are exten- would seem to be inconsistent with the anemophily of sively distributed over different types of habitat this family. The most important species in the area of worldwide, generally associated with moist sites. the study are Scirpus holoschoenus L., S. lacustris L., They both have systems of vegetative multiplication Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes, Cype- that enable the formation of extensive clones within rus longus L. C. michelianus (L.) Link, C. eragrostis their populations (Richards 1986). In many locations, Lam., Carex hispida Willd., C. divisa Hudson, C. including Mediterranean zones, their pollens are only hirta L., Juncus acutus L., J. effusus L., J. hetero- sparsely represented in aeropalynological spectra, phyllus Dufour, J. acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm., appearing in quantities not only far smaller than other J. articulatus L. and J. buffonius L. (Tormo 1995). anemophilous taxa, but also less than some ento- The aim of the present work was to analyze some mophilous taxa whose contribution to the airborne characteristics of pollination in these families on the pollen load is considered to be passive. For this basis of an aeropalynological study. This was carried reason, their pollination characteristics have not out in the towns of Badajoz and Me´rida, in the usually been the subject of aeropalynological studies, Extremadura Region in the interior of the SW Iberian except for some locations—e.g., La Plata and Buenos Peninsula. Both sites are under the influence of Aires (Argentina) (Pe´rez et al. 2001; Nitiu 2004), extensive irrigation zones. For the Cyperaceae case, a Berhampore and Calcutta (India) (Boral et al. 2004; study was conducted of the influence of meteorolog- Banik and Chanda 1992), in which the high concen- ical parameters on the annual and daily pollination tration of Cyperaceae leads to the pollen of this data. family being amongst the most frequent in the There are few published data on the reproductive airborne distribution. Even in these zones where the biology of the species of these two families, except representatives of this family are abundant, Cypera- for the possible self-incompatibility of Scirpus mari- ceae pollen is recognized as being an excellent timus (Charpentier et al. 2000), and the self- indicator of the surrounding vegetation, reflecting compatibility of Carex bigelowii (Jonsson et al. how limited its dispersion is into neighbouring zones. 1996) and Carex platyphylla (Handel 1985). The This fact has also made it an excellent tool in present work may, therefore, represent a contribution palaeobotanical studies (Pardoe 1994; Beecher and to their knowledge beyond the general overview of Chmura 2004). their anemophily. While Juncaceae pollen consists of tetrads, Cyperaceae pollen is released in pseudomonads, i.e., of the four nuclei resulting from meiosis, only 2 Materials and methods one develops into a pollen grain (Ferna´ndez 1987a). Palynological studies have shown the pollen of both The study was performed using Burkard volumetric families to have thin walls, a characteristic which can traps (Hirst 1952) located in Badajoz (6 m above even hinder their treatment by acetolysis (Ferna´ndez ground in school of agrarian engineering) and 1987a; Van Wichelen et al. 1999) and which could Me´rida (15 m above ground in the hospital), which reflect poor adaptation to the adverse environmental provided daily and hourly data on the particulate conditions represented by their transport in the wind. concentrations in the air. Daily and hourly pollen There are very little data in the literature on the counts were determined from four longitudinal scans pollen production of the two families. Histological under optical microscopy at 400· magnification, studies of the anthers of Juncaceae species, however, along the centre of the sample and then transformed show them to possess few pollen grain mother cells, into grains/m3. The study was continuous from 1994 implying a low production of pollen (Wulff 1939). to 2003 in Badajoz and from 1996 to 1998 in Histological studies in the Cyperaceae family show Me´rida. 123 Aerobiologia (2007) 23:259–270 261 The two study sites are 60 km apart and sur- concentrations and the daily values of the meteoro- rounded by environments with similar characteristics. logical parameters. Only data corresponding to the They both belong to the same bioclimatic zone— MPS were considered, and significance was taken to Mesomediterranean—and the same biogeographical be p \ 0.05. The meteorological data, acquired from province—Luso-Extremadurense (Ladero 1987). the Territorial Meteorological Centre of Extremadura Their immediate environment is strongly influenced for the Badajoz and Me´rida meteorological stations, by farming activities—the percentage of land area consisted of the mean, maximum, and minimum devoted to crops is 66.4% in Badajoz and 70.3% in temperatures (°C), relative humidity (%), rainfall Me´rida (MAPA 1985a, b). Irrigation predominates, (mm), wind speed (km/h), and the periods of calm because both towns are located on the River Guadi- and of winds from the NE, SE, SW, and NW ana, in the areas known as the Vegas Bajas and Vegas quadrants (h). No data corresponding to relative Altas (Lower and Upper Floodplains), respectively. humidity or wind speed were available for 2002 or The remaining vegetation cover is mainly riparian, 2003. The meteorological characteristics of the study pasture, and Quercus rotundifolia ‘dehesas’ (parkland period, with yearly cycles by month, were calculated grazing systems). from October to September, and by season from With respect to the pollen typing, the pollen of autumn to summer. The reason for this choice of the representatives of the Juncaceae was identified as a annual cycle is that both families’ pollination can be single type. The same was the case for the Cypera- regarded as complete at the end of this period, so that ceae, since, although different types can be separated the weather in autumn would only influence the with more precise methods (Ferna´ndez 1987a), the following year’s pollination. aerobiological analyses did not allow the characters To see which meteorological factors might affect required for discrimination to be recognized in most the total annual Cyperaceae pollen concentrations of the pollen grains identified. Nevertheless, grains of and the characteristics of the MPS, we calculated the this family were very frequently observed with pores Pearson correlation between the pollen concentra- in the equatorial zone.
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