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Redalyc.A Survey of the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Occurrence In Micología Aplicada International ISSN: 1534-2581 [email protected] Colegio de Postgraduados México Pagano, M . C.; Scotti, M. R. A survey of the arbuscular mycorrhiza occurrence in paepalanthus bromelioides and Bulbostylis sp. in rupestrian fields, Brazil Micología Aplicada International, vol. 21, núm. 1, enero, 2009, pp. 1-10 Colegio de Postgraduados Puebla, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68521101 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative ARBUSCULMICOLOGIA R MYCORRHIZA APLIC A D AA I INNTERN RUPESTRIA TION A LN, L21(1),A NDSC 2009,A PE pp. 1-101 © 2009, BERKELEY , CA, U.S.A. www.micaplint.com A SURVEY OF THE A RBUSCUL A R MYCORRHIZ A OCCURRENCE IN PA EP A L A NTHUS BRO M ELIOIDES A ND BULBOSTYLIS SP . IN RUPESTRI A N FIELDS , BR A ZIL M. C. PA G A NO A ND M. R. SCOTTI Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Tel.: 55 31-34092680. Fax: 55 31-34092671. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication September 29, 2008 ABSTRACT This study reports the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, as well as the spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Paepalanthus bromelioides (Eriocaulaceae) and Bulbostylis sp. (Cyperaceae) in southeastern Brazil. Soil and root samples were collected in 2006. Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were analyzed for species identification and roots samples for mycorrhizal colonization. Both plant species were mycotrophic showing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Three genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi found in rooting-zone soils were Glomus (two species), Acaulospora (one species) and Scutellospora (one species). Glomus was the dominant genus, and G. brohultii was the most common species. The average spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was 77-139 per 100 g dry soil, and the richness was 3 to 4 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi per sample. Both plant species showed high rhizosphere spore densities, and dominant hyphae and vesicle colonization. The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was found to be low. In P. bromelioides roots only hyphae and vesicles were observed. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Brazil, Bulbostylis, Cyperaceae, Eriocaulaceae, highlands region, Paepalanthus bromelioides, rupestrian fields. MICOL . APL . INT ., 21(1), 2009, PP . 1-10 2 M. C. PA G A NO A ND M. R. SCOTTI ESTUDIO DE LOS HONGOS MICORRÍZICOS A RBUSCUL A RES EN PA EP A L A NTHUS BRO M ELIOIDES Y BULBOSTYLIS SP . EN C A MPOS RUPESTRES , BR A SIL RESUMEN Este estudio registra el porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, así como la densidad de esporas, de hongos micorrízico arbusculares de Paepalanthus bromelioides (Eriocaulaceae) y Bulbostylis sp. (Cyperaceae) en el sureste de Brasil. El muestreo del suelo y raíces de estas especies se realizó en 2006. Se identificaron las esporas de hongos micorrízico arbusculares y se evaluó la colonización en las raíces. Las dos especies vegetales mostraron micotrofía. Los tres géneros de hongos micorrízico arbusculares encontrados en los suelos rizosféricos fueron: Glomus (dos especies), Acaulospora (una especie) y Scutellospora (una especie). Glomus fue el género dominante y G. brohultii fue la especie más común. La densidad promedio de esporas fue 77-139 por 100 g de suelo seco, mientras que la riqueza específica fue de 3 a 4 especies de hongos micorrízico arbusculares por muestra. Las dos especies vegetales presentaron alta densidad de esporas en sus rizósferas, predominando la colonización por hifas y vesículas. La diversidad de especies de hongos micorrízico arbusculares fue baja. En las raíces de P. bromelioides sólo se observaron hifas y vesículas. Palabras clave: Brasil, Bulbostylis, campos rupestres, Cyperaceae, Eriocaulaceae, hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular, Paepalanthus bromelioides, regiones altas. INTRODUCTION In AMF, spores can be identified to spe- cies level. Spore density and species di- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are versity of AMF in soil are variable31. AMF ecologically obligate symbionts of a wide structures, i.e. arbuscules, hyphal coils, range of plants, and can establish long- vesicles, and non-septate hyphae, in plant term compatible interaction, improving roots may have various functions related to plant nutrient acquisition in infertile soils. both the fungus and the host31. Arbuscular They also have ameliorative effects modi- mycorrhizae (AM) have been divided into fying water relations31 and soil structure28. two classes, Arum-type and Paris-type, ac- AMF can be influenced by environmental cording to fungal structures in roots7. factors, such as: climate conditions, soil Plant species that belong to the family chemical and physical properties, and host Cyperaceae usually form mycorrhizae be- plant species including their age and vari- cause of their occurrence under wet con- ety31. In the tropics, AMF are significant ditions31. There are reports on the myc- for soil fertility and constitute an important orrhizal status of its members as greatly biological resource enhancing soil sustain- influenced by environmental conditions25. ability3. Though mycorrhizal associations have MICOL . APL . INT ., 21(1), 2009, PP . 1-10 ARBUSCUL A R MYCORRHIZ A IN RUPESTRI A N L A NDSC A PE 3 been noted in many species of Cyperaceae, association in Paepalanthus bromelioides their ecological role is not clear and their and Bulbostylis sp., species that co-occur role on plant growth and nutrient uptake or in rupestrian fields (rocky montane grass- non-nutritional benefits has yet to be fully land). In relation to the conservation of the ascertained. flora from rupestrian fields and the lack of There have been several reports of myc- reports on AM interactions, this research orrhizal association in the Cyperaceae, pre- work was carried out in order to describe dominantly AM and a few species showing AM root colonization and AM fungal diver- ectomycorrhizal associations25. Current in- sity (density and richness) of AM spores in terest is driven by the widespread observa- Paepalanthus bromelioides and Bulbosty- tion of mycorrhizae in the Cyperaceae. The lis sp., which grow at Serra do Cipó, Minas review of Muthukumar et al.25 summarized Gerais, Brazil. the available information on mycorrhizal association in sedges, and highlighted po- tential mechanisms involved in low my- MATERIALS AND METHODS corrhizal incidence. Intraradical vesicles and hyphae are AMF structures frequently Area of study. This area is located at the reported in sedge roots, but reports on ar- Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil (43°30’ buscule occurrence are limited25. W, 19°10’ S). Serra do Cipó is at the south- Information available for 221 species of ernmost portion of Espinhaço Mountains, Cyperaceae shows that 40% are mycor- a predominantly quartzitic range extending rhizal, 11% are facultatively mycorrhizal, for 1,100 km in central Brazil29. Several and 49% are non-mycorrhizal (NM)25, plants were collected in rupestrian fields whereas the mycorrhizal association can from Serra do Cipó, south-eastern Brazil. either be restricted to a short period during This region is characterized by quartzitic the growing season20 or it may be found mountains with altitudes varying between throughout the growing season1. For ex- 1,000-1,400 m. Regions above 1,000 m sup- ample, Fontenla et al.9 found arbuscular port highly xerophytic vegetation with high mycorrhiza (AM) colonization in only one plant species diversity and endemism29. out of nine Cyperaceae species. Wang and These areas, termed rupestrian fields, have Qiu36, in a recent review, summarized the shrubby, tortuous and sclerophyllous veg- status of six species of Cyperaceae: Bul- etation or open grasslands29, and follow the bostylis barbata (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke: fac- cerrado (savanna) vegetation from around ultative AM; B. capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C. 900-1,000 m altitude13. Climate is charac- B. Clarke: NM, AM, facultative AM; B. terized by dry winters (3-5 months) and cf. conifera C. B. Clarke, B. densa Hand.- rainy summers with an average annual rain- Mazz., and B. paradoxa Nees: AM; and B. fall of 1,500 mm and mean temperature of puberula C. B. Clarke: NM. They also dis- 17.4-19.8 C11. According to Köppen, the cli- cussed the potentially important ecological mate of the region is Aw type (tropical). In role of these associations. the rupestrian landscape, soils are shallow, In Venezuela, Aristizábal et al.2 showed acid, nutrient-poor, and have excessively the AM colonization in decomposing drained sands that are highly erodible10. leaves of Paepalanthus sp. In Brazil, there Plant species. Paepalanthus bromelio- is no record of the establishment of AM ides Silveira (Eriocaulaceae), a plant com- MICOL . APL . INT ., 21(1), 2009, PP . 1-10 4 M. C. PA G A NO A ND M. R. SCOTTI monly found in the region of the Cipó Mg, and Ca were determined by atomic- Mountain range, Minas Gerais State, absorption spectrometry using 1 N am- Brazil, is probably endemic to the high al- monium acetate as extracting solution32. titude rocky-substrate vegetation. It has a Exchangeable Al was extracted with 1 M clumped distribution, occurring in small KCl solution, and determined by titration patches of oligotrophic soils. Each patch with NaOH19. can contain several hundreds of individu- Colonization by AM. Roots of als. Morphologically, this plant shows Paepalanthus bromelioides and Bulbostylis convergence with the Bromeliaceae, hav- sp. were collected, and fixed in FAA solu- ing channelled leaves arranged in a rosette tion (5 mL of formaldehyde, 5 mL of acetic which accumulates water, probably ab- acid, 90 mL of ethyl alcohol) until samples sorbed by trichomes and other epidermal could be processed. The entire root system structures at the base of the leaves. A large was collected from three plants of each number of plants from P.
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