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Introduction to Florida's Graminoids

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CENTRAL FLORIDA GRAMINOID IDENTIFICATION WORKSHOP Introduction to Florida’s Graminoids Erick A. Revuelta St. Johns River Water Management District October 2019 GRAMINOIDS Graminoids: grass and grass-like plants. Specifically: grasses (GRAMINEAE/POACEAE), sedges (CYPERACEAE) and rushes (JUNCACEAE). Adapted to a wide range of conditions: • Anaerobic soil conditions (wetlands) • Xeric conditions • Saline environments (saltmarshes) • Fire Erick Revuelta 2019 FLORIDAFLORIDA GRAMINOIDSGRAMINOIDS Graminoids account for nearly 16% of species in Florida POACEAE – 446 species CYPERACEAE – 276 species JUNCACEAE – 24 species Graminoid-dominated communities represent • 30% of Florida’s natural communities • 18% of Florida’s land mass Erick Revuelta 2019 FLORIDA GRAMINOIDS Notable species: Aristida stricta (POACEAE) • Wet flatwoods • Mesic flatwoods • Scrubby flatwoods • Sandhill • Upland pine Spartina alterniflora (POACEAE) • Saltmarsh Cladium jamaicense (CYPERACEAE) • Everglades marsh • Freshwater marsh • Floodplain marsh Juncus roemerianus (JUNCACEAE) • Juncus marsh Erick Revuelta 2019 AA grass,grass, asedge sedge or or rush? a rush? Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have joints all the way to the ground USUALLY! Some sedges don’t have obvious edges Rushes are always round but so are many grasses and sedges Grass nodes or joints are not always easy to find Diminutive parts and superficial similarities make graminoid identification difficult… Does it really matter? A grass, a sedge or a rush? Take time and work through each of these questions. You will find that some may not have a clear cut answer: • Are the leaves 2- or 3-ranked? • Are the stems trigonous (three-sided) or round? • Does the stem have swollen nodes (joints)? • Are the stems hollow, pithy or solid? • Is the inflorescence subtended by bracts (modified leaves)? • Is the fruit a capsule with many seeds, seeds individually contained by a pair of scales, or an individual seed contained by a single scale? Erick Revuelta 2019 ComparingA grass, Grasses, sedge Sedgesor rush? and Rushes Character Cyperaceae Juncaceae Poaceae Habitat Throughout Mostly wet habitats Throughout Triangular in cross section Terete (round) Terete to ellipsoid Stems Internodes solid Internodes solid Internodes mostly hollow Nodes not jointed Nodes not jointed Nodes jointed 3-ranked 3-ranked 2-ranked Flat or channeled and Leaves Round, reduced, or flat. Flat, channeled or round sometimes reduced or lacking Sheath open Sheath open Sheath closed Subtended by bracts Subtended by bracts Inflorescence Not subtended by bracts (usually prominent) (reduced, not prominent) Achene contained by Caryopsis (grain) contained by Fruit A capsule with many seeds a single scale 2 scales (palea and lemma) POACEAEComparative – THE Morphology GRASS FAMILY- Stems ROUND STEMS TRIGONOUS STEM Credit: Hilton Pond Center Credit: Hilton Pond Center Credit: Hilton Pond Center SOLID STEMS HOLLOW STEMS Erick Revuelta 2019 ComparativePOACEAE Morphology – THE GRASS – Leaf FAMILY Arrangement Distichous (2-ranked) leaf arrangement, leaves emerge on opposite Whorled (3-ranked) arrangement, leaves spirally ascending along the sides of the stem. Not to be confused with an opposite leaf stem. Unfortunately this is not always obvious. arrangement in non-graminoid species. Erick Revuelta 2019 POACEAEComparative – THE Morphology GRASS -FAMILYLeaves GRASSES RUSHES SEDGES Leaves flat, channeled or round Often reduced Sometimes reduced to just the sheath Parallel venation Round (2 species with flat leaves), septate Leaves channeled (V or W shaped) Midvein often prominent Midvein and venation not prominent Midvein, venation not prominent Hairs present in many species Glabrous Glabrous Erick Revuelta 2019 ComparativePOACEAE Morphology– THE GRASS - Inflorescence FAMILY Inflorescence arrangement variable. Inflorescence arrangement variable. Inflorescence arrangement The seed (caryopsis) contained by two Subtended by bracts, often equal or variable. Subtended by modified bracts (palea and lemma). larger in size than the blades. The seed reduced bracts. The seeds (achene) contained by a single scale. (many) contained in three- sided capsule. Erick Revuelta 2019 POACEAEGrass Inflorescence – THE GRASS - Diversity FAMILY Panicle Raceme Spike Erick Revuelta 2019 POACEAESedge Inflorescence – THE GRASS - Diversity FAMILY Erick Revuelta 2019 POACEAERush Inflorescence – THE GRASS - Diversity FAMILY Erick Revuelta 2019 ComparativePOACEAE Morphology – THE GRASS – Inflorescence FAMILY Unit Spikelet Spikelet Capsule (many florets) (many florets 1 seed per bract) Erick Revuelta 2019 POACEAEPOACEAE – THE– T HEGRASSGRASSES FAMILY Poaceae/Gramineae: 1 3 5 446 species, 120 genera • Important/large genera include: Aristida (22), Andropogon (18), Node/Joint Dichanthelium (24), Digitaria Credit: Hilton Pond Center (20), Eragrostris (29), Panicum (16), Paspalum (30), Setaria 2 4 (15), Urochloa (14) Blade • Wide range of habitats Internode Morphological Features: • Stems have swollen joints/nodes (5) • Internodes hollow or pithy (1, 5) • Leaves 2-ranked, with parallel venation (3, 5) • Many species will have Sheath prominent midvein (3) • Sheaths open (4, 5) Erick Revuelta 2019 SpikePOACEAE and Spikelet – THE Diversity GRASS FAMILY - Grasses Credit: Old Dominion University Credit: Keith Bradley Credit: Harry Rose Credit: Alexey Sergeev Erick Revuelta 2019 CYPERACEAE – THE SEDGES Cyperaceae: 276 species, 21 genera • 80% of all the species belong to four genera: Carex (73), Cyperus (58), Rhynchospora (56), Eleocharis (30) • Freshwater or brackish wetland habitats Morphological Features: • Annual or perennial, rhizomatous or cespitose • Stems/culms trigonous sometimes almost round, pithy • Leaves present or absent, flat, V or W-shaped • Inflorescence various (panicles, glomerules, heads), usually subtended by bracts • Fruit an achene, lenticular or trigonous; with or without bristles Credit: Hilton Pond Center Erick Revuelta 2019 SpikePOACEAE and Spikelet – THE DiversityGRASS FAMILY - Sedges CYPERACEAE Erick Revuelta 2019 JUNCACEAEJUNCACEAE - THE– T RUSHHE RUSHES FAMILY Juncaceae: 24 species, in 2 genera • Juncus (22) and Luzula (2) • Freshwater wetlands (except J. roemerianus) Morphological Features: • Cespitose or rhizomatous • Leaves 3-ranked, mostly terete (round) Credit: floridagrasses.org Credit: John R. Gwaltney and septate, a few species have flat leaves • Culm (stems) pithy or solid • Nodes without joints • Inflorescence an open or congested panicles, heads • Sheaths fused or overlapping • Fruit is a capsule containing many seeds Credit: Hilton Pond Center Credit: floridagrasses.org Erick Revuelta 2019 CapsulePOACEAE and Inflorescence – THE GRASS Diversity FAMILY - Rushes Capsule Inflorescence Inflorescence Inflorescence terminal appearing lateral Flowers/capsules Flowers/capsules Capsules in tight borne singly borne in clusters head-like clusters 2+ J. effusus J. dichotomous J. marginatus J. megacephalus J. roemerianus J. repens J. paludosus J. elliottii J. polycephalus J. scirpoides Erick Revuelta 2019 A grass,grass, sedge sedge or or rush? rush? Credit: D. Walters and C. Southwick Credit: Caty Chayka Erick Revuelta 2019 A grass, sedge or rush? Erick Revuelta 2019 A grass, sedge or rush? Credit: Caty Chayka Erick Revuelta 2019 Collecting Specimens Collecting specimens: • Pictures are good but specimens are better • Mature inflorescence whenever possible • Complete specimen (including the roots) • Keep specimens fresh • Make a mental note of the habitat where the plant was growing Erick Revuelta 2019 Resources Online Resources: • USF ISB Plant Atlas (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/) • Flora of North America Online (http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Main_Page) • Florida Grasses (http://www.floridagrasses.org/) • Open Herbarium (https://openherbarium.org/) • The Institute for Regional Conservation (https://www.regionalconservation.org/) • Southeastern Flora (http://www.southeasternflora.com/index.php) Erick Revuelta 2019 Resources Books & Guides: Harrington. How to Identify Grasses and Grasslike Plants David Hall. Grasses of Florida Hitchcock. Manual of the Grasses of the United States McMillan. Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) of South Carolina and Eastern United States Wunderlin and Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida Godfrey and Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plans of Southeastern United States FDEP. Florida Wetland Plants: An Identification Manual Erick Revuelta 2019.
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