Research Article Special Issue

Research Article Special Issue THE STUDY OF THE SOURCES OF MODERNITY IN IRANIAN CONTEMPORARY POETRY N. D. M. Karasfi Associate professor, Department of Persian literature, Azad Islamic University, Khodabandeh Branch, Khodabandeh, Iran Published online: 15 February 2016 ABSTRACT The historical background of the emergence of the sources of new Persian poetry currents, as a nascent phenomenon goes back to the time of the constitutional revolution .the age of relationship with the western governments and awareness of evolved and advanced European civilization, Of course, returns to tens and even hundreds of years before the constitutional revolution. But none of those martial and political relationships have influenced the modernization of literature and poetry in Iran and its little influence on a few poets does not make the real beginning of modernization history. It was Abbas Mirza who officially as the first person founded the basic political and thinking currents of poetry modernization in its European form. Since then, literary critics and social theorists with their insightful criticism and comments paved the way for the realization of different emerging currents during the constitutional era. Of course, the sources of globalization of poetry are beyond this. The fundamental question in this regard is: What are the most important factors in the emergence of modern Iranian poetry and which historical era does the globalization of Iranian poetry goes back to? In this paper, we briefly discuss the most important of these factors. Keywords: poetic currents, globalization of poetry, constitutional revolution, modern poetry, European literary schools Author Correspondence, e-mail: [email protected] doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i2s.431 Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Libraries Resource Directory. We are listed under Research Associations category. N. D. M. Karasfi et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2016, 8(2S), 1732-1745 1733 1. INTRODUCTION It is clear that the "globalism" has not taken place overnight, but it is the result of years of effort , struggle, and sacrifice of such men who "love of Iran", was woven in their thought , spirit and soul and key words such as: "emancipation", "Revolution", "country", "law", " civility", "modernity", " constitution", "justice",etc. formed their sacred ideals . This sacred ideal was realized with achievement of the revolution in 1906. At that time, liberal pioneers in the field of literature and poetry took some strategies to globalize the Iranian poetry currents and following some leading European literary schools specially imitating the French poets, the new flow of Persian poetry took a step forward. Poetry currents and movements after Nima are as follow: blank verse, Moj-e-Nou, Hajm, pure poetry, concrete, Tougraf poetry, the guerrilla poetry, the female poetry, the mathematic poetry, the color poetry, the black poetry, the Eshraq poetry, the lyric poetry, the conceptual poetry, the lingual poetry, the postmodern poetry (Post Nima), etc. Regarding the related literature one can put that there are a lot of various and valuable studies as well as different books, but all of these works are general and have studied literature or contemporary poetry from the beginning up to now. They just looked through hurriedly to the subject of this article. The only person who independently investigated this issue is Mohammad Reza Shafiee kadkani”. He speaks about the roots of the evolution of Iranian contemporary poetry in his valuable book named “with lights and mirrors". Although there are some criticism regarding the book, including non- classified content, lack of scientific discipline, turbulent topics, paying no attention to reliable sources such as "Analytical History of Poetry" by Shams Langrood in four volumes, etc. this book is one of the most reliable and comprehensive references in this issue and contains some useful information in the field of contemporary Persian poetry from tradition to modernity. Other sources in the field are: 1.Book "from Saba to Nima, written by Yahiya Arian pour. 2. from Nima to our time by Yahiya Arian pour3.Blank Verse from the beginning up to now 4.Iranian literary career achievement, Fouad Farooqi 5.A review to the present history of literature by Muhammad Huquqi and... In general, the basic question is that what are the factors involved in the process of "globalization of Iranian poetry"? And consequently what are the requirements of emergence of "emerging currents of contemporary poetry”? The answer is crystal clear; the all factors contributing to the realization of the constitutional revolution are also involved in the occurrence of Iran's nascent poetry movements. Therefore, because of the above mentioned reasons and also the lack of concentration on this subject matter, there is not enough comprehensive information regarding “the globalization of Iranian poetry and effective N. D. M. Karasfi et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2016, 8(2S), 1732-1745 1734 contributions to its emergence", so, the necessity was felt to compile this paper. The author had tried to take brief look at the most common reasons of globalization of Iranian poetry and consequently its contribution to the emergence of new contemporary poetic currents using the historical, analytical and librarian ways. 2. METHOD The method of collecting this paper is based on three methods “analytical",” librarian “and "historical". Certainly the literature of no country is separable from its history and society. Thus, Iran's literature- especially poetry -is no exception from the "mutual interaction between poetry and society as well as history “.Hence, the emphatic method of this paper is to the study and to analyze the available resources about the literary history of last century and evolution of modern Persian poetry movements. In this regard, we studied large librarian resources and numerous articles, but the most important of them interred in two parts: external and internal affecting actors. 3. RESULTS In general the results of the studies regarding the diagnosis of the resources of modernity in Iranian poetry can be divided into two main factors in which these two factors also divide into other sub factors.(a) External factors: (1) the influence of Iranian poets from European literary schools. 2. The effect of the development of Western science and technology on globalization of literature and poetry. 3. Impact of European languages, especially French. 4. The Impacts of Western and Eastern liberation revolutions (France, England, Russia, China, etc.) 5. The defeat of Iran from Russia. (B) Internal factors: 1. the effect of the constitutional revolution. 2. Struggles and efforts of compassionate, political state men along with local and foreign intellectuals and poets, etc. (3) the impact of Iranian social and political events on the eve of the First World War and afterwards. 4. Inefficiency of traditional poetry. 5. Hot market of criticism and theorizing. 6. NimaYoushij’s literary revolution. 7-impact of journalism and translations 4. The study of sources of modernity in contemporary Iranian poetry 4.1 External factors: 4-1-1- The influence of European literary schools on Iranian poets Most poets of the constitutional era or later had a fleshy eye to the poetry and European art and were influenced by various European schools such as: romanticism, symbolism, realism, naturalism, surrealism and others. For example: "Romantic poet by Iraj Mirza (Zohreh and N. D. M. Karasfi et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2016, 8(2S), 1732-1745 1735 Manouchehr) and progressive love romanticism like" perfect love "along with the realism of Jamalzadeh in" Once Upon a time "and workers lyrics by Lahooti, all originate from this era"(Azhand, 2004). In the constitutional period, the first step was taken toward the globalization of Persian poetry and poetry of this period with influential input from the European poetry in respect of content and themes of poetry, experiences the stage of "transition from tradition to modernity". The second and final step in the globalization of the Persian poetry was taken by Nima, because by literary revolution of Nima, Iranian poetry in all its dimensions, whether in the internal form of or external form, music, imagination, emotion and other features, of course with maintenance of some native features of Iran, coordinated with European poetry, in other words, Iranian poetry, in all its features and characteristics, came to the world of poetry. NimaYoushij in this regard says: “foreign tastes and European preferences started to enter our literature and other art works in the second half of the nineteenth century... (NimaYoushij, 1972) Jalal Al-e Ahmad also points to the influence of European poetry on Nima’s poetry and puts: "what is certain is that, Nima, after familiarity with Europeans free verse and blank verse, the weightless and rhyme less poetry, began to compose prosody and weightless poems (Tahbaz, 1989). Among European countries, French literary schools, have the highest impact on Iranian literature and poetic modernism. the following are some of those factors: The appropriate political relationships between Iran and France during the reign of the Qajar, pioneering background of French literary schools in the world revolutions and the great literary schools, activity of various French schools in Iran, including: saint Louis School, Franco Persan, St. Joseph, etc. for this reason,

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