Chapter 15

MISSILE WARNING SYSTEMS

This chapter will address the missile warning systems which U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM) controls in support of the North American Aerospace Defense Com- mand (NORAD) agreement to protect the Continental U.S. and Canada from ballistic missile attack. Also covered are systems developed for theater-level missile defense de- veloped in accordance with the Missile Defense Act of 1991, as amended by Congress in 1992, for the protection of forward deployed U.S. forces and it's allies.

SPACE-BASED WARNING These centers SENSORS immediately forward the Defense Support Program (DSP) data to vari- ous agencies The Defense Support Program (DSP), and areas of with a system of geosynchronous satel- operations lites, is a key part of North America's around the Early Warning System. In approximate world. 22,000 mile geosynchronous orbits, DSP The DSP satellites (Fig. 15-1) serve as the conti- program nent's first line of defense against ballis- came to life tic missile attack and are normally the Fig. 13-1 DSP Satellite with the first first system to detect missile launches. launch of a The system’s effectiveness was proven DSP satellite in the early 1970s. Since during the Persian Gulf conflict, when that time, DSP satellites have provided DSP detected the launch of Iraqi Scud an uninterrupted early warning capabil- missiles and provided timely warning to ity that has helped deter superpower civilian populations and coalition forces conflict. in Israel and Saudi Arabia. In addition Over the years, the DSP system has to missile launches, the DSP system also seen many improvements in both the has numerous sensors on board to detect satellites as well as the ground stations. nuclear detonations (NUDETs). Initially, there were phase one and phase DSP ground stations feed processed two, first and second generation, satel- missile warning data via communica- lites weighing approximately 2,000 tions links which include the Survivable pounds with solar paddles generating Communications Integration System about 400 watts of power. Then came (SCIS) and MILSTAR satellites. These the third generation satellite called Mul- reports are sent to USSPACECOM and tiple Orbit Satellite/Program Improve- NORAD operations centers at Cheyenne ment Module (MOS/PIM). Despite the Mountain Air Station (CMAS), Colo- multiple orbit option available on this rado, the Alternate Missile Warning generation of satellites, it was never ex- Center (A/MWC) at Offutt AFB, Ne- ercised. This generation of satellite braska and other forward users. brought in, among other things, the anti- jam command capability known as CI-1. CI-1 was continued as part of the fourth

AU Space Primer 7/23/2003 15-1 generation of satellites known as Sensor active cooling system. Previous genera- Evolutionary Development (SED). The tions of the satellite relied on an ice major improvement in this generation pack-type of device, which, via freezing was the increase in primary focal plane and thawing, would maintain the focal cells from 2,000 cells to 6,000 cells. plane temperature at -100OF. Unfortu- Along with the increased cell count was nately, at the end of the satellite design the experimental Medium Wave Infrared life, the focal plane “ice pack” was at its (MWIR) package, also known as second end of life, leaving the focal plane tem- color, which was placed on Satellite perature to rise. A rise in the focal plane 6R/Flight 12. This package was a proof- temperature causes mission degradation. of-concept for implementation on the DSP satellites have routinely ex- fifth and final generation of DSP satel- ceeded their design life by many years. lites, DSP-1. We refer to this fifth gen- Launched in December 1984, DSP eration as the final generation of DSP Flight 12 for example, was on orbit and satellites because of the development of operational for well over twelve years the Space Based Infrared System and its original design life was three (SBIRS), the DSP follow-on which will years. The design life on DSP-1 era be discussed later. birds is five years. There are currently The DSP-1 era started with Satellite three DSP-1 satellites that have sur- 14 and will extend through Satellite 23 if passed their design life. DSP Satellite all DSP-1 satellites currently in the 14 for example is now going on its tenth hanger are launched. DSP-1 brought year of operational service. As the ca- new innovations to the program: the pabilities of the DSP satellite have AFSAT Modulation Compatibility Sub grown, so has their weight and power. System (AMCSS), introduced to support Unlike the old lightweight, low power data requirements of the Mobile Ground satellite, the new generation of DSP sat- System (MGS) as well as local and ellite weighs over 5,000 pounds and the global summary messages. The AMCSS solar arrays generate more than 1,400 also provided the replacement for the watts of power. CI-1 anti-jam commanding system for On the ground station side of the DSP use by the Large Processing Stations house, there have been many upgrades (LPS), such as the Continental U.S. as well. In the early to late 1980s, two (CONUS) Ground Station (CGS) and the programs, the Large Processing Station Overseas Ground Station (OGS). The Upgrade (LPSU) and the Peripheral Up- OGS was closed on 1 Oct 99 and the grade Program (PUP), were executed. data is now relayed back to the CGS for These programs resulted in the total re- processing. The satellite downlinks, placement of the OGS and CGS suite of Link-1 and 2, were changed signifi- mainframe computers and all peripheral cantly. Each was broken into two chan- devices. This was followed by the re- nels, I and Q. The format for Link-1/2 I placement of the Satellite Readout Sta- and Q channels is Quadra Phase Shift- tion (SRS) hardware and software under Keyed (QPSK). The purpose for the the SRS Upgrade (SRSU) program. dual channel downlinks was to support Also, the Data Distribution Center the laser crosslink. The I channel was to (DDC) received a makeover with re- support the local satellite and the Q placement of all hardware and software channel was to carry the data from the under the Ground Communications remote satellite. The laser crosslink Network Upgrade (GCNU) project project never succeeded and was eventu- (1990-1992). In the 1980s, the Simpli- ally canceled. The I and Q channels fied Processing Station (SPS) was re- now carry local satellite data only. An- placed with the European Ground Sta- other new innovation was the semi- tion (EGS). The SPS, a fixed version of

AU Space Primer 7/23/2003 15-2 the MGS, was housed in a shelter and is tilted slightly off center. This tilt al- used the MGS software suite. The up- lows coverage by the sensor out past the grade replaced the shelters, hardware lim (edge) of the earth. Cells in the cen- and software completely. ter of the sensor bar are placed in such a way as to cover the NADIR (center of Mission of DSP the FOV) area called NADIR fill.

The primary mission of DSP (Mission A) is to detect, characterize and report in real time, missile and space launches occurring in the satellite Field Of View (FOV). DSP satellites track missiles by observing infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the rocket’s exhaust plume. IR is a small part of the large electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. DSP also has an additional mission (Mission B) of detecting, characterizing and reporting nuclear detonations in support of Nuclear Test Ban monitoring.

The DSP Satellite

The DSP satellite is approximately 33 feet long, 22 feet in diameter, weighs over 5,000 pounds and is comprised of the satellite vehicle also referred to as the bus and the sensor (Fig. 15-2). The bus is made up of many subsystems that Fig. 15-2. Defense Support Program Satellite provide power, attitude control, thermal control and communications for the sat- DSP-1 Sensor Overview ellite and sensor. The satellites are placed in a near The sensor (Fig. 15-3) detects circular, near equatorial, geosynchro- sources of IR radiation. A tele- nous orbit. Global coverage can be effi- scope/optical system and a Photoelectric ciently achieved with three satellites. Cell (PEC) detector array, comprised Additional satellites can provide dual primarily of lead sulfide detectors and coverage, providing for more accurate some Mercad-Telluride cells for the processing potential. MWIR detection capability, are used to The Attitude Control Subsystem detect IR sources. IR energy enters the (ACS) maintains the spinning motion of opening in the IR sunshade, passes the satellite about its earth-pointing axis. through the corrector lens, travels past The satellite spins one revolution every the PEC array, reflects off the mirror and ten seconds (6 rpm). The sensor bar, is focused onto the PEC array. containing all the infrared (IR) detector cells, is fixed firmly to the satellite body. The spinning of the satellite then allows the slightly tilted boresight of the sensor bar to scan the entire hemisphere pe- rimeter. The telescope is not aligned along the Z-axis (earth pointing axis) but

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instruction. The links perform as fol- lows:

• Link 1 Downlink - transmits the following data: IR data (Mission A), NUDET sensor data (Mission B), star sensor data, jet firing and calibration alert data. • Link 2 Downlink - transmits state of health (SOH) information ob- tained from voltage, current and temperature sensors and various other status monitors.

Fig. 15-3. DSP Sensor Schematic

A PEC array (Fig. 15-4) contains more than 6,000 detector cells. The cells are sensitive to energy in the infrared spectrum. As the satellite rotates, the earth's surface is scanned by this array. With the PEC array scanning the FOV, a cell passing across an IR source will develop a signal with an amplitude pro- Fig. 15-4. PEC Array portional to the source’s intensity. The signal is then amplified, passed through an analog to digital converter and placed • Link 3 Uplink - transmits satellite on the Link-1 downlink for transmission and sensor commanding data from to the ground station. the ground station to the satellite. The intensity of the IR energy is • Link 4 Downlink - satellite has measured in kilowatts (kW). A standard two onboard impact sensors, which unit of measure for the area of a sphere are basically accelerometers, to de- (IR energy radiated omni-directionally) tect is a steradian. Therefore, the intensity of impacts on the satellite from space the IR energy per unit area can be ex- debris. Link 4 is the link on which pressed in kilowatts per steradian this data is transmitted. (kW/s). • Link 5/6 - link associated with the canceled laser crosslink system. Communications Subsystem Overview Equipment removed and replaced with ballast. The satellite has transmitters, receiv- • Link 7, 8 - serve as a backup or ers and antennas for six encrypted com- secondary set of communications munication links used to downlink satel- links called the Mission Data Mes- lite data and receive uplink command sage (MDM) rebroadcast system.

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MDM consists of an uplink and Satellite Operations Center (SOC). The downlink, which serve as a trans- SOC houses the mission processing crew ponder to exchange information that evaluates and releases all DSP mis- between various ground stations. sion data. This center is the focal point for all ground station operations. DSP Ground Stations The MGS, located out of Greeley ANGS, CO consists of six fully deploy- DSP ground support now consists of able units (tractor trailer rigs). The one Large Processing Station (LPS) MGS is assigned to the 137th Space CGS, a simplified processing station Warning Squadron. Once deployed, an known as EGS, and a Mobile Ground MGS SOC can send its data back to the System (MGS). The CGS has responsi- DDC or directly to the Missile Warning bility for processing and reporting satel- Center at Cheyenne Mountain Air Sta- lite mission data as well as commanding tion (CMAS) via satellite broadcast operational DSP satellites within its line methods. of sight. The second processing station, EGS (location classified), has mission Data Distribution Center (DDC) data responsibility, but does not have satellite commanding or the NUDET The DDC, collocated with CGS, func- detection processing capability. The tions as a communications center for all CGS has three main functional elements. elements of the DSP system. The DDC routes mission data from the ground Satellite Readout Station (SRS). The stations to the users. The DDC contains purpose of the SRS is to perform the dual data processors that process both satellite communications and data condi- High Speed Data (HSD) and Low Speed tioning function. Conditioned data is Data (LSD), secure-voice terminals and forwarded to the DRC for processing. a secure-teletype communications cen- The SRS at CGS has been upgraded as ter. Dedicated and encrypted data, voice part of the SRS Upgrade (SRSU) pro- and teletype links from the ground sta- gram in the early to mid 1990s. tions are routed to the DDC. The DDC then retransmits these messages to the Data Reduction Center (DRC). The DRC users. operates as a vital part of DSP mission processing. The DRC accomplishes the Ground Communications Network following: (GCN)

• Extracts significant data from the The GCN provides all required com- mission data stream regarding mis- munications capability between the sile launches and nuclear detona- ground stations, DDC and the users. tions. Primarily, the network consists of inter- • Either automatically or via opera- site communication circuits (land lines tor intervention, generates mission and satellite links), modems, crypto- event and status messages for graphic equipment, data terminals and a transmission to the users. Technical Control Facility (TCF). The • Processes data to support satellite hub of the GCN is the DDC. Data, se- station-keeping and pointing func- cure voice, and secure teletype circuits tions. from the ground stations to the DDC are • Processes data to support ground routed over dual, diverse, dedicated and station equipment checkout and encrypted links. housekeeping. Another portion of the GCN is the Survivable Communications Integration

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System (SCIS). CGS has a SCIS device All three legs rely on IR detection to broadcast DSP message traffic to for- for detection and profiling of theater ward users. The GCN is the primary ballistic missile launch. mode for transmission of DSP data. The backup for broadcast is the SCIS com- ALERT. The ALERT facility is run mercial high speed data circuits. From by the Air Force’s 11th Space Warning EGS there are still GCN HSD circuits in Squadron at Schriever AFB, CO and place to ship HSD directly to the DDC provides for a central CONUS process- High Speed Message Processor (HSMP). ing element sending worldwide tactical This function of the GCN is still active missile threat data 24 hours a day. because the only way to get DSP data to the Low Speed Message Processor JTAGS. JTAGS is the mobile, in- (LSMP) and all the LSD users is through theater element of TES and provides the the HSMP at the DDC. theater CINC a direct downlink of DSP data for in-theater processing. Theater Missile Warning ARSPACE has operational control of the JTAGS (Fig. 15-6). Due to the growing need to get the smaller tactical threat of theater class ballistic missiles out to the warfighter, the Theater Event System was created.

Theater Event System (TES)

The TES (Fig. 15-5) provides highly accurate tactical threat data through the use of stereo processing of the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite data. The TES is composed of three elements: Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater (ALERT), the Joint Tactical Fig. 15-6. Joint Tactical Ground Station Ground Station (JTAGS), and the Tacti- cal Detection and Reporting TACDAR. TACDAR is an addi- (TACDAR). tional sensor that can provide missile launch reports. The TACDAR sensor rides on a classified host satellite and Theater Event System therefore will not be discussed in this reference. Inquiries on TACDAR may

g in J be forwarded through rt o o in p t e T J R a USSPACECOM/J33. T y c TA rl t R a ic E E r a G te l L h a G S c e n ro A h u T u a n L o THEATER d d t n S How do I get TES Data? a ta k c ti a WARFIGHTERS o tt n A The TES has the primary mission of TACDAR reporting theater/tactical type threats. Tactical Detection and Reporting For theater warning, the TES system

Fig. 13-5. TES (ALERT, JTAGS, or TACDAR) reports the launch (voice and data) in theater over two types of satellite broadcast networks known as the Tactical Data Dissemination System (TDDS) and/or

AU Space Primer 7/23/2003 15-6 the Tactical Information Broadcast Ser- the DSP satellites in their geosynchro- vice (TIBS). Theoretically, one event nous orbits. The direct downlink must could be reported by all three TES ele- have a clear path to the antenna, un- ments, but the “first detect--first report” blocked by hills, trees, or buildings. procedures help control and deconflict JTAGS allows the TES to be integrated multiple reports of the same event. (hard wired) into theater assets including Warning data goes out over the thea- those mentioned above. Hard-wiring ter satellite broadcast networks and can allows the quickest dissemination of be incorporated in battle management early warning data. Based on this warn- systems such as Air Defense Systems ing data, a voice warning over in- theater Integrator (ADSI), the Constant Source communication networks could also be Terminal, the Combat Intelligence Cor- set up. relator (CIC), and the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). The Air TACDAR. TACDAR information is Force’s ALERT Facility (11th SWS) is limited in that it cannot be directly under the 21st SW for TES reporting. downlinked into theater. Processing must occur in the CONUS and then the TES Capabilities/Limitations information relayed across the satellite broadcast network following report ALERT. ALERT is dependent upon processing. the DSP ground sites for receipt of DSP Questions regarding TES data, the data. The DSP Ground Stations, satellite broadcast network, and TES TACDAR, and ALERT are all fixed data receivers should be addressed to ground sites. Critical spares, redundant USSPACECOM (J3CP/J3M), HQ power supplies, and logistics support USSPACECOM, PETERSON AFB infrastructures (including the use of the CO//J33OW//, DSN 692-6987, or Mobile Ground Stations to reconstitute COML 719-554-6987. strategic warning) are in place for each of these sites. If a ground site outage Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) occurs and it prevents getting a particu- lar DSP satellite’s data, then ALERT SBIRS will be the DSP follow-on could also use 1st Satellite Operations system for the future. SBIRS is a con- Squadron (1SOPS), 50 SW, and the Air solidated, flexible system that will meet Force’s Satellite Control Network U.S. infrared space surveillance needs (AFSCN) to receive the needed down- through the next several decades. link. However, use of the AFSCN is based on a priority scheme, and there SBIRS Mission will be times when ALERT will not get a contested AFSCN antenna. The SBIRS mission is to develop, de- ploy, and sustain space-based surveil- JTAGS. To get a JTAGS into thea- lance systems for missile warning, mis- ter, a warfighting CINC simply requests sile defense, battlespace characteriza- for the deployment. JTAGS is deployed tion, and technical intelligence. The on a C-141 or larger aircraft, and sets up SBIR High Engineering and Manufac- to roughly the size of a small moving turing Development (EMD) contract, van. The JTAGS once in theater be- awarded in November 1996, will be a comes the Joint Task Force’s Ground 10-year effort. SBIRS is intended to be Component Commander’s asset. As an integrated “system of systems” in- such, the CINC is responsible for man- cluding multiple space constellations ning, power, and security requirements. and an evolving ground element. The JTAGS is dependent on a clear view to integrated SBIRS architecture will pro-

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vide Theater Missile Defense (TMD) ing station, will incrementally replace track data after target acquisition to the the existing DSP infrastructure over the interceptor systems and Defense Battle FY99 - FY04 time frame. The first Manager, cueing interceptors to commit SBIRS GEO launch is scheduled for and launch earlier than autonomous ra- 2004. This element is the first of two dars alone. This cueing effectively ex- planned elements that will provide an tends an interceptor’s range and in- enhanced follow-on capability to the creases its effectiveness. current DSP system. The SBIRS low component is envi- SBIRS Architecture sioned to provide a unique, precision midcourse tracking capability critical for The baseline SBIRS architecture (Fig. effective ballistic missile defense as well 15-7) includes four satellites in Geosyn- as providing enhanced capability to sup- chronous Earth Orbit (GEO), a yet to be port missile warning, technical intelli- determined number of Low Earth Orbit gence and battlespace characterization. The Common Ground Segment will be delivered incrementally. The first increment consolidates DSP and Attack HEO = SWIR/MWIR and Launch Early Reporting to Theater (Molniya type orbit) (ALERT) mission functions at one CONUS ground station, the MCS, and is scheduled to become operational in Nov 2001. A second increment will be ac- cepted for operation by the government around the 2004 timeframe and provides LEO TBD all ground segment functions necessary GEO = GEO = for high altitude space-based IR early SWIR/MWIR SWIR/MWIR warning elements. The ground segment has the ability to incorporate functions Fig. 13-7. Space Based Infra-Red System and equipment in a third increment nec- (LEO) satellites, a set of infrared sensors essary for the Low space element when hosted on two satellites in Highly Ellip- it is deployed. tical Orbit (HEO) and ground assets. The ground assets include: GROUND BASED WARNING • CONUS-based Mission Control SENSORS Station (MCS), a backup and sur- vivable control station Ballistic Missile Early Warning Systems (BMEWS) • Overseas Relay Ground Stations (RGS) Independent studies conducted by both the U.S. and the U.K. in the 1950s • Relocatable terminals indicated the need for ballistic missile early warning facilities. The U.S. study • Associated communications links concluded that a three radar system should be built across the northern tier. The SBIRS High Component ele- The U.K. study indicated the need for a ment, featuring a mix of geosynchronous single facility located in England. After Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, Highly subsequent negotiations between the two Elliptical Earth Orbit (HEO) satellites, governments, the BMEWS network was and a new consolidated Ground Process- born.

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BMEWS Site I is located at Thule (SLBM)/ICBM attack against the U.K. AB, Greenland (Fig. 15-8). Site II is at and Europe. BMEWS’ tertiary mission Clear AFB, Alaska and Site III is at RAF is to conduct satellite tracking as collat- Fylingdales in the U.K. These sites eral sensors in the Space Surveillance originally used separate detection and Network (SSN). tracking radars but were both upgraded to phased array technology in the late PAVE PAWS 1980s to early 1990s. Increasing technology provided the Former Soviet Union (FSU) with the capability to launch ballistic missiles from an underwater Sea-Launched Bal- listic Missile (SLBM) platform. Studies indicated the need for dedicated early warning facilities to detect such an at- tack. The first two sensors, Otis and Beale, came on line in 1980 with an ad- ditional two, PAVE PAWS South East Fig. 15-8. BMEWS, Thule AB, Greenland (PPSE) and PAVE PAWS South West (PPSW) following seven years later. The 12th Space Warning Squadron PPSE and PPSW have since been deac- (12SWS) at Thule now operates a dual tivated and closed (1995). face, solid state, phased-array radar PAVE PAWS NE (Fig. 15-9) is lo- (AN/FPS-123). The 13SWS at Clear cated at Cape Cod AS, Massachusetts operates three detection radars and is operated by the 6SWS. PAVE (AN/FPS-50s), each 400 ft long and 165 PAWS NW is at Beale AFB, California ft high. Clear also operates a tracking and is run by the 7SWS. Both sites op- radar (AN/FPS-92) that is 84 ft in erate a dual-face, phased-array radar diameter and weighs 100 tons. Under (AN/FPS-123). the Clear Upgrade Program, Clear will upgrade to a dual-faced phased array radar. The project, started in FY98, will use existing equipment from El Dorado Air Station’s PAVE PAWS radar (PAVE PAWS South West) since it was deactivated and has transitioned into cold storage. The new dual faced phased array radar in Alaska is scheduled to be completed by Jan 2001. Royal Air Force (RAF), Fylingdales is the site of the world's first three-faced Fig. 15-9. PAVE PAWS, Cape Cod AS phased array radar (AN/FPS-126). The Initial Operating Capability (IOC) was The 6SWS is atop Cape Cod's Fla- carried out in July 1992 and Joint trock Hill. The 6SWS occupies 120-plus (U.S./U.K.) Operational Capability acres of what was once Otis Air Force (JSOC) in November 1992. Base, and is now the Massachusetts BMEWS provides warning of an In- Military Reservation. The squadron tercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) receives host-tenant support from attack on the CONUS and Southern Hanscom Air Force Base, Otis Air Na- Canada. BMEWS also provides warning tional Guard Base and from the U.S. of a Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile Coast Guard Station on Cape Cod.

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PAVE is an Air Force program name while PAWS is an acronym for Phased PARCS is located just 20 miles south Array Warning System. of the Canadian border at Cavalier AS, The primary purpose of PAVE PAWS North Dakota. PARCS (Fig. 15-10) is to detect an SLBM attack, determine was originally built as part of the the potential numbers and probable des- Army’s Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Missile tination of the missiles, then report this (ABM) system. In 1976, the ABM sys- information to NORAD, U.S. Strategic tem was deactivated and the sensor be- Command (USSTRATCOM) and the came available for Air Force use in De- National Command Authority (NCA). cember 1977. PARCS’ primary mission Additionally, PAVE PAWS provides is to provide warning and attack charac- information on the location and velocity terization of an SLBM/ICBM attack of earth-orbiting satellites to against the U.S. and southern Canada. USSPACECOM and the Space Control Its secondary mission is to track earth Center (SCC) at Cheyenne Mountain orbiting objects for the Space Surveil- AS, Colorado. lance Network (SSN). The main difference between phased PARCS is a single-faced, phased ar- array and conventional radar is that ray radar. The radar, communications phased array systems like PAVE PAWS equipment, computer and operations are steered electronically. The phased room are housed in a reinforced concrete array radar incorporates nearly 3,600 building. The single-faced radar is small, active antenna elements coordi- northern looking over the Hudson Bay, nated by two computers. One computer is on-line at all times and the second computer will automatically take control if the first fails. The computers feed energy to the antenna units in precise, controlled patterns, allowing the radar to detect objects at very high speeds since there are no mechanical parts to limit the speed of the radar sweep. The PAVE PAWS radar can electronically change its point of focus in milliseconds, while conventional dish-shaped radar may take up to a minute to mechanically swing Fig. 15-10. PARC S Radar Site from one area to another. and is sloped at a 25O angle. Due to its The PAVE PAWS main building is initial design as part of the ABM system, shaped roughly like a pyramid with a it can rapidly characterize the type of triangular base 105 feet on each side. missile attack for use by NORAD and The two radiating faces, each containing the National Command Authorities. approximately 1,800 active antenna ele- O Also, due to its greater power and rapid ments, are tilted back 20 from the verti- scan rate, PARCS is one of the most cal. PAVE PAWS radar beams reach valuable sensors in the SSN. outward for approximately 3,000 nauti- O cal miles in a 240 sweep. At this ex- Summary treme range, it can detect an object the size of a small automobile. Smaller ob- The DSP strategic ICBM processing jects can be detected at closer range. sites, the TES tactical ballistic missile processing sites, and the host of missile Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack warning radar sites around the globe Characterization System (PARCS) provides the world’s most sophisticated

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missile warning system for the National Command Authorities, Unified Com- manders and the entire joint military community.

REFERENCES

Interviews with Subject Matter Experts: Steven Brozo, Tom Dembowski and Ken Phil- lips, Betac Team.

BMEWS Security Classification Guide (SCG), 1983.

BMEWS Site I SCG, 1989.

DSP Security Classification Guide, Feb 93.

HQ AFSPC/DOOO, Current Operations Division.

21SW Fact Sheet, Public Affairs, Peterson AFB, CO.

SAF Fact Sheet, Defense Support Program, Office of Public Affairs, HQ AFSPC, Peter- son AFB, CO.

TRW, Satellite Systems Engineers, Spacecraft Training Manual, Satellites 0014-0017, Volume I, Spacecraft Overview.

UI10-17, USSPACECOM Instruction, Tactical Event System, 17 Jul 1995

U.S. Government/Commercial Internet Sites:

http://www.spacecom.af.mil/norad/ Home page of the North American Aerospace Defense Command. www.spacecom.mil/norad/tbm.htm Overview of Theater Ballistic Missile topic.

www.spacecom.af.mil/USSPACE/dsp.htm Overview of the Defense Support Program. www.laafb.af.mil/SMC/PA/Fact_Sheets/dsp_fs.htm USAF Fact Sheet on the Defense Support Program.

www.defenselink.mil/speeches/1997/di1215.html Prepared statement of Air Force Gen. Howell M. Estes III, commander in chief, North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Space Command, before the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 13, 1997.

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www.dtic.mil/armylink/index.html ArmyLink Home page (U.S. Army Public Affairs Office).

www.losangeles.af.mil/SMC/MT/sbirs.htm Information on the Space Based Infrared System. www.hanscom.af.mil/esc-pa/news/1998/aug98/texas.htm 1998 news release on the Phased Array Warning System know as Pave PAWS, located at Eldorado Air Station, Texas for re-use in the Clear (Alaska) Radar Upgrade program.

TOC

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