NAT. HIST. BUL L. SIAM Soc. 45: 71-97 ， 1997

THE VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN NATIONAL PARK ， LAMPANG PROVINCE ，

].F. ].F. Maxwell ， Stephen Elli 必tt and V. Anusarnsunthorn*

ABSTRACT

Research Research on the botanic a1 diversity ，vegetation ， and floristics of Jae Sawn National Park was started by Herbarium staff of 出e Department of Biology ， Chiang M 泊 University in August August 1995 and is continuing. The vegetation in the lowlands (300 to c. 800 m) includes bamboo + deciduous () and deciduous dipteroc llI'J>-{> ak facies ， while from c. 80 0- 1，000 m 血e forest is mixed evergreen + deciduous hardwood. Above 出 is primary evergreen ，sea- sonal ，hardwood forest ， mainly at 1，00 0- 1，500 m and from 1，800 to 2， 031 m (Doi Lahnggah) ， the the highest peak in the nation a1 park. From c. 1，250 m and especially at 1，500- 1，800 m ， the forest forest is mos t1 y primary evergreen hardwood + pine (Pinus kesiya Roy. ex Gord. ，Pinaceae).

Most of 由ep 紅 k has granite bedrock ， while shale is found in scattered lowland areas up to c. 750 m and shale and phyllite i目白e Doi Lahnggah area. Th e nor 仕lern part is Ii m 巴stone ，where many calciphytes are found. Seven new records for 出e flora of Th ailand have a1 so been found. A computer database ，containing taxonomic ，distributional and ecologic a1 information on a1 11 ， 353 of vascular recorded as of I March 1997 has been prep 釘巴d ，including 344 出 e species ， 136 treelets ， 106 woody climbers ， 58 shrubs ，447 vines ，and 562 herbs. Th e

database database c1 e紅 Iy identified prim 訂 y evergreen forest and mixed evergreen + deciduous forest equ a1 ly as the two most important habitats in 出e park for 出e maintenance of overall botanical

diversity 組 d as 白em 創 n repository of r訂 'e and threatened species. In combination they

support support 83% of 白e park's entire flora. 百le species most in danger of extirpation from the p釘 k and most in need of immediate conservation measures include Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don (Podocarpaceae) ， Epirixanthes elongata B I. (Polygalaceae) ，and Cycas pectinata Gri 釘. (Cycadaceae). (Cycadaceae).

INTRODUCTION

Established in 1988 ，Jae Sawn National Park is located in Lampang Pr ovince ，northem Th ailand ，and has an area of 768 km2• Administratively it is included in three Districts ， viz. Muang ，Muang Bahn (Pan) ，and Wahng Nua ，and is positioned between latitudes c. c. 18 0 30'_19 0 05' north and longitudes c. 99 0 25'-30' eas t. The park is mostly mountainous with a northerly to southerly aspec t. It is c. 63 km long and 12-14 km wide. It is contiguous with Doi Kuhntan National Park to the south ，Mae D 油Kr y National Park to the west ，Kuhn Jae National Park in the NW ，and is adjacent to Doi Luang National Park in in the north. Farm land and villages lie to the east in a low ，mostly flat plain. Th e lowest elevation in the national park is on th 巴 eastem boundary ， c. 30 0- 350 m ，and the highest point in the p 紅 k is 2， 031 m above sea level at the summit of Doi (M t.) Lahnggah in the west-central p 訂t.

*Al I au 由ors from: Dep 釘 tment of Biology ， Faculty of Science ， Chiang Mai University ， Chiang Mai 50200 ， Th ailand Received Received 31 March 1997; accepted 24 June 1997.

71 71 72 J.F. MAXWELL ，Sτ llP HEN EL Ll OTI AND V. ANUSARNSUN 澗 ORN

BEDROCK

Most of the exposed bedrock in Jae Sawn National Park is Triassic granite c. 200 million million ye 紅 S old. There are scattered outcrops of shale below the granite belonging to the Kanchanaburi Kanchanaburi Formation of the Silurian to Carboniferous Geological Periods ， i. e. 30 0-4 00 million million years old. The Doi Lahnggah area has shale and phyllite belonging to 出e Kaeng Kr achan Formation (Carboniferous to Silurian) on top of granite at elevations above c. c. 1，200 m. 百le northem p紅 t， in Wahng Nua Dis 凶ct ，h部 rugged limestone hills up to c. c. 950 m elevation of the Ratburi Formation ，合 om the Carboniferous to Permian Periods ， c.25ι300 million years old (JAVANAPET ， 1969).

CLIMATE

Typical Typical of northem Thailand ， the climate of the region is strongly seasonal. There is a hot ， dry season 企om about mid-March to May ， followed by 由e rainy se 部 on 企omJune to to October ， with the cool ，命 y season 企om November to February. Details of the temperature and and rainfall 釘 'e presented in Fig 町 'e 1. It should be noted 血at upland areas will have lower tempera 加res and higher rainfall 由an rl 即 0 吋ed at Lampang (241 m elevation).

VEGETATION

As wi 血 most other remnant forested are 部 in no 拙lem 百lailand ，there 釘 'e three basic forest forest types ，viz. deciduous ，mixed evergreen + deciduous ， and evergreen. 百le vegetation in in these habitats differs significantly b即 ause of moisture ，elevation and ， to a lesser extent ， bedrock-specifically bedrock-specifically on limestone. Th e deciduous and evergreen forest types c佃 be subdivided subdivided based on various floristic associations. 百le original lowland vegetation ，now very very degraded or destroyed ，consisted of large ， deciduous hardwood 出 es which have been severely severely exploited ， e.g. Tectona grandis L.五 (Verbenaceae ， teak) and other valuable timber 岡田，加出e past 50 ye 釘 's.τ 'hi s zone extends from 300 m to about 800 m elevation and and above this ，c. 80 0- 1，000 m ，is a mixed association of deciduous + evergre 岨 hardwood species. species. From c. 1，000 to 2， 031 m 由 e forest is mostly prim 釘 y and evergreen wi 白 Pinus kes か'a Roy. ex Gord. (Pinaceae ，pine) in some places. 百le vegetation at Jae Sawn National Park Park is q凶te similar to 血at found in nearby places at all elevations and on the various bedrocks bedrocks (M AXWELL ，1988 ，1992 ， 1996; MAXWELL ET AL 1995).

Barnboo lD eciduous Forest

As noted above ，much of the original vegetation 血roughout northem Th ailand has been been ravaged by unscrupulous and ecologically devastating logging operations for over 100 100 years. There is only one remaining lowland 紅 ea with its original vegetation ，Mae Yom National Park ， Phrae Pr ovince ， which is currently threatened with inundation by 也e proposed proposed Kaeng Sua Ten Dam. It is c. 100 km SE of the middle of Jae Sawn National Park Park where the park headquarters is located. Since we have been able to s加dy the vegetation vegetation and flora in Mae Yom National Park ，we have a good idea of what the original VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 73

佃 d degraded vegetation 紅 e like there and have applied this knowledge when studying places places such as Jae Sawn National Park ， where only vestiges of the originallowland forest remain remain (MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY ， 1992). Deciduous Deciduous forest vegetation is found on 白e eastern side of the national park and formerly formerly covered the now set t1 ed and cultivated 紅 ea outside of 血e parkbound 紅 y. Slightly over over 50% of the original cover on all bedrocks consisted of Tectona grandis ， while lesser perce 凶 ages of A. βelia 勾Ilocarpa (Kurz) Craib (Leguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) ， Xylia 勾，z ocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. v低 kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) Niels. (Leguminosae ，Mi mosoideae) ， Dalbergia Dalbergia cana Bth. var. cana and Kurz (b o白 Leguminosae ， Papilionoideae) ， Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae) ，La gerstroemia cochinchinensis cochinchinensis Gagnep. v低 ovalifolia Furt. & Mon t. (Ly 白raceae) Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Juss. (Meliaceae) ，Dillenia parviflora Gri ff. var. kerrii (Craib) Hoog l. (Dilleniaceae) ，組 d

other other c組 opy species were found. Pr esen t1 y there 紅 e very few ma 加 re Tectona grandis or Aβ elia 勾Ilocarpa ， while the numbers of other commercially valuable 仕'ees have been drastically drastically reduced. Because of logging selection ，many less valuable 回 es have been able to to grow and reproduce ，白 us incre 描 ing their original amounts. Th ese include La gerstroemia tomentosa tomentosa Pr esl (Lythraceae) ， Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. (Combretaceae) ， Schleichera Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Sapindaceae) ，Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz (An acardiaceae) and (L.) R. Br. v低 scholaris (Apocynaceae). Tetrameles nudiflora nudiflora R. Br. ex Benn. (Datiscaceae) ，certainly the tallest (4 0- 50 m) 出 e in the lowlands ， is is readily distinguished by its spectacul 紅 plank buttresses and is found in seasonally dry stream stream valleys ， but is uncommon. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Sonneratiaceae) ，which is mostly found in s出制n valleys ，and malayana Oliv. ex Benn. Benn. (lrvingiace 鵠) the are only two 1紅 ge evergr 田 n 出 e species found in lowland deciduous forests. forests. Evidence for massive forest de 紺 uction can be seen with large cut and rotting logs ，numerous coppicing Tectona grandis stumps ，some of which are 80 ー90 cm diameter ， and and abnormally high densities of several species of bamboo (Gramineae ， Bambusoideae) which 釘 e naturally found in intact deciduous forests and become more abundant 出 a result of of deforestation. 百lese bamboos include Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro ， D. nudus Pilg. ，Bambusa tulda Roxb. ，組 d to a lesser extent Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro. It is is because the original deciduous hardwood forest has been so severely degraded and now includes includes so much bamboo that we have called this kind of vegetation bamboo/deciduous fores t. All All of these bamboos have been further exploited and subsequen t1 y damaged by widespread widespread cutting of maωre culms and removal of edible young “shoots". Fire damage is is prevalent and occ 町 s during the dry ， hot season (M 訂 'ch-May) when 曲目釘 e started to clear clear the ground for a putative increased yield in edible mushrooms during the rainy season ， as well as to make hunting the last remaining animals easier. Removal of all 由e biomass biomass (i. e. logs) along with annual vaporization of residual organics in the soil and subsequent subsequent erosion of the remainder by rain ， have had a disas 住ous degrading effect on the quality quality of the soi l. Deciduous Deciduous understory trees include: Colona winitii Craib and Microcos paniculata L. (both (both Tiliaceae) ， Vitex canescens Kurz ， V. glabrata R. Br. and V. limoniifolia Wal l. ex Kurz (all Verbenaceae) ， Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae ，Caesalpi 凶oideae) ， Dalbergia 舟sca 日erre (Le gum 泊osae ，Papilionoideae) ， Stereospermum neuranthum Kurz and Oro. 砂 lum 74 J. F. MAXWELL ，STEPHEN ELLIOIT AND V. ANu SARNSUNTHORN indicum indicum (L.) Kurz (both Bignoniaceae) ， Holarrhena pubescens (Bth.) Wal l. ex D. Don (Apocynaceae) ， and Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (). Deciduous woody climbers (lianas) ，some of them with basal diameters of over 20 cm ，紅 e evident and include Entada rheedii rheedii Spreng. (Le ♂uninosae ，Mimosoideae) ，Millettia cinerea Bth. and M. extensa (Bth.) Bth. Bth. ex Bak. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ， Caesalpinia digyna Rott l. (L eguminosae ， Caesalpinioideae) ，Combretum latifolium B l. (Combretaceae) ，佃d tomentosa Roxb. V 低 tomen ωsa (Verbenaceae). Deciduous shrubs and treelets 紅 e common. Some of the more common species 紅 e: Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (Leeaceae) ， Bauhinia viridescens Desv. Desv. var. viridescens (Leguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) ，Millettia caerulea Grah. ex Bak. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ，andAntidesma acidum Retz. (Euphorbiaceae). Mussaenda parva parva Wal l. ex G. Don (Rubiaceae) is a deciduous ， scandent species which has large ， conspicuous ， white sepals scattered in its inflorescences which are produced throughout much of the ye 釘. The ground flora is deciduous ， mostly perennial ， very diverse ， and quite seasonal in phenology. phenology. During the dry season (November-April) ， most of the ground and much above it it is leafless. Th e frrst herbs to appe 紅 are Gagnepainia go d， ψ 'oyi (Baill.) K. Sch. ，Globba nuda K. Lar. and Kaem p_ 戸ria rotunda L. (all Zingib 巴raceae) ，Geodorum siamensis Ro l. ex Dow. ，Nervilia aragoana Gaud. ， and N. plicata (An dr.) Schltr. (all ) ， Hapaline benthamiana benthamiana Schott and Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib (bo 出 Araceae) ，and 出e ve 可 rare rare Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) ，all of which produce flowers in April April before their leaves appear. In May ，after the frrst rains have fallen ，more species appear appear and produce flowers either during or after leaf developmen t. Some of these are parviflora Wal l. and Globba reflexa Craib (bo 出 ) ，Stemona burkillii Pr ain (Stemonaceae ，a vine) ，Geodorum recurvum (Roxb.) Als t.， Habenaria thailandica Seid. ， and Peristylus cons 釘ictus (Li nd l.) Li nd l. (叫 lOrchidaceae). Af terwards ， most of the other other ground flora species develop and by July-August ， the ground is covered with herbaceous herbaceous vegetation. Many of these herbs flower for several months ，e.g. Curcumorpha longiflora longiflora (Wal l.) Rao & Verma (Zingiberaceae ，May-September) and Halopegia brachystachys brachystachys Craib (Marantaceae ，August-October). However ， most ground flora speci 回 flower flower for only a month or two ，e.g. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae) 姐 d Ruellia Ruellia siamensis 1m. (Acan 出aceae). Some other common ground flora herbs include: Munronia humilis (Blanco) Harms (Meliaceae) ， Andrographis laxiflora (B l.) Li ndau ，Barleria cristata L.， B. strigosa Willd. ， Justicia Justicia procumbens L.， Lepidagathis incurva Ham. ex D. Don ， and Rungia parviflora (Retz.) (Retz.) Nees var. ciliata Brem. (all Acanthaceae); Sonerila nisbetiana Craib (Melastomataceae ， an annual herb); Hedyotis auricularia L.， H. ovatifolia Cav. ，Knoxia corymbosa Willd. (all Rubiaceae) ，0 η 'za meyeriana (Zoll. & Mor.) Baill. var. granulata (Watt) (Watt) Duis t. (Gramineae) ， and Curculigo latifolia D 可・ ex W.T. Ait. v紅 . lat ゆlia (Amaranthaceae ，Hypoxidoideae). Aeginetia indica Roxb. (Orobanchaceae) ，a deciduous ， perennial ，leafless ，saprophyte/parasite ，is also commonly found throughout the bamboo/ deciduous deciduous forest from August-October. Epirixanthes elongata B l. (Polygalaceae) is a very rare ，leafless saprophyte/parasite on bamboo roots which is known to flower in August and fruit fruit in September. Microstegium vagans (Nees ex Steud.) A. Camus (Gramineae) is very common in disturbed ，frre -d amage 訂 eas. It is a serious problem for forest regeneration since since it is not only widespread and dense ， but also very combustible. VEGETA TION OF JAE SA WN 75

Li mestone flora A note conceming the vegetation in limestone areas is important here. As with the lowland lowland vegetation found on granite and shale bedrocks ，出 e same basic deciduous forest is is found in limestone areas which have also been logged for Tectona grandis and other species. species. Th ere 紅 'e some geophytes restricted to limestone areas ， the most conspicuous being being the very common Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Com. (Moraceae) ，a dense-growing ， evergreen ，understorey ，紅白 let- species; Spondias lakonensis Pierre and S. laxiflora (Kurz) (Kurz) A. S. & For. (Anacardiaceae) ， both deciduous trees; Euphorbia antiquorum L. (Euphorbiaceae) ，a deciduous her b- treelet; and Dracaena lourieri Gagnep. (Agavaceae) ， an an evergreen treelet ー血 e latter two common and conspicuous species often being epilithic. Some of the higher 佃 d more shaded areas on limestone have a mixed evergreen + deciduous facies facies which does not differ ， except for the epilithic flora ，from that in the granite and shale zones. zones. Dracontomelon dω(Blanco)， Me 町. & Ro l. (An ac 紅 diaceae) ， an evergreen canopy tree tree with prominent buttresses ，is found in these mixed areas. Some herbs commonly found on limestone hills ， often in exposed rubble areas where a clear distinction between their being an epili 血 or geophyte is sometimes difficult to determine ，include: Crotalaria verrucosa L. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ，Kalanchoe integra integra (Med.) O. K. (Crassulaceae) ，Plectranthus (lsodon nigropunctatus M 町.， Labiatae) ， and Vernonia curtisii Craib & Hutch. v低 curtisii (Compositae). The actuallimestone peaks ， at c. 700 ー900 m elevation ，紅 e very rugged ，exposed ，and include include bo 出 d配 iduous 組 d evergreen ，often scrub-like ，woody species as well 拙 herbaceous epiliths. epiliths. Deciduous trees include pisocarpa B l. (Moraceae) ，a “s位angling" epili 血， Spondias Spondias laxiflora (Kurz) A. S. & For. (An acardiaceae) ， Firmiana kerrii (Craib) Kosterm. (Sterculiaceae (Sterculiaceae )，佃 d Terminaliafranchetii Gagnep. v紅 .ω men ωsa Nana. (Combretaceae)- all all of which flower during the hot-dry season while leafless. Evergreen treelets or small trees 紅 e: Memecylon scutellatum (Lour.) Naud. (Melastomataceae) ， Drypetes hainanensis Merr. Merr. (Euphorbiaceae) ，Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Com. (M oraceae) ， and B 削凶sempervirens L. L. (Buxaceae). Jasmimum calcicolum Kerr (Ol eaceae) and Derris tonkinensis Gagnep. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) are evergreen woody climbers while Ventilago denticulata Willd. Willd. (Rh創 nnaceae) ， Argyreia aggregata Roxb. v紅 . aggregata ，阻 d Porana spectabilis Kurz (both Convolvulaceae) 訂 e deciduous representatives. Hoya kerrii Craib (Asclepiada- ceae) ，a succulent ，evergreen ，epiphytic vine ，is found in p制 ly shaded places. 百lese peaks notably lack species found in dipteroc aqH) ak 姐 d bamboo/deciduous forests forests as well as mixed evergreen + deciduous hardwood forest found on other bedrocks.

Epilithic Epilithic species

A basic distinction can be made between vascular plants growing on gr 阻 ite and shale rocks rocks and those on limestone (calciphytes). 百 lis distinction is f. 紅 more profound 白叩 the overall overall flora in these two zones. The reason for this distinction is due to acidic pH values for for granite and shale and alkaline ones on limestone. Due to its scarcity and 合iability ， there there are very few shale epiliths.τ 'h e few that we have seen have been along stre 創 ns have not not differed from those on gr 組 i低Th e differences between granite and limestone epiliths will ，therefore ， be discussed. In general ， most lowland epiliths are deciduous and perennial; many are also succulent. Th ose growing ，app 紅 ently exclusively ，on granite are: Begonia 76 J. F. MAxw且 L ，S百>P H 町El. LIσηAND V. ANu SARNSUNTHO 附

45 500 ー唱-MEAN MIN. TEMP. -MEAN MAX TEMP 40 450 ・圃・ lRAINFALL 35 400 0 350 -FEE--44dEZ 崖30 300 225 SF 250 F 、 20 〆 且、 ~ J ¥ 200 ヨ巴 / 、 / ¥ 515 515 t 150 r 、 』革 10 100 。5 。50 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure Figure 1. Temperature and rainfall recorded at Lampang ，1989-1996. Source: Meteorological Dep 釘岡田t， L叩 lp 如 g (241 m elevation).

yunnanensis yunnanensis Lev l. (Begoniaceae) ，Argostemma verticillatum Wall. (Rubiaceae) ，Boea herbacea herbacea C l. (Gesneriaceae) ，and Asplenium crinicaule Hance (Asple 凶aceae). Many 釘 e o凶y known to grow on limestone ，e.g. dicots: Impatiens calcicola Craib and I. salaengensis T. T. Shim. (Balsaminaceae); Argostemma condensum Craib ， A. saxicolum ， Craib and A .a ff. unifolium unifolium Benn. (Rubiaceae) ，Omithoboea archnoidea (Diels) Craib ， O. wildeana Craib (Gesneriaceae); (Gesneriaceae); and Elatostema salvinioides W.T. Wang (U凶 caceae). Some monocots 紅 e Arisaema balansae Eng l. (Ar aceae) ，Pommereschea lackneri Wit t. (Zingiberaceae) ， Spatholirion Spatholirion ornatum Rid l. (Commelinaceae) ，and Calanthe rosea (Li nd l.) Bth. (Orchidaceae). (Orchidaceae). Some common ptreridophytes 紅 e: Doryopteris ludens (W all. ex Hk:.) J. Sm. (Parkeriaceae) and Asplenium simonsianum Hk. (Aspleniaceae). Garrettia siamensis Fl et. (Verbenaceae) is a deciduous 出 elet confined to lowland limestone 紅 eas. Some species common on all three bedrocks 紅 e: Impatiens violaeflora Hk:. f. (Bals 創凶naceae); Chiri ωhamosa Wal l. ex R. Br. ， Epithema camosa (D. Don) Bth. ， Petrocosmea Petrocosmea kerrii Craib and Rhynchoglosum obliquum B l. (all Gesneriaceae) ，組d Elatostema Elatostema monandrum (Ham. ex D. Don) Hara (Urticaceae).

Su ・'eamflora

百lere 釘 'emany s住'eams ，m 佃 y of the smaller ones being seasonal ，加 Jae Sawn National Park Park which flow through the lowland bamboo/deciduous fores t. Du e to permanent wetness or or moister soil during the dry season ， lowland riverine 紅 'eas have a more evergreen vegetation. vegetation. Many species 紅 'e confined to 血is habitat ， while others 釘 'e either amphibious or or rheophytic. Eugenia formosa Wal l.， E. megaca 中a Craib (Myrtaceae) (F ig 町 'e 2) ，and Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. spp. fordii (Hems l. ex Forb. & Hems l.) Beus. (Sabiaceae) ，紅 'e all common ， very conspicuous ， small evergreen 回 es. Ficus racemosa L. VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 77

F igur e 2. Eu ge ni a lII egacarpa C ra ib (My rl aceae) ， a co mm o n ， sm a ll ， eve rgree n lr ee grows along slr ea m s， on granil c，lim es lon e，and shale in a

w id 巴 range of habilal s (Iow land dec idllo ll s; mi xe d eve rg ree n + decidllolls ; and prim ary，巴ve rgl巴en， se aso nal，h ardwoo d foresl s) fr 0 111 450- 1，200 m. [t flo we rs in M arch- Apr i1 and prodll ces bacca l巴 berri es in May-J lI n巴 Ph o lo: V An ll sarn SlI nlho rn ， 27 Ma y 1996 (Max we ll 96-7 18，500 111)

F iglll 巴 3. Ficus squamosa Roxb. (Moraceae) in Ma e M aw n S lr ea l11 al 475 111. It is a C0 I11 111 0n eve rgree n rh eop hyli c shrub wh ich prodllce s fi gs (sy nco ni a) fro111 May lo D ece mb er. Il is fO llnd al

巴leval ions 0 1' 450 ー 1，300 111 on granite ， li l11 巴slo ne，and sha le. PhOlO: V An ll sarn SlI nlhorn ， 27 Ma y 1996 78 J.F. M AXWELL. STEPHEN ELLIOTT AND V. A NUSA RNSUNTHORN

Figure 4. Elaeocarpus flo ribundus 8 I. (Eiaeocarpaceae) is found in the lower parts of th e primary, evergreen, seasonal , hardwood forest, at I , I SO­ I ,400 111 elevati on on granite bedrock. It is an evergreen, understory tree, which flowers in May-June and bears drupes in October. Photo: V. Anusarn s unthorn, 28 May 1996 (Maxwell 96-729, 1, 175 111).

Figure 5. Apodyres dimidiara E. Meyer ex Arn. (Icacinaceae), an evergreen understory tree, is fo und in the lower parts o f the primary, evergreen, seasonal , hardwood fo rest, I ,025- 1,400 111 elevation. It flowers in May-June and bears drupes in October. Photo: V. Anusarn sunthorn , 28 May 1996 (Maxwell 96-742, 1,025 111 ). VEGET A TIO N OF JAE SAWN 79

Figllre Figllre 6. Clerodendrum serralu n7 . (し) Moon V aJ ¥V alli c hii C I. (V e rb ena ce a巴) is fOllnd in di sturb ed ，of te n ope n ，a reas in primar y ，

eve rgr ee n ，S 巴aso nal ，h arcl woo d fore st ecl

easar at 1，100 - 1，600 m 巴leva tion o n gran it e

bedrock. Thi s va riel y is an ev 巴rgr ee n

lr eel et or sh rll b w hi c h f1 0w 巴rs durin g Ma y-Se pl emb er and ha s rip e drup es in

Se pt emb 巴r-Novem b e r. PhOIO: V Anllsarn SlI nlh o rn ，27 May 1996 ，1 ， 125 m

Fi gllr e 7. CO llnaru s semidecandr us Jac k (Connara - cea 巴) isa n eve rgree n w ood yc limb er fOllnd m os tl y in “mi xecl " and lowe rp arts of th e

pnmary ，巴V 巴rgre 巴n， seaso nal， harcl

fOI 巴sl on shal 巴 ancl granit 巴 becl ro cks. It is

known from el巴va lion s of 400 ー 1，050 m ， fl owe rs in Mar ch-A pril ， a ncl prodll ces fo ll icl es in A pril -May. PhOIO: V A nll sa rn SlI nlh orn ，28 May 1996 (Ma xwe ll 96-744 ，1 ，025 m ) 80 J. F . M AXW ELL ，STEPHEN EL Ll OTT AND V. ANU SA RNSUNT HOR N

F igur e 8. M alax i白、 lal( fo li a J. E. S m . (O rchid ac 巴ae) ， an un CO l11 m on，d ec idu ous，gro und orchid ， gro ws in sli ghtl y di stu rbed str ea m ar eas

In In pl1 m ary，ev 巴rgree n，seaso nal，h ardwoo d

fO I巴st on granit e bed rock at 1，000 - 1，150 111 . It fl owe rs in May - Jun e，p roduc 巴s ca psul es in A u g .~ l s t -Se pt e m be r ， w hi ch rem a in on the pl a nt fo r seve ra l 111 0nth s

aft erd 巴hi sce nce and h as l eaves fro m Ma y lo D ece mb er. Ph oto : V. A nu sa rn sunth orn ，

28 M ay 1996 (Maxw 巴11 96 -738 ，1，100 m )

Fi gur e9 . Rlz apl udo p !t ora peep la (R ox b. ) Sch o tt (A raceae) ，a comm on eve rgree n vin e w hi ch cree pso n tr ee trullk s or rock s，i s found

along str ea m s in low land dec idu ous 1' 01巴sts and th ro ugho ut th e ・' l1l ixe d" and primar y eve rgre巴n，seas ona l，h ardwoo d fore sts fro m

475 -c. 2，000 111 巴leva ti on. Infl oresce nce s are pr odu c巴cl fro m M ay to D ece m be r，w hil e

infru ctesce n ces ofb acca t巴 b巴111 巴sa l巴 found fro l11 D ece l1l bert o Ma rch. lt is fo und on

ll all thr e巴 kind s ofb edroc k in th e nati onal p ark. Ph oto :V .A nu sa rn sun thorn ，27 M ay 1996 (M axwe ll 96-72 1，475 m) VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 81

自 HERBS

. VINES

1200 回 SHRUBS

口WOODY CLl MBERS

• TREELETS

.05回 800 ロTREES ωa ω 。 600 z 400

200 。 AII AII bb/df dof mxf egf eg /pine sg Habitats

Figur e 10. Species richne ss of vascular s in differenl forest typ es in Jae Sawn Na ti ona l Park: bb/df = bamboo/deciduous bamboo/deciduous fOreSl ; dof = decidlloll s dipt eroca rp -o ak fore st; m xf = mixed eve rgr een + dec idu - Oll S hardw ood; 巴gf = pri m ary evergre 巴n for 官st; eg/p in 巴 = 巴ve rgr巴巴 n hardwood + pin e forest and sg sg = seco ndary growth

1400 口NOT HABITAT 1200 RESTRICTED 皿COMMON HABIT A T- RESTRICTED ωω ωω 1000 • RARE HABIT A T. 。 RESTRICTED ω 800 a ω。 600 z 400 200 。 TOTAL bb/df dof mxf egf eg/pine sg

Fi g ure 11. Habitat-restricted and rare species in the var i ous foresl types of Ja 巴 Sawn Nat ional Park. 82 82 J.F. MAXWELL. S1 百PHEN ELLIOIT AND V. ANUSARNSUNTHORN

var. var. racemosa (M 'O raceae) is a decidu 'O us ，caulifl 'O rus (fig) tree. Ficus squamosa R 'O xb. (M 'O raceae) (Figure 3) gr 'O ws as an evergreen ，rhe 'O phytic s駐ub. Al l 'O f these species are f'O und 'O n a1 1 three kinds 'O f bedr 'O ck. C 'O mm 'O n evergreen herbs f'O und in this habitat 紅 'e: Donaxcanna φ rmis (G. F'O rs t.) K. Sch. and Phrynium cap i. ωω m W i11 d. (b'O出 M 紅叩匂.ceae) ， Forrestia Forrestia glabratus (Hassk.) Hassk. (C 'O mmelinaceae ，a vine) ，The かI]J teris nudata (R 'O xb.) M 'O rt. (τ'helypteridaceae) ， and Angiopteris evecta (F 'O rst.) H 'O ffm. (Marattiaceae). Microsorum pteropus (B l.) C 'O pe l. (P 'O lyp 'O diaceae) is an unc 'O mm 'O n，ep i1i thic ，rhe 'O phyticl aquatic aquatic herb which 'O nly gr 'O ws 'O n granite and shale bedr 'O cks.

Deciduous Dipterocar p- Associa “on

As discussed in a recent paper 'O n the vegetati 'O n 'O fD 'O i Kuhntan Nati 'O nal Park ， which is is direc t1 ys 'O uth 'O f Jae Sawn Nati 'O na1 Park ， the decidu 'O us dipteroc arp-o ak ass 'O ciati 'O n is a sec 'O ndary and pr 'O bably climax gr 'O w 血， derived 合om destr 'O yed bamb 'O'O /decidu 'O us f 'O rest (MAxwE LL ET AL. ， 1995). There are few similarities in the w 'O'O dy fl 'O ra t 'O bamb 'O'O l decidu 'O us facies ， but the herbace 'O us c'O mp 'O nents 紅 'e c'O mplemen ぬry. In general ， the decidu 'O us dipter 'O carp-o ak f'O rest ，named because 'O f the d'O minance 'O f Di pter 'O c紅 paceae 叩 d Quercus (Fagaceae ，'0北 s) ，is m 'O re 'O pen ，drier ， and diminutive 出 an bamb 'O'O /decidu 'O us f'O rest ， with little 'O rn 'O bamb 'O'O. Th es 'Oi1 has 'O bvi 'O usly been m 'O re eroded ， since there is an an even thinner 'O rganic layer and m 'O re c 'O arse tex 旬 re t 'O what is 'O ften merely subs 'O i l. Th ere is n 'O definite b'O undary between these tw 'O f 'O rest facies and in m 'O st instances they merge. merge. B 'O th kinds 'O f vegetati 'O n 紅 'e 'O n a1 1 出 ree bedr 'O cks thr 'O ugh 'O ut the l'O wlands 'O f 白e nati 'O na1 p訂k. Due t 'O v鉱 ying am 'O unts 'O f initi a1 and subsequent damage t 'O the 'O rigin a1 decidu 'O us f'O rest ，there 紅 'e many transiti 'O na1紅 eas where the f 'O rest is a mixture 'O f bamb 'O'O l decidu 'O us and dipter 'O carp-o ak facies. In '0町'O pini 'O n bamb 'O'O /decidu 'O us f'O rested 紅 'eas ， if if left a1'O ne ， c佃 rec 'O ver ，perhaps 泊 hundreds 'O f ye 訂 s，t 'O am 'O re 'O rigin a1 state. Th e n'O rm a1 situati 'O n is that unc 'O ntr 'O lled abuse ， i. e. ch 'O pping and frre ， prevent rec 'O very and enc 'O urage the devel 'O pment 'O fa dipter 'O carpn 'O ak facies. τ'h ere must be ap 釘創neter ， pr 'O bably in 出 es 'Oi1， where there is a minimum level 'O f rec 'O very whereby tree seeds 仕om 血 e bamb 'O'O /decidu 'O us f 'O rest cann 'O t either germinate 'O r survive after germinati 'O n. At present present there is n 'O inf 'O rmati 'O n available t 'O supp 'O氏出 is view except f'O r 'O ur 'O wn 'O bservati 'O ns ， but but it is certainly a fact 血 at a decidu 'O us dipter 'O c紅p-o ak f 'O rest either maintains itself as a sec 'O nd 紅 yc 'O mmu 凶ty 'O r when cut devel 'O ps int 'O sec 'O nd ぽ y scrub 'O r barren wasteland. Th e herbace 'O us gr 'O und fl 'O ra in b'O th f 'O rest types is 'O ften very simil 飢 except when the decidu 'O us dipter 'O carp-o ak f 'O rest has been severely degraded. Sever a1 tree species 'O f the Di pter 'O carpaceae 紅 e very c'O mm 'O n and tend t 'O d'O minate this this kind 'O ff 'O rest. Dipteroca 中 us obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. v也 obtus ゆlius ， D. tuberculatus tuberculatus R 'O xb. v低 tuberculatus ， Wall. ex B l.，姐 d S. siamensis Miq. var. var. siamensis 紅 'e m 'O re abundant 白an a1 1 'O ther tree species in this f'O res t. Quercus kerrii Craib Craib v釘 . kerrii 組 d Q. kingiana Craib 紅 e very c'O mm 'O n. Other c'O mm 'O n， but never d'O minant ，住 ees 紅 e Careya arborea R 'O xb. (L ecythidaceae) ，Tristaniopsis burmanica (Gri ff.) W i1 s. & Wa t. var. r句作 scens (Hance) P紅 n. & Lug. (My 巾 ceae) ， Anneslea j均grans W a1l. (Theaceae) ，Aporusa villosa (Li nd l.) Ba i11. and A. wallichii Hk. f. (Euph 'O biaceae) ， Craibiodendron Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W. Sm. (Ericaceae) ， Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (An acardiaceae) ， Dalbergia fusca Pierre (Legumin 'O sae ， Pap i1i'O n'O ideae) ， and Strychnos VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 83

nux-vomica nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae). Spatholobus Spatholobus parv ifL orus (Roxb.) O. K. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) and Celastrus paniculatus paniculatus Willd. (Celas 回 ceae) ， both deciduous woody climbers ， are also pr< 回 ent. In general ， vines are scarce ， in contrast to vascular epiphytes and epiliths ，which 釘 ecommon. Evergreen ， always succulent ，epiphytes and epiliths include Dischidia nummularia R. B r. and and D. major (Vahl) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae) and numerous Orchidaceae ，e.g. Cymbidium bicolor bicolor Li nd l.姐 d Coelogyne trinervis Lind l.;如 d Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching (Polypodiaceae). (Polypodiaceae). Some deciduous counte 中紅ts are: Dendrobium gratiosissimum Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae) ， Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. ，組 d Placycerium wallichii Hk. (both Polypodiaceae). Polypodiaceae). The ground flora is mostly perennial ，deciduous ， and is quite similar to that found in bamboo/deciduous bamboo/deciduous forested areas. In well developed deciduous dipteroc arp-叫 oak forest 紅白s there is no bamboo. However ， in transitional areas those bamboo species found in bamboo/deciduous bamboo/deciduous forest are common. During the latter part of the rainy season ， i. e. July-October ， the ground is densely covered with mostly monocot herbs in most 紅 eas. Members of the Zingiberaceae 紅 e quite common ，e.g. Curcumorpha long ifL ora (Wal l.) Rao & Verma ，Curcuma petiolata Roxb. ，Boesenbergi α longipes (King & Prain) Schltr. ， 叩 d Globba villosula Gagnep. Gramineae (grasses) frequently dominate m 姐 y places with Apluda mutica L.， Themeda triandra Forssk. ，組 d Arundinella setosa Trin. var. setosa.

These 紅 'e also mixed with Cyperaceae (sedges) e.g. Carex stramentita Boott ex Boeck ， Fimbristylis Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl ssp. dichotoma ，Scleria levis Retz. ，組 d S. lithosperma (L.) (L.) Sw. var. lithosperma. More exposed ，rocky ，and fire-damaged places have m 加 y species of annual dicot herbs ，especially Crotalaria alata D. Don ， C. neriifolia Wal l. ex Bth. ，and C. sessil 伊ora L. L. (all Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae); and the deciduous ，perennial pteridophyte Selaginella oste n， 声ldii Hier. (Selaginellaceae). Pueraria stricta Kurz (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ， a deciduous vine ，which is sometimes somewhat scandent ，is also common. Th e gr 釘泊 te boulders ，which are abundant in this kind of forest ， are covered from July to November with with various pteridophytes ，e.g. Adiantum philippense L. and A. zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn (P 釘 keriaceae) ， and a few dicots ，e.g. Li ndenbergia indica (L.) Va t. (Scrophulariaceae) and Peperomia Peperomia pellucida (L.) H.B. K. (Piperaceae) ， a naturalized herb native to tropical Am erica. As in 出e bamboo/deciduous forest ， there are numerous seedlings and saplings of woody plants ，especially trees ， found as mature individuals in these two associations ， as well well as edible ，inedible ， and poisonous fungi which are most app 紅 ent during the rainy season. season.

Mixed Evergreen + Deciduous Hardwood Forest

From about 800 m ， or even as low as 550 m in stream valleys ， to 1，000 m ， there is a mixture of deciduous and evergreen hardwood species.τ 'h e boundaries of this mixed evergreen evergreen + deciduous hardwood forest 紅 'e not always definite; i.e. there are transitional zones zones present mainly due to the amount and extent of disturbance. Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae ， teak) is not found in this mixed zone mainly because it is not naturally found found above c. 850 m and also perhaps because of various unsuitable soi l/ moisture conditions. conditions. Some common deciduous canopy trees are: Polyalthia simiarum (Ham. ex Hk. 84 J.F. MAXWELL ，Sτ 芭PHEN ELUOIT AND V. ANu SARNSUN TIf ORN

f. f. & Th.) B 血. ex Hk. f. & Th. (Ann onacea 巴)， La gerstroemia ωmen ω sa Pr esl (L 同rraceae) ， Terminalia Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. (Combretaceae) ， Engelhardia serrata B l. (Juglandaceae) ， and Vitex quinata (Lour.) W i1l. (Verbenaceae). In the limestone area Pterocymbium Pterocymbium laoticum T 紅 d. (Sterculiaceae) is also found. Evergreen canopy counte 中制s are are costatus Gaertn. f. ， the tallest and most distinct species which is also res 凶cted to the mixed forest ， D. turbinatus Gaertn. 五 () ，Mang 砕ra caloneura caloneura Kurz (Anac 訂 diaceae) ， Eugenia albiflora D 凶 h. ex Kurz (Myrtaceae) ，Sapium baccatum baccatum Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) and Castanopsis calathiformis (Skan) Rehd. & Wils. (Fagaceae). (Fagaceae). Lithocarpus elegans (B l.) Hatus. ex Soep. (Fagaceae) ， Turpinia pom 俳ra (Roxb.) (Roxb.) Wall. ex DC. (Staphyleaceae) ，Knema laurina (B l.) W 紅 b. (Myristicaceae) ， Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex B l. (Lauraceae) ，and Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) 紅 'e some common understorey trees. Woody climbers are common and include include Combretum trifoliatum Ven t. (Combretaceae) and Ventilago denticulata W i1l d. (Rhamnaceae) ， both of which are deciduous; while Combretum sundaicum Miq. (Combreta 印刷，Rhamn 凶 n抑 lensis (W al l.) La ws. (Rh amnace 鵠)，組 d Tetrastigma laoticum Gagnep. Gagnep. (Vitaceae ，especially along streams) are some frequently seen evergreen representatives. representatives. The ground flora is diverse and includes both deciduous and evergreen species. Common deciduous herbs are Goldfussia a砂 actuosa (C l.) Brem. ， and Ruellia siamensis 1m. 1m. (b oth Acan 白aceae) ， Begonia integrifolia Dalz. (Begoniaceae) ， and Globba villosula Gagnep. Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae). Evergreen herb species 釘 'e more common and include: Tacca chantrieri chantrieri Andr. (Taccaceae) ，Amomum uliginosum Koen. ， and Etlingera littoralis (Kon.) Gise. ，悦 latter along streams (both Zingiberaceae) ， Th elypteris arida (D. Don) Mort. (Thelypteridaceae) ， and Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Di ckso 凶 aceae). Treelets and shrubs shrubs 合問uently seen are Millettia caerulea Grah. ex Bak. (Le gum 泊osae ，Papilionoideae) ， which is deciduous ， with Ixora cibdela Craib var. puberula Craib ，and Psychotria opi o. 巧Iloides Wal l. (b o血 Rubiace 槌)， which 紅 'eevergr' 閃 n.S 田 d 泊gs ，sapl 泊gs ， and immature herbs 紅 'e also common ，especially in areas 血at are shaded and less disturbed.

Primary Evergreen Forest

τ'h e upper part of the mixed evergreen + deciduous forest merges with the lower p紅 t of of the evergr 回 n forest at c. 900 ー950 m. 百le limestone zone in the no 拙lem part of the national national p紅 k does not have an evergreen facies ， since the highest pe 紘 s，which 釘 e very exposed ，rise to 850 ー900 m. 官 le evergreen forest also includes Pinus kesiya Roy. ex Gord. Gord. (Pinaceae ， pine) on ridges from c. 1， 200 m to c. 1， 800 m ， i. e. below the summit of Doi Lahnggah ， which is 2， 031 m in elevation. Th is kind of forest w i1l be discussed later. τ'h e evergreen forest is well developed from c. 1，000 ー2，031 m and includes vascul 紅 plant species species which are not generally found in 血e bamboo/deciduous forest and only some in the the mixed evergreen + deciduous zone. The canopy in the evergreen forest is higher and denser 血an in the forests at lower elevations. A few of 血e1 紅 ger canopy trees 紅 e deciduous ， e.g. Michelia champaca L. and Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu (bo 血 Magnoliaceae) ， Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Am. (Leguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) ， Homalium ceylanicum (G 紅白.) Bth. (Fl acourtiaceae) ， Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc. ， and Toona microcarpa (C. DC.) Harms (both Meliaceae) ， Ficus callosa W i1l d. ， andArtocarpus VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 85

gomezianus gomezianus Wal l. ex Trec. (both Moraceae and also found at lower elevations) ，Morus macroura Miq. (Moraceae) ，加 d Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rh amnaceae) ， which is a rare species species found in stream valleys at c. 1， 050 m. Common evergreen canopy trees ，20-30 m tall ， are Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) ，Artocarpus lanceolata Trec. (Moraceae) ，Phoebe cathia (D. Don) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) ，Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. (Theaceae) ， and several species of Fagaceae ， e.g. e.g. Castanopsis acuminatissima (B l.) A. DC. ， C. diversifolia (Kurz) Ki ng ex H k. f. ， C. tribuloides tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. ， and Li thocarpus elegans (B l.) Hatus. ex Soep. Gigantic strangling" “strangling" figs (Moraceae) are common with Ficus altissima B l. and F. benjam 的a L. L. var. benjamina as good examples. Some understory species of trees which don't grow more 血an 15 m tall are Elaeocarpus floribundus floribundus B l. (Figure 4) ，E. prunifolius Wall. ex C. Muell. (Elaeocarpaceae) ， Semecarpus cochinchinensis cochinchinensis Eng l. (Anacardiaceae) ， Apodytes dimidia E. Meyer ex Arn. (Ic acinaceae) (Figure (Figure 5) ， Eugenia fruticosa (D C.) Roxb. (Myrtaceae) ， Actinodaphine henryi Gamb. (Lauraceae) ， and Helicia nilagirica Bedd. (Proteaceae) 一 all of which are evergreen. Bauhinia Bauhinia variegata L. (Leguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) ， Spondias axillaris Roxb. (Anacardiaceae) ， and Engelhardia spicata Lechen. ex B l. v紅 . spicata (Juglandaceae) 紅 e deciduous deciduous representatives.

Loranthaceae ，a family of evergreen ，hemiparasitic ，epiphytic shrubs ，is well repr 回l ented ， 出e most common being Helixanthera pulchra (DC.) D 如 s. ， Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lou r.) Tiegh. ， and Viscum ovalifolium Wal l. ex D C. Many areas of the evergreen forest have been disturbed or completely destroyed. Camellia Camellia sinensis (L.) O. K. var. assamica (Mas t.) Ki ta. (Theaceae ，tea) ，a native evergreen treelet ， is grown in extensive plantations from c. 800 m to c. 1， 350 m. This species produces produces optimum yields with about 50% of the forest canopy intac t. Farmers growing this this crop are aware of forest abuse ，conservation ， and the condition of their plants; thus the tree tree diversity in these areas is good ，albeit diminished. Most of the original understorey and and ground flora ，however ， have been destroyed while regrowth is maintained ， without fire ，by frequent cutting. Hill tribe farmers ，many of whom have been resettled at lower elevations elevations or outside of the national p訂 k， have caused far more damage to the evergreen forest forest leaving vast areas denuded-most of which have yet to recove r. The understorey is denser than that of forests at lower elevations and is especially diverse diverse in stre 創 n valleys. Understorey trees include Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees (Lauracea 巴)， Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. (Rutaceae) ， Garcinia speciosa Wall. (Guttiferae) ， Sarcosperma arboreum Bth. (Sapotaceae) ， and Diospyros glandulosa Lace

(Ebenaceae). (Ebenaceae). Styr 似， benzoides Craib (Styracaceae) and Maesa ramentacea Wall. ex Roxb. (M yrsinaceae) 紅 e also common ， but grow in disturbed places. Treelets and shrubs are numerous numerous and include more species than found at lower elevations. Milliusa cuneata Craib (Annonaceae) ，Vernonia volkameri ザ'o lia D C. va r. volkameriifolia (Compositae) ， Clerodendrum Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon var. wallichii C l. (Verbenaceae) (Figure 6) ， Ardisia villosa villosa Roxb. (Myrsinaceae) ，Euodia viticina Wall. ex Kurz (Rutaceae) ， sootepense sootepense Craib (Euphorbiaceae) ， and Pseuderanthemum lat ゆ /i um (B l.) B. Han. (Acanthaceae) (Acanthaceae) are common. Pandanus penetrans St. John (Pandanaceae) ，another evergreen species ，is most common in shaded ，undisturbed stream valleys. Deciduous counte 甲紅白

紅 e found usually in disturbed ， often burned ，places and include Desmodium multiflorum 86 86 J.F. MAXWELL. S百 PHEN EL Ll OτT AND V. ANUSARNSUN 加 ORN

DC. ，D. oblongum Wall. ex Bth. ，Fl emingia sootepensis Craib (Legumin 'O sae ， Pap i1i'O n'O ideae) ，and Wendlandia scabra Kurz (Rubiaceae). Pueraria stricta Kurz and P. wallichii wallichii DC. (Legumin 'O sae ，Pap i1i'O n'O ideae) ，which 紅 'e scandent ， are als 'O f'O und in this habita t.

W 'O'O dy climbers 紅 ec 'O mm 'O n，s'O me evergreen examples being: Toddalia asiatica (L.) Link: Link: (Rutaceae) ，Melodorum oblongum Craib (Ann 'O naceae) ，Connarus semidecandrus Jack Jack (C 'O nnaraceae) (Figure 7) ， Ficus parietalis B 1.， and F. pubigera (Wall. ex Miq.) Miq. V 低 pubigera (M 'O raceae). Dalbergia stipulacea R 'O xb. (Legumin 'O sae ，Pap i1i'O n 'O ideae) is a decidu 'O us representative which is f'O und in 'O pen places. Th e herbace 'O us gr 'O und fl 'O ra is is very diverse and in c1 udes numer 'O us species 'O f dic 'O ts ，m 'O n'O c'O ts ，組 d pterid 'O phytes. S'O me c'O mm 'O n dic 'O ts 紅 'e: lmpatiens violaeflora Hk. f. (Balsaminaceae) ，Hydrocotyle siamica Craib Craib (Umbelliferae) ， Ophiorrhiza hispidula Wal 1. ex G. D 'O n var. hispidula ，相 d Geophila repens repens (L.) I. M. J'O hn. (b 'O th Rubiaceae) ， Wedelia montana (B 1.) B 'O er 1. var. wallichii (Less.) H. H. K 'O y. (C 'O mp 'O sitae) ，and Pilea trinervia Wight (Urticaceae) Frequen t1 y enc 'O untered herbace 'O us m 'O n'O c 'O ts are: Aneilema sinicum Li nd 1.， Commelina d伊， lsa Burm. f. ，and Murdannia gigantea (Vahl) Bruck (all C 'O mmelinaceae); Globba kerrii Craib ， G. villosula Gagnep. ，and Zingiber smilesianum Craib (all Zin giberaceae) ，Acorus gramineus S'01. ex W. Ait.， an ep i1i thic rhe 'O phyte; and Amorphophallus corruga ωs N.E. Br. (b 'O th Ar aceae) ， Vanilla Vanilla siamensis R '01. ex D 'O w. (Orchidaceae ，a vine) ，and Carex baccans Nees (Cyperaceae). (Cyperaceae). Malaxis latifolia J.E. Sm. (Orchidaceae) is a relatively rare ，decidu 'O us ， ground ground 'O rchid which is f'O und in sligh t1 y disturbed stream 紅 'eas at 1，00 0- 1， 150 m (Figure 8). 8). Many ge 'O phytic pterid 'O phytes are c'O mm 'O n with Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Di cks 'O niaceae) ，Bolbitis virens (W al 1. ex Hk. & Gr ev.) Sch 'O tt v釘 . virens (L 'O mari 'O psi- daceae ，al 'O ng s位'eams) ，and Thelypteris subelata (Bak.) K. Iw. (百 lelypteridac 回， e). Epiphytic and ep i1i thic pterid 'O phytes 紅 'e als 'O c'O mm 'O n with Davallia trichomanoides B 1. v釘 .lorrainii (Hance) (Hance) H 'O ltt. ，and Le ucostegia immersa Pr esl (b'O th Davalliaceae) ， Asplenium nidus L. V 紅 . nidus (Aspleniaceae) ，Aglaomorpha coronans (Wal 1. ex Mett.) C 'O pe 1.，組 d Pyrrosia mollis mollis (O.K.) Ching (b 'O th P 'O lyp 'O diaceae).

Evergr 田 n Hardwood + Pi ne Association

Pinus Pinus kesiya R 'O y. ex G 'O rd. (Pinaceae ， pine) has been expl 'O ited ex 匂 nsively in the nati 'O nal p釘 k ，especially fr 'O m c. 1，20 0- 1，500 m ， but is abundant in undisturbed 紅 'eas 企om 1，500 ー1，800 m. P. kesiya is f'O und 'O n ridges and in 'O ther well drained places ， with an appr 'O ximately equal ass 'O ciati 'O n 'O f primary evergreen f 'O rest species. Th ere are s'O me species species which 釘 'e m 'O re c'O mm 'O nly f'O und with Pinus kes かa 由加elsewhere ，m 'O st1 y due t 'O the the l'O wer pH 'O f the s 'O i1. S'O me 'O f the w 'O'O dy species are Craibiodendron stellatum (Pie 釘 'e) W.W. Sm. ， Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Druce ，and Vaccinium sprengelii (D. D 'O n) Sleum. (all Ericaceae) ，Vibumum inopinatum Craib (Caprif 'O liaceae) ，Myrica esculenta B.-H. ex D. D 'O n (Myricaceae); Castanopsis argyrophylla Ki ng ex Hk. f. ， C. tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. ， Quercus Quercus brandisiana Kurz ，which is decidu 'O us ，and Q. leticellata B 紅 n. (all Fagaceae). Annual herbs in c1 ude Blumeopsis flava (DC.) Gagnep. and Anaphalis margari ω cea (L.) (L.) Bth. & Hk. f. (b 'O th C 'O mp 'O sitae) ， Lobeia nicotiana そfolia R 'O th ex R 'O em. & Schul t. (Campanulaceae) ，and Exactum pteranthum Wal 1. ex C 'O lebr. (Genitanaceae). S'O me VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 87

deciduous ， perennial counte 中紅ts are lnula cappa (Ham. ex D. Don) forma cappa

(Compositae) ， Pratia begoniifolia (Wall. ex Roxb.) Lind l. (C 創 npanulaceae) ，a creeper ，and Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Li nd l. (Orchidaceae). Sonerila kerrii Craib & Stapf (Melastomataceae) (Melastomataceae) and the pteridophyte Onychinum contiguum Hope (P 紅 keriaceae) ， both deciduous deciduous ground herbs ，紅'e also occasionally found. Shuteria involucrata (W al l.) Wight & Arn. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ，a vine ， is common. Two uncommon species of Pt eridophytes ，viz. Brainea insignis (Hk.) J. Sm. and Woodwardia cochinchinensis Ching (bo 白 Blechnaceae) ， are also occasionally seen. Fires ，all caused by man ， are common in pine 紅白S 佃 d， in places where fire frequently occurs ，m 佃 y evergreen forest associates have been replaced by deciduous dipterocarpnoak ones ， e.g. Anneslea fragrans Wal l. (Th eaceae) and Aporusa villosa (Li nd l.) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae).

Upper Water Catchrnent V aIl eys

昨 im 釘 y evergreen seasonal forested areas above c. 1，500 m ，especially in shaded ， moist moist water catchment valleys ，訂e 血e most botanically pristine places in the national park.

In In contrast to settled 紅 'eas in the lowlands ， middle elevations where tea plantations 紅 e common ，and des 住oyed ridges and summit areas ， the upper water catchment valleys are mostly mostly undisturbed.

百le tree species 紅 'e similar to those found in lower evergreen areas and 泊 most instances instances Pinus kesiya Roy. ex Gord. (Pinaceae) is absent ，especially on 血e west side of thep 紅 k， bordering Sahngahmp 血 g Di strict ， Chiang Mai Province ， i. e. Doi Loh nID oi Mawn Lahn ，which rises to 1，725-1 ，800 m. 百le highest source of water is at c. 1，850 m elevation ， just below the summit of Doi Lahnggah. Prominent c佃 opy trees include Lithocarpus Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Mgf. and Castanopsis acuminatissima (B l.) A. D C. (both Fagaceae). Fagaceae). Aidia yunnanensis (Hutch.) Yaha. (Rubiaceae) ， Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) (Lour.) S. Moore ssp. cochinchinensis (Symplocaceae) ，Rapanea yunnanensis Mez (Myrsinaceae) ， Elaeocarpus bracteanus Watt ex C l. (Elaeocarpaceae) ，and Euonymus colonoides colonoides Craib (Celastraceae) are some of the smaller trees which are commonly found in in these more moist upland areas. Dinochloa maclellandii (M u町 0) Kurz (Gr ar 凶neae ， Bambusoideae) is the most common and sometimes dominant understorey species in many of of these are 出. The understory and ground vegetation is quite diverse and more dense th 組 at lower elevations. elevations. Some typical treelets and shrubs ， not found below c. 1，500 m ， are: Pseudodissochaeta Pseudodissochaeta septentrionalis (W .W.Sm.) Nay 釘 (Melastomataceae) ， lxora stricta Roxb. (Rubiaceae) ，and to a lesser extent Symplocos hookeri C l. (Symplocaceae). Justicia decurrens decurrens 1m. (Acanthaceae) ， mostly confmed to shaded stre 釘 n valleys ，is also common. τ'h e ground f1 0ra is quite distinct and includes many pteridophytes which are either more common or res 凶cted to 出 is habitat. Included here 紅 'e several ground fems ，e.g. Diacalpe aspidoides aspidoides B l.， Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm. ，and Polystichum semifertile (C l.) Ching (all Dryopteridaceae) ， Comopteris opaca (D. Don) Tag. (Athyriaceae) ，and Cyathea gigantea gigantea (Wal l. ex Hk.) Holt t. (Cyatheaceae) ，which is confined to wet streams and grows up to 6m tal l. Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tag. (Polypodiaceae) ，which creeps up tree 住unks ， is also confined to shaded ， moist places. 88 88 J.F. MAXWELL. STEPHEN ELLJ O' πAND V. ANUSARNSUN 澗 ORN

Summit Flora

From between 1，80 0- 1，900 m ， Pinus kesiya Roy. ex Gord. (p inaceae) ， the only p泊e in in the national p紅 k，becomes much less common 血an it is at elevations of c. 1，20 0- 1，800 m and only a few scattered 仕ees are found above 1，900 m to summit at 2， 031 m. Much of 血e summit area has been destroyed by 出 e primitive agricultural practices of various hill 凶 be people who formerly occupied 出e area. Even after 10- 15 years since their resettlement ，much of summit still remains as grassland. Th ere are ，however ，some pristine areas areas remaining where we have been able to get a good idea of what the vegetation is and have have also found some of the species that must have been more common 白血血ey presently are. are. Many of these species are also found at lower elevations ， while m 組 y others 紅 'e only found found above c. 1800 m. Common trees in the summit 紅 'ea from c. 1，900 ー2，031 m 紅 e Anneslea fragrans Wal l.， 月Irenaria garrettiana Craib ，Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ，組 d Temstroemia gymnanthera (Wight (Wight & Arn.) Bedd. (all Theaceae); Myrica esculenta B.-H. ex D. Don (Myric 邸 eae) ， Engelhardia Engelhardia spicata Lechen. ex B l. var. spicata (Junglandaceae) ，which is deciduous; Castanopsis Castanopsis calathiformis (Sk 釦) Rehd. & Wils. ， C. tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. (Fagaceae) ， and Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC. ssp. sulcata (Kurz) Noo t. var. sulcata (Symplocaceae (Symplocaceae ).百 le understorey and ground flora are mostly evergr' 田 n ，especially in shaded ， upper water catchment valleys where Lithocarpus 巧Ilocarpus (K ぽ z)Mgf. oP agaceae) is is a common canopy tree species. Some common treelets 間 Euodia triphylla DC. (Ruta 回 ae) ，P. り，chotria monticola Kurz v訂 . monticola ， and Mycetia rivicola Craib (bo 出 Rutaceae) ，Baliospermum micranthum M.- A. (Euphorbiaceae) ，組 d Polygala crillata B.-H. ex ex D. Don (Polygalaceae). Some shrubs 紅 e Gaultheria notabilis An出. and Vaccinium sp 陀 ngelii (D. Don) Sleum. (bo 白 Ericaceae and found in open places) ， and Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Lour. (Saxifragaceae) ， which grows bo 血 as as 甘ub or treelet in shaded ， often moist ， places. places. Embelia pulchra Mez (Myrsinac 閣 e) ，a shrub which is often somewhat sc 阻 dent ， is is also common. Brainea Brainea insignis (Hk.) J. Sm. (Blechnaceae) ，a robust ，cycad-like ground fem ， is frequently frequently seen. Bumed 釘 eas have Polygonum chinense L. (Polygonaceae) ， Pteridium aquilinum aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ssp. aquilinum v低 wightianum (Ag.) Try. (Dryopteridaceae) ， lnula wissmanniana Hand.-Maz. forma wissmanniana (Compositae) ，Carex baccans Nees (Cyperaceae (Cyperaceae )，組 dSmilaxpe ゆliata Lour. (Smilacaceae). Ann ual herbs found on exposed ， disturbed disturbed ridges include Swertia angustifolia H 創 n. ex D. Don (Gentianaceae) ， Alectra avensis avensis (Bth.) Merr. (Scrophulariaceae) ，Burmannia nepalensis (Miers) Hk. f. (Burmanniaceae) ， and Arthraxon microphyllus (Trin.) Hochs t. (Gramineae). Perennial evergreen evergreen and deciduous counte 中紅ts are Gentiana crassa Kurz and G. napul 俳ra Fr 佃. (Gentianaceae) ， and Eulalia trispicata (Schul t.) He 町. (Gr創凶 neae). Dumasia leiocarpa Bth. Bth. (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ，a vine ，is found 泊 both shaded 佃 d open places ， while Rhaphidophora peepla (Roxb.) Schott (Ar aceae) (Figure 9) is a common creeper on shaded 住'ee trunks. Herbs such as Hydroco η le siamica Craib (Umbelliferae) ， lmpatiens claviger Hk. f. ，and 1. violaeflora Hk. f. (Balsaminaceae) ，Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch.-Bip. ssp. henryi henryi (Di els) H. Koy. (Compositae) ， Zingiber smilesianum Craib (Zingiberaceae) ， and Athyrium Athyrium set 俳rum C. Chr. (Athyriaceae) ，a ground fem ，grow in shaded places. Epiphytes Epiphytes are common ，especially in shaded places. Some dicot representatives VEGETA TION OF JAE SA WN 89

which are common and conspicuous 紅巴 hosseana Agapetes Diels (Ericace 鵠)， Aeschynanthus hildebrandii hildebrandii Hems l. and A. lineatus Craib (a creeping or hanging vine) (Gesnericeae) ，and the the relatively rare Hoya multiflora B l. (Asclepiadaceae). Th e family Orchidaceae is very common and some evergreen examples are Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb. f. ， Eria truncata truncata Li nd l.， Oberonia acaulis Griff. ， Pholidota articulata Lindl. ，佃 d P. convallariae (Rchb. (Rchb. f.) Hk. f. Some deciduous counterp 紅白 include Bulbophyllum sauvissimum Ro l.， Dendrobium heterocarpum Li ndl. ， and Porpax us ω lata (P低& Rchb. f.) Kr zl. Pt eridophytes are are also common with Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hk. & Grev. (Aspleniaceae) and Crypsinus Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hk.) Cope l. (Polypodiaceae) ， both of which have evergreen fronds fronds which dehydrate and shrivel during the dry months of January to May. Epiphytic algae ，bryophytes ，and lichens are also abundan t.

Secondary Gro~

Severely Severely damaged or destroyed forest areas have a distinct vegetation facies ，composed of of primary invaders ， i. e. weeds and later a transitional association of woody plants. Compared with the deciduous dipteroc arp-o ak forest ，which is stable secondary growth ， successional successional or ephemeral secondary growth is quite different. A clear distinction between very very degraded bamboo/deciduous or damaged primary evergreen forest is often difficult to determine. determine. However ，there 紅 e several secondary growth species which c姐 be considered 鎚 indicators of 出is kind of grow 血. Trema orientalis (L.) B l. (U lmaceae) ，a common deciduous deciduous or evergreen tree or 紅'eelet ，is found in open disturbed ，second 釘 Y growth areas from c. 30 0- 1，500 m and flowers and fruits throughout the ye 訂. Deciduous species ，e.g. Harrisonia Harrisonia pe ゆrata (Blanco) Merr. (Simaroubaceae) ，a scandentlwoody climber and Phyllanthus Phyllanthus columnaris M.- A. (Euphorbiaceae) ，a small tree ， are found below 900 m ， while while Buddleja asiatica Lo 町. (Loganiaceae) ，a 回 elet ， ranges from c. 650 ー1，700 m. Trees such such as kurzii Craib (Alangiaceae) ，Callicarpa arborea Roxb. v訂 . arborea 組 d Gmelina arborea Roxb. (both Verbenaceae) are mostly found above 900 m in secondary growth 釘 eas. Th e ground flora is weedy with m 佃 y Compositae ，e.g. Conyza leucantha (D. (D. Don) Lud. & Rav. ， Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bth.) S. Moore ， Eupatorium odoratum L. L. (30 0- 1，100 m) ， E. adenophorum Spreng. (mostly above 900 m); Imperata cylindrica (L.) (L.) P. Beauv. var. major (Ness) C. E. Hubb. ex Hubb. & Vaugh. (Grat 凶neae) ，and Pteridium aquilinum aquilinum (L.) Kunth ssp. aquilinium vぽ . wightianum (Ag.) Tη. (Dennstaedtiaceae) 一也e later later two species forming dense ，more persistent growth.

NEW RECORDS

Seven new records for the flora of Thailand have been found during this research in Jae Jae Sawn National Park ，viz. (MAXWELL ， 1996a):

1. 1. Schisandra verrucosa Gagnep. (Schisandraceae) ，a vine in prim 紅 y evergreen ，seasonal ， hardwood forest; 925 m ，granite bedrock; 2. 2. Glycosmis pseudoracemosa (Gu i1l.) Swingle (Rutaceae) ，a deciduous ，epilithic treelet found found on limestone peaks ，60ι650 m; 90 J.F. MAXWELL ，STEPHEN ELLIOTT AND V. ANUSARNSUNTHORN

3 Momordica laotica Gagnep. (Cucurbitaceae) ，a vine found in disturbed lowland secondary secondary grow 血 at 525 m on granite bedrock; 4. 4. Helixanthera pierrei Dans. (Loranthaceae) ， an evergreen ，epiphytic ，hemiparasitic shrub shrub in mixed evergreen + deciduous ，seasonal hardwood forest at 850 m on granite bedrock; bedrock; 5. 5. Ficus nervosa Hey. ex Roth v低 nervosa (Moraceae) ，a tree collected along a stream in in degraded deciduous ，hardwood forest with much bamboo on shale bedrock at 550 m; 6. 6. Archidendron robinsonii (Gagnep.) Niels. (Le 忠lminosae ，Mi mosoideae) ，a small (8 m) tree tree found along streams at 450 m in mixed evergreen + deciduous ，seasonal ，hardwood forest forest with bamboo on shale bedrock; and 7. 7. Burmannia nepalensis (Miers) Hk. f. (Burmanniaceae) ， an inconspicuous ，annual ， ground herb herb from the exposed summit area of Doi Lahnggah at 1，950 ー2，031 m on shale bedroc k.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA FOR CONSERVATION

A record for every species observed was entered into a computer database ， using the Fox Pr o package ，including ，farnily ，habit ，abundance ，habitat ，altitude range ， time time of flowering ，fruiting and leafing and other notes. The database can be used to generate generate statistics to determine the conservation value of different habitats or ranges of alti 加de and answer more specific questions to help plan management of the p紅k. It now covers covers 1， 353 species ，including 344 tree species ， 136 treelets ， 106 woody climbers ， 58 shrubs ，447 vines and 562 herbs. For a taxonomic breakdown of the vascular flora flora see Tab!e 1.

Table Table 1. Summ 訂 Y of collection as of 1 March 1997

FM 位LIES SP. ，SSP. ，VA R. ANGIOSPERMS Dicots Dicots 121 988 Monocots Monocots 21 246 GYMNOSPERMS 4 5 FERNS & ALLIES 24 114 TOTALS 170 1， 353

Of the major habitat types ，bamboo/deciduous forest had the highest species richness of of vascular plants (658 or 49% of the p訂 k's flora) ， followed closely by primary evergreen forest forest 50) ，mixed evergreen + deciduous hardwood forest (541) ， secondary growth (290) ， evergreen evergreen hardwood + pine forest (151) and deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest (132) (Figure 10 ふ VEGET A TION OF JAE SA WN 91

Bamboo/deciduous Bamboo/deciduous forest had the most species restricted to a single habitat type (212) (212) followed by primary evergreen forest (196) mixed evergreen + deciduous hardwood forest forest (7 9) ，second 訂 y growth (48) ，d 巴ciduous dipt 巴roc arp- oak forest (33) and evergreen hardwood + pine forest (31). Of such species restricted to a single habitat ，prim 紅 y evergreen evergreen forest had the most which were ranked as rare or in immediate danger of becoming extirpated from the park (89) ， followed by bamboo/deciduous forest (60) ，mixed deciduous -e vergreen hardwood forest (43) ，evergreen hardwood + pine forest (1 4) ，deciduous dipteroc 紅?同 oak forest (6) and secondary growth (6) (Figure 11 ふ In In every respect ， the database clearly identified bamboo/deciduous forest and prim 紅 y evergreen evergreen forest as almost equally the two most impo 託ant habitats both for the overall maintenance maintenance of botanical diversity (in combination they supported 83 % of the p紅 k's vascular vascular flora) and for preventing the extinction of habitat restricted or rare species. Clearly any any further disturbance of these two forest types will result in a considerable reduction in the the va1 ue of the park ， since disturbed areas and secondary growth supported only 21. 4% of of the park' s total flora. The database was also analysed to identify individual species in need of special monitoring monitoring or conservation measures. A list of the most threatened plant species in the park park is provided in the appendix. The conservation priority rating was calculated using the following following scoring system:

CRITERIA: SCORES: Either Either reduced to a few individuals 2 or or rare. 1 Sole Sole species of a family present in the park . 1 Restricted Restricted to a single habita t. 0.5 Not found in 叩 y of the other sites currently listed in the CMU herbarium. 0.5

This This rating system gives a maximum value of 4 for those species in most need of special special conservation measur 回 and a minimum value of zero for species in no dange r. The appendix appendix lists all species with a rating of 2 or highe r. It is recommended that populations of of these species should be monitored and ，if it is found that they are continuing to decline ， special special protective measures should be implemented and propagation and replanting considered. considered. Most of the species in ne 巴d of conservation ar 巴 restricted to specialized niches such as as rocks and streams in evergreen forest and bamboo/deciduous fores t. Urgent increased protection protection of such habitats is recommended. The species most in need of conservation measures measures at Jae Sawn is the ancient gymnosperm tree Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. It is is the only representative of the family Podocarpaceae in northwestern Thailand. At Jae Sawn it is confined to a few upper catchment valleys in prim 紅 y evergreen forest at c. 1，600-1 ，950 m elevation. Although it also occurs in Doi Suthep-Pui and Obluang National

Parks ，it w 訂 rants immediate conservation measures. Also represented by just a few individuals individuals in the park is another gymnosperm ， Cycas pectinata Griff. Although also recorded recorded from Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary and Obluang National Park ， at Jae Sawn this species is confined to a single area in evergreen hardwood + pine fores t. The leafless leafless saprophyte Epirixanthes elongata B l. has been observed in only one place in the 92 J.F. MAXWELL ，STEPHEN ELU 01T AND V. ANUSARNSUNTHORN

park park in bamboo/deciduous fores t. It has not yet been found at other sites cu 町 ently covered by the CMU herbarium database. The database is open to anyone who wishes to use it for research or conservation management. Those wishing to access the facility should contact the authors at Chiang Mai University ， Biology Departmen t， Herbarium.

ACKNO 羽TLEDGMENTS

We sincerely 白銅lk Mr. Wi 凶t Rahkchat ，Superintendent of Jae Sawn National Park ， for for his pen 凶ssion ，cooperation ， and interest in 0 町 work. Mr. Sahmpahn Suchatadahgoon and and Mr. B 吋ahn Bongkha also assisted with field work. Mr. Steve Paglia ，a US Peace Corps Corps Volunteer ，is thanked for his organizational suppo 此， field assistance ， and friendship. Many other staff and workers at the national park contributed ， in various ways ， to our accommodation ， meals and 仕組sport and we would like to collectively 出制lk all of them. Mr' Mr' Kohmsahn Glahwihgawn ， Chief of the watershed unit at Doi Lo hn/D oi Mawn Lahn ， is is also thanked for his assistance in providing us access to 出e westem part of Jae Sawn National National P釘k. Funding for 血is project came from the Faculty of Science ， Chiang Mai University ， for which we are most gratefu l.

REFERENCES REFERENCES

JAVANAPET ，J.C. 1969. Geological Map 01 Thailand. Department of Mineral Resources ，Bangkok (2 sheets). MAHIDOL MAHIDOL U Nl VERSπY ，CEN 冗 E FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY. 1992. Rapid Assessment 01 Fores tIW ildlif e/R iver Ecology Ecology in Area Affected By Keng Sua Ten Dam. Centre For Conservation Biology ，Faculty of Science ， Mahidol Mahidol University ，Bangkok; 27~9. MAXW 乱 L，J.F. 1988. 百巴 Vegetation ofDoi Sute p-Pui National Park ，Chiang Mai Province ，百 ailand. Tigerpaper (FAO) (FAO) 15:4 ， 6- 14. .1992. .1992. Lo wland Vegetation (45 O-c. 800 m) of Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary ，Chiang Mai Pro vince ， 百凶land. Tigerpaper σ'A O) 19:3 ，21-25. .1996. .1996. Vegetation of the Mae Soi Conservation Ar ea， Chom Tong Di strict ，Chiang Mai Pro vince ，百凶・ land. land. Tigerpaper (FAO) 23:1 ，22-27. .1996a. .1996a. Botanical Notes on the F1 0ra of Northem 百凶land: 5. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 44 (1): 15-26. .， S.E 比 Iσπ ，P. PALEEAND V. ANUSA 附 SUN 百 O悶 .1995. The Vegetation ofDoi Kuhntan National P訂 k， Lampoon-Lampang Lampoon-Lampang Provinces ，Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 43 (2): 185-205. VEGETATION OF JAE SAWN 93

Appendix. Species most in need of conservation measures. For calculation of the rating system system see tex t.

Abundance: Abundance: 1 = population reduced to a few individuals ， in immediate danger of extirpation from the park park 2 = rare 3 = medium abundance

Conservation Conservation Pri ority Ratings: 3.5 3.5 = immediate increased protection and monitoring required ，sho u1 d consider propagation 釦 d replanting 3.0 3.0 =町 gent increased protection required plus intensive monitoringωdetermine cause of of population decline 2.5 2.5 = increased protection and population monitoring required 2.0 2.0 = population monitoring required ， to deterr 凶ne if special conservation measures may become necessary

Threats: Threats: DO = damage by domestic animals DR = dr 泊nage E = extirpation of animal dispersers of fruits/seeds ， mainly by hunting F = fire L = logging (usually small scale tree felling) SA = cle 紅 ing forest for shifting agriculture TP = establishment of tea plantations SINGLE CONSERV ま SPECIES FAMILY ABUND SPECIES RESτ 'RICfED HABITAT RESTRICTED ATION ANCE OFFAMILY DISTRIBUTION P悶 O Rl TY τ百REAT RA 官 NG

Podocmpus neriifolius O. Oon Podocmpaceae x s田町s in egf 3.5 L ，SA ，E Epirixanthes Epirixanthes elongata B l. Polygalaceae 1 bb/df x 3 F，DO Cycas Cycas pectinata Griff. Cycadaceae I eglpine 2.5 SA ，OO ，E 同・ MM ・玄〉 Lysimachia Lysimachia peduncu 加 is Wall. ex Hk. f. Pri mulaceae 2 x bb/df 2.5 L ，F，OO

Rorippa Rorippa heterophylla (B l.) Will. Cruciferae 2 x S位'eams ，wet ar 悶 in egf 2.5 OR HZF

Utricularia Utricularia s佐iatula Sm. Le ntibulariaceae 2 x S住芭創ns ，wet areas in 2.5 OR bb/df bb/df 臼-白書盟関 Xyris Xyris capensis Th unb. Xyridaceae 2 x cliffs eglpine 2.5 Aglaia Aglaia sp. Meliaceae 2 rocks in bb/df x 2 L ，F ，00 ，E E24 Aquil 紅 ia cr 田 sna Pierre ex Le c. Th ymelaeace 泡E 2 egf x 2 L ，TP ，00 ，E

Arc hidendron robinsonii (Gagnep.) Niels. Leguminosae 2 S佐官 ams in mxf x 2 L ，F ，00 ，E 〉 (Mimosoideae) (Mimosoideae) ZU Aspidopterys Aspidopterys hirsuta (Wal l.) Juss. Malpighiaceae 2 bb/df x 2 F，OO 〈・〉

Asplenium Asplenium cheilosorum O.K. ex Me 住. Aspleniaceae 2 rocks ，s回創 ns ，wet x 2 SA ，OR ZC 脱出泊egf 臼〉同 Athyrium Athyrium setiferum C. Chr. Athyriaceae 2 egf x 2 SA ，OO ECzasz

Bar 討ngtonia augusta Kurz Lecy 出 dace 卸 2 mxf x 2 L ，TP ，00

Begonia Begonia socia Craib Begoniaceae 2 S位eams ，cliffs 泊 egf x 2 F，OO Begonia Begonia sp. Begoniaceae 2 rocks ，cliffs in eglpine x 2 SA ，OO Boerhavia Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Asch. & Schw. Nyctaginaceae 3 x sg in bb/df x 2 F，DO Borreria Borreria sp. Rubiaceae 2 rocks ，cliffs in bb/df x 2 00

Brandisia Brandisia disc 沼lor Hk. f. &血. Scrophulariaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，SA Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum alcicome Par. & Rchb. f. Orchidaceae 2 dof x 2 L Burrnannia Burrnannia nepalensis (Miers) Hk. f. Burrnanniaceae 3 x cliffs egf x 2 SA SINGLE CONSERV SPECIES FAMILY ABUND SPECIES RESτ 'RI CTED HABIT ・AT RESτ 'RI口百 D ATION ANCE OFFAMILY D1 STRIBUTION PRIORITY THREAT RATING

Calan 白E 凶.plicata (WilI.) Am es Orchidaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，τ? Che i1 anthes ? fragilis Hk. Parkeriaceae 2 rocks ，cliffs in bb/df X 2 L ，DO Cinnamomum sp. La uraceae 2 egf x 2 L ，τP ，DO

Cinnamomum sp. La uraceae 2 S出 ams in egf x 2 L ，τP ，DO Cipadessa Cipadessa bacciformis (Roth) Mi q. Meliaceae 2 da in egf x 2 F，DO Crepidomanes megistostomum (Cope l.) Hymenophyllaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，DR 〈開。閏-吋〉国 Cope l.

Crypteronia Crypteronia p創 liculata B I. Crypteroniaceae 2 x 2 L ，Do

Cyrtandromoea Cyrtandromoea gr 回 diflora C I. Scrophulariaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，SA ozo-uFP Daphne composita (L .f.) Gilg Thymelaeaceae 2 S位eams in egf x 2 τP ，DR ，E Dendrobium bilobulatum Seid. Orchidaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，SA

Dendrobium dixonianum Ro l. ex Dow. Orchidaceae 2 dof x 2 L 開臼〉弱、 Dendrobium sec t. Stachyobium Lindl. Orchidaceae 2 egf x 2 L

Densmos aff. pr.却 cox Hk. f. &百 1. Annonaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，τP ，DO Z Desmos chinensis Lo町. Annonaceae 2 mxf x 2 TP ，DO Didymoplexis Didymoplexis pallens Gri ff. Orchidaceae 2 mxf x 2 DR ，τP ，DO

Diplazium Diplazium subfluvialis 但 aya.) M. Kato A 出yriace 鵠 2 egf x 2 DR ，τP ，SA

Doritis Doritis pulche 町泊la Lind l. Orchidaceae 2 cliffs eglpine x 2 F，DO D r.ac aena sp. Agavaceae 2 mxf x 2 τP ，DO ，E Elatostema Elatostema aff. clarkei Hk. f. Urticaceae 2 rocks ，streams ，cliffs x 2 DR ，L in in egf

Elsholtzia Elsholtzia pi1 0sa (B 血.) B 血. Labiatae 2 S悦釘ns in egf x 2 DR ，DO Epiprinus Epiprinus s i1 etianus (Baill.) Croiz Euphorbiaceae 2 mxf x 2 L ，F，DO

可2 Gluta Gluta sp. Anacardiaceae 2 mxf x 2 L ，F，E u1、 ¥0 S別 GLE CONSERV 。、 SPECIES FAMILY ABUND SPECIES RESTRICTED HABITAT RESTRICTED A百 ON ANCE OFFAMILY DISTRIBUTION P阻ORπY τ'HRE AT RATING

Gnetum leptostachyum B I. Gnetaceae 2 x 2 TP ，DO ， E¥

Helixanthera Helixanthera pierrei D 釦 s. Lo ranthaceae 2 mxf x 2 L ，τ? Heterostemma Heterostemma sp. Asclepiadaceae 2 da sg in mxf x 2 τP ，DO 百-冨〉 Il ex go 判 am Colebr. ex Wal l. Aquifoliaceae 2 da sg in egf x 2 L ，E H45FT Impatiens Impatiens claviger Hk. f. Balsaminac 沼ae 2 egf x 2 SA

Im patiens salagengensis T. Shim. Balsaminaceae 2 S佐eams in mxf X 2 DR ，DO 曾場面 Jasminum calcicolum Kerr Oleaceae 2 cliffs mxf x 2 F，E

Jasminum semperv 岡山 Kerr Ol eaceae 2 mxf X 2 TP ，E Z Kadsura 血血osma Kerr 血 ，DO 開 Schis draceae 2 egf x 2 τP FE01 Kal anchoe integra (M ed.) O.K. Crassulaceae 2 x 2 DO

Kydia gl 幼児scens Mast Malvaceae 2 da sg in egf x 2 L ，F ，DO ，SA 〉 Z ロ〈・〉 Le onurus sibiricus L. Labiatae 2 da sg in egf x 2 F，DO

Lep idaga 世llS purpuricaulis Nees Acanthaceae 2 bb/df x 2 DO ZE Luisia Luisia platyglossa Rchb. f. Or chidaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，SA 〉同 Maclura Maclura cochinchinensis (Lo ur.) Com. Moraceae 2 streams in bb/df 2 L ，DO ，E Z x 回巴 V 釘. c∞ hinchinensis Z 語。同 Malaxis Malaxis aff. ovatisepalaσ.J. Sm.) Seid. Or chidac 田 e 2 rocks cliffs bb/df x 2 DO Z Mel 佃 lPodium divaricatumσ'ers.) DC. Compositae 2 da， sg in egf x 2 F，DO ，τ? Microlepia Microlepia calvescens (W al l. ex Hk.) Dennstaedtiaceae 2 da in egf x 2 F，SA ，DO Pre sl

Micro 位'O pis pallens Pi erre Celas 回 ceae 2 mxf x 2 TP ，DO

M 町 dania gig 叩.t ea (V 油 1) Bruc k. Commelinaceae 2 mxf x 2 F，DO Musa glauca Roxb. Musaceae 2 bb/df x 2 F ，DR ，DO ，E m 田 n世a musifolia (B1.) Pre sl Oleanl 世aceae 2 rocks s回 ams in egf x 2 F，DR SINGLE CONSERV SPECIES FAM 孔Y ABUND SPECIES RESTRICTED HABITAT REST 則 CTED ATION ANCE OF FAMILY DISTRIBUTION PRIORπy THREAT RATING

Paramigyna Paramigyna scandens (Gr iff.) Craib Rutaceae 2 S住"e ams in egf x 2 F，OO ，E

Pellionia Pellionia bulbifera (Kurz) Hk. f. var. Urticaceae 2 S町'eams in mxf X 2 TP ，OO burmanicum (Hk.五 )Y 油 a.

Phaius Phaius mishmensis (Li ndl. & Pax t.) Rchb. f. Orchidaceae 2 S佐eams in egf x 2 OR ，OO

Phlogacanthus Phlogacanthus racemosus Brem. Acanthaceae 2 stre 副 ns in egf x 2 OR ，SA

Pogostemon purpur ，田 cens Oalz. Labiatae 2 egf x 2 00 ，SA Pommereschea lackneri Witt. Zingiberaceae 2 bb/df X 2 00 〈開。開叶〉 Pro iphys amboinensis (L.) Herb. Amaryllidaceae 2 bb/df X 2 00 Prunus Prunus zippeliana Miq. var. zippeliana Rosaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，OR ，OO ロJ Rh ododendron microphyton Fran. Ericaceae 2 eg/ pine x 2 SA ，OO oz

Schisandra Schisandra ve 町ucosa Gagnep. Schisandraceae 2 da in egf x 2 L ，τ'P， E 。回り』〉関白〉者

Sladenia Sladenia celastrifolia Griff. Theaceae 2 S町"e ams in egf x 2 L ，TP ，E Streblus Streblus indicus (Bur.) Com. Moraceae 2 egf X 2 L ，τ'P， E Strobil 叩出es sp. Acanthaceae 2 rocks cliffs mxf x 2 F Z Sunipia Sunipia rimannii (Rchb. f.) Seid. Orchidaceae 2 egf x 2 L ，SA Terminalia 合anchetii Gagnep. var Combretaceae 2 rocks cliffs mxf x 2 L ，F tomentosa tomentosa Nana. Th unbergia concinea Wal l. Acanthaceae 2 da in egf x 2 F，τ? Trevesia Trevesia sp. Araliaceae 2 rocks cliffs bb/df x 2 F，E Typhonium f1 agelliforme (Lo dd.) BI Araceae 2 seasonally wet pond in x 2 OR ，OO ，E bb/df bb/df Uncaria Uncaria scandens (Sm.) Hutch. Rubiaceae 2 da sg in egf x 2 L ，OO Vemonia garrettiana Craib Compositae 2 bb/df x 2 00 Woodwardia cochinchinensis Ching Blechnaceae 2 eg/ pine x 2 SA ，OO Zingiber Zingiber aff. laoticum Gagnep. Zingiberaceae 2 bb/df x 2 OO ，E 、¥0 a