GERMANIC LINGUISTICS

A German Language Course on Historical and Einführung in das Studium der Linguistic Principles deutschen Sprache

HERMANN BLUHME & DMITRI MILINSKI LIVIA ADAMCOVA Universiteit Antwerpen Wirtschaftsuniversität Bratislava

This course in basic German is designed for Das Buch „Einführung in das Studium der deutschen Sprache“ verfolgt mehrere Ziele: Es native speakers of English and others with a good ist ein Lehrmaterial für den Hochschulunterricht zur Einführung in das grasp of the English language. It draws particular sprachwissenschaftliche Studium und es soll der theoretischen Fundierung einiger attention to the vocabulary shared by both English grundelegender linguistischen Teildiszi-plinen im Prozess der sprachwissenschaftlichen and German. English and German word pairs of Ausbildung (vorrangig an ausländischen Universitäten) dienen. Über die Belange der similar meaning and form are presented in groups Lehrerausbildung hinaus ist es zur Unterstützung von Lehrveranstaltungen und zum according to the sound laws which determine their relationship, for instance English t corresponds to Selbststudium gedacht. Es ist auch eine Orientierungshilfe für alle, die sich als German z (pronounce /ts/) in tame – zahm, tongue Studierende der allgemeinen und germanistischen Linguistik und verwandter Disziplinen, – Zunge, tin – Zinn, twelve – zwölf and other als Ausübende eines praktischen Berufes oder allgemein als Sprachinteressierte einen words. Learners can take advantage of this Überblick über wesentliche Teilgebiete der Linguistik, über ihre Geschichte und deren similarity, which occurs with vowels as well as Arbeitsweise verschaffen wollen. consonants, to help them learn vocabulary more Manche Linguisten haben verschiedene Vorstellungen davon, was ein linguistisches quickly as well as to guess the rough meaning of Kursbuch enthalten sollte, ob alle Fragestellungen der linguistischen Forschung aus an unknown word. diachronischer und synchronischer Sicht behandelt werden sollten. Wir sind davon In this course one chapter is devoted to the ausgegangen, dass das Buch keine vollständige Behandlung des Begriffs „Sprache“ und common European heritage of Greek, Latin, French, Italian and Spanish vocabulary which is „Sprachwissenschaft“ anbieten will und kann. Es zielt lediglich auf einige ausgewählte shared by English and German. The words which Teilaspekte, die für die Autorin relevant erscheinen. Jedes sprachwissenschaftlich have been selected for this course may not always orientierte Buch geht übrigens von dieser Prämisse aus: Die AutorInnen begrenzen sich be of so-called “practical use” that are most auf die aktuellsten Fragestellungen der Linguistik aus ihrer persönlichen Perspektive. Aus frequently taught in conventional language dieser Sicht eignet sich das vorliegende Buch besonders für zukünftige Germanisten und courses. However, the arrangement shows how Deutschlehrer im Ausland, die sich oft über Regeln, Normen, Begriffserläuterungen, two closely related languages have many points of Erklärung der linguisti-schen Konzeptionen und Theorien nicht gleich im Klaren sind. general agreement and fine disagreement. The Nicht zuletzt richtet sich das Buch an Interessierte, die sich ein Bild von den authors have incorporated the results of linguistic research into the material, covering phonetics and Veränderungen der deutschen Sprache und den Entwicklungstendenzen im heutigen many points of grammar. One aim of language Sprach-gebrauch machen wollen. teaching is to provide insight into another culture, another to afford a glimpse of another way to look ISBN 978 3 89586 523 7. LINCOM Hand-bücher der Sprachwissenschaft 01. 280pp. USD 50.70 / at ideas and the world and this course offers EUR 41.20 / GBP 35.00. 2009/IV. learners a new perspective from which to approach this goal. ISBN 978 3 89586 421 6. LINCOM When necessary for pedagogical reasons, the Coursebooks in Linguistics 17. 400pp. USD Etymologisches authors have neglected purely historical principles 57.50 / EUR 46.70 / GBP 39.70. 2009. of linguistics, such as in the presentation of the Wörterbuch strong verb, word order, tenses and particles; instead, these points of grammar have been des deutschen enriched by modern discoveries in linguistics. The 3501 Plautdietsch Verbs course is not structured for gradual progress, from fully conjugated in all the tenses Grundwortschatzes easy to difficult; therefore you can cover the units alphabetically arranged in almost any order you prefer. It is recommended HERMANN BLUHME to learn the smallest chapters as whole units ELDO NEUFELD Universiteit Antwerpen including the numerous examples in order to reinforce the pattern of sound shifts between both “The idea of collecting plautdietsch verbs for languages, and it is left to the learner where he conjugation, arose in my mind about ten years Sprache ist wie ein Fluß: Man hat nie dasselbe wants to start after the chapter Basics. For the ago, and occurred in the following way: I had Wasser vor sich, aber immer denselben Fluß. Ein English translation of vocabulary frequent then just recently become aware that a fellow etymologisches Wörterbuch vereinigt beide reference to the word lists at the end is Plautdietsch speaker had written two books some Aspekte. Es zeigt die Wörter der Gegenwart und recommended, but the use of a dictionary will years previously: “The History of Low German & wie sie sich entwickelt haben, wie ihr Lautstand prove to be helpful. To acquire an excellent Plautdietsch,” and “The Spelling of Low German sich über die Jahrhunderte ändert und wie aus command of the language one has to read German & Plautdietsch.” Plautdietsch is my mother einer alten Bedeutung eine neue entsteht. Es löst literature carefully and memorise much from tongue. The two titles mentioned awakened me den Widerspruch zwischen dem Wandel des familiar and formal use of the language in its from a long slumber of 50 years (between my 20th Wortkörpers und der Konstante der spoken and written form; there are longer pieces and 70th years), during which I had not used Verständigung. covering a variety of text types at the end of the Plautdietsch at all, but had allowed it to fall into Das vorliegende Wörterbuch möchte noch etwas course as examples of suitable study material for disuse while pursuing my education. After mehr leisten, nämlich the learner. studying those two books thoroughly, it struck me 1. es zeigt die phonologischen und that I had allowed a precious heritage not only to phonotaktischen Bedingungen des The text is divided into lie dormant, but had virtually contributed to its Lautwandels, demise. I felt sure that if I sat down and began to 2. die Häufigkeit des Übergangs zwischen den Part 1: write, the words would begin to come. Once I verschiedenen Lauten, Basic German Grammar began, I realized that to write anything, one needs 3. die unterschiedliche Behandlung des eigenen Phonetics to know something of verb forms. That lead me to Wortschatzes und der Lehnwörter, English Words and their German Relatives begin the collecting of some very common 4. eine Sammlung der Lehnwörter nach Word Formation and Plautdietsch verbs, and then tentatively to Ursprungssprachen, Advanced Grammar with particular attention to conjugating them. I began compiling lists of 5. es behandelt lautmalende Wörter als eine gender, strong verbs and particles Plautdietsch verbs from every possible source and eigene Gruppe, A list of high frequency words then to conjugating them. As seen by the title of 6. es enthält eine umfangreiche Liste von this work, the total list has swelled to 3,500 fully Palindromen, Part 2: conjugated Plautdietsch verbs. This publication 7. die Wanderwege der Wörter über den Exercises, including German texts would prove to be a gold mine for anyone wishing europäischen Kontinent, Further Pronunciation Exercises to write in Plautdietsch.” (Eldo Neufeld, March 8. den Wortschatz nach 46 Bedeutungsfeldern Further Notes on Gender 2009) geordnet und A List of All Words used in the Course, beyond 9. die Zusammenhänge zwischen those explained in Footnotes ISBN 978 3 929075 83 0. LINCOM Digital Language Library 02. 3501pp on CD (pdf). Wortbedeutungen und der Entlehnung von A Short English-German Wordlist Kultur- und Naturgut, USD 61.50 / EUR 50.00 / GBP 42.50. 2009.

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Infinitiv wird im Detail herausgearbeitet, inwiefern die Untersuchung von Grammatika- GRIMMATIK: lisierungsprozessen, die notwendigerweise nur German Grammar through the Magic retrospektiv in den Blick genommen werden of the Brothers’ Grimm Fairy Tales können, auf Ergebnisse der synchronen Linguistik angewiesen ist. Dies betrifft zum einen ein angemessenes Repräsentationsformat, zum MARGRIT V. ZINGGELER anderen eine klare Explikation des Ist-Zustands Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti als Voraussetzung für die sprachhistorische Rekonstruktion. Diese methodische Bringing together German grammar and the Brothers’ Grimm fairy tales offers a different Vorgehensweise unterscheidet die vorliegende Arbeit von den bisherigen Untersuchungen zu and thematically unifying approach to learning and reviewing German grammar and it diesem Thema und macht gleichzeitig introduces students to the original German texts of the world-known and beloved fairy transparent, in welcher Weise diese tales. The rationale for GRIMMATIK (coined of the name of the brothers, Grimm, and the revisionsbedürftig sind. German word for grammar – Grammatik) is to offer a learner-oriented, research-based Die Untersuchungsergebnisse lassen sich grob wie folgt zusammenfassen: Den beiden Lesarten concept of German grammar to intermediate students of German. GRIMMATIK addresses der Konstruktion werden + Infinitiv liegen a multiple variety of grammatical elements in the analysis of every selected fairy tale. It is synchron zwei unterschiedliche syntaktische the student who finally constructs a German grammar, consecutively isolating the elements Strukturen zugrunde, wobei werden in einer of speech, phrases, and sentence structures. Recognition of language patterns leads to jeweils anderen funktionalen Projektion lokalisiert ist. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich paradigm segmentation and classification and eventually to internalization of language Beitrag und syntaktische Position von modalem rules and the acquisition of grammatical competence. werden – entgegen bisher vorliegender Analysen GRIMMATIK includes new technology and it offers tools to students to find lexical and – von denen der Modalverben müssen und structural patterns using the free Grimm Corpora on the Internet. GRIMMATIK is können in ihren epistemischen Lesarten. Diachron entwickelt sich die futurische Konstruktion reasonably simplifying complex linguistic theories in order to offer to students, who werden + Infinitiv durch Grammatikalisierung der already possess a certain degree of German language proficiency and grammar mhd. Kopula-Konstruktion werden + Partizip competence, a method to generate their own findings of structural grammar rules. Then Präsens bei präsentischer Markierung der Kopula. something magical happens, the students are ultimately learning German grammar while Die futurische Konstruktion ist ihrerseits Grammatikalisierungsquelle für die modale they are reading and analyzing the Brothers’ Grimm Fairy Tales! Konstruktion werden + Infinitiv. Die fortschreitende Grammatikalisierung von werden ISBN 978 3 89586 720 0. LINCOM Studies in Germanic Linguistics 26. 390pp.USD 92.80 / EUR lässt sich somit als wiederholte Aufwärts- 75.50 / GBP 64.20. 2008. Course discounts available! Reanalyse, d.h. als Aufstieg in eine jeweils höhere funktionale Projektion, rekonstruieren. 10. die Beziehungen zwischen den Lauten des of approximately 346 excerpts, each containing at gesprochenen Wortes und den least one case of deficient documentation, made ISBN 3 89586 464 1. LINCOM Studien zur Buchstaben der Schrift. by 139 linguists under 167 titles. The excerpts Germanistik 23. 150pp. USD 72.50 / EUR 11. Alle Angaben werden mit umfangreichen contain a rich variety of errors, ranging from 58.90 / GBP 50.10. 2005. statistischen Darstellungen untermauert, character representation errors and mere sie gründen sich auf den deutschen misspellings to sheer nonsense. The extent of the Grundwortschatz von 3800 Morphemen, aus deficient documentation is astonishing as well: Swiss German denen sich der gesamte deutsche Wortschatz More than two thirds of all the articles, books etc. ohne die Fremdwörter aufbauen läßt. with Norwegian material written by foreign The modern Alemannic theoretical linguists contained errors (even when Inhalt: vernacular in and around Zurich the less offensive ones are not taken into 1 Vorwort consideration). 2 Anleitung In most cases, the excerpts contain many JOHANNES REESE 3 Phonologie des Deutschen errors, frequently errors pertaining to various 4 Wortverwandtschaft levels of description (characters, morphology, The “German”-speaking part of Switzerland 5 Morphologie syntax etc.). Moreover, identical errors may (almost two thirds of the population) is notorious 6 Onomatopoetika und Palindrome appear in subsequent versions of the same text or for its diglossia. The written language is Standard 7 Lehnwörter in other texts by the same author. Although most German with few regional specialties, the 8 Liste der Lehnwörter nach Sprachen of these errors seem trivial considered separately, everyday language is an Alemannic dialect; each 9 Die Einteilung des Wortschatzes nach der their negative importance increases as a village has its own. In recent years, there is a Wortbedeutung consequence of their quantity both for the koineization process going on, with a gravitation 10 Der Wortschatz nach Bedeutungsfeldern individual linguist and for linguistics on the center around Zurich. The dialects are becoming Körpertätigkeiten whole, thus highlighting the problematic more similar to each other than they used to be. 11 Indogermanisch relationship between current theoretical linguistics So, it may now be justified to summarize them as 12 Indogermanisch-semitische Beziehungen and its empirical base. This inevitably raises “Swiss German”, although there is no uniform 13 Der Ursprung der Indogermanen doubts as to the validity of the theoretical language to expect over the next decades. Anhang arguments that the examples are meant to support Maybe the continuing diversity and rapid Hauptteil - and the standards of linguistics’ publishing. change are some of the reasons why these dialects have seldom been described to people unfamiliar ISBN 3 89586 805 1 (Fester Einband). ISBN 978 3 89586 856 6. Linguistics Edition with either one of them or at least Standard LINCOM Handbücher der Sprachwissen- 62. 170pp. USD 70.70 / EUR 57.50 / GBP German. Few of the existing works make use of schaft 20. 670 S. USD 171.30 / EUR 139.30 / 48.90. 2008. modern linguistic devices like IPA either. GBP 118.40. 2005. The present booklet shall provide a concise overview of Swiss German as it is spoken today in Synchrone Analyse als the Zurich area. It covers phonology, morphology, Norwegian examples in the TAM and Aktionsart system, and syntax. Fenster zur Diachronie: A recently recorded text is included, too. In the international linguistics course of the chapters, some peculiarities are Die Grammatikalisierung presented that haven’t appeared in the literature so literature von werden + Infinitiv far: e. g., the satellite-framed character of the language is the base of the phenomenon of multi- An inventory of defective documentation valent verbs, and in connection with the famous SABINE KRÄMER reduplicative verb construction, which is unique to JAN ENGH Humboldt Universität, Berlin Alemannic, it accounts for the so-called University of Oslo “absentive” in Germanic languages. Die vorliegende Untersuchung versteht sich als This is an inventory of examples of incorrect Beitrag zur aktuellen, innerhalb der linguistischen ISBN 978 3 89586 497 1. Languages of the Norwegian used by foreign linguists in Forschung zu verzeichnenden Tendenz, die World/Materials 462. 87pp. USD 58.90 / EUR international theoretical linguistics literature. It is Rekonstruktion diachroner Entwicklungsabläufe 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2007. the result of a search of several volumes of 18 durch synchron erprobte Analyseinstrumentarien journals and some 1500 printed books. It consists zu fundieren. Anhand der Konstruktion werden +

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 ♦ 153 GERMANIC LINGUISTICS

freight," sound alike and therefore rhyme with Hypotaxis as Building- Dictionary of each other, have no counterpart in Plautdietsch. Rhyming words are usually spelled much more Site Plautdietsch Synonyms consistently, e.g. "deele" (to divide), "feele" (to The Emergence and Grammaticalization and Antonyms feel), "heele" (to heal), or "Draikj" (dirt), "Flaikj" of Concessive Conditionals (intestines), "Saikj" (sacks). In all three cases of in English, German and Dutch ELDO NEUFELD these groups of words, the rhymes are exact. It appears, therefore, that for the Plautdietsch

versifier, the spelling variations in rhymes are TORSTEN LEUSCHNER Finding the precise word or phrase that will help a much more limited than those in English. Ghent University writer express his idea with impact and accuracy requires a very special tool. It is hoped that this The book is arranged into three sections: This is the first book-length study of concessive Dictionary of Plautdietsch Synonyms and Section I: Monosyllables, and words accented on conditionals, a type of adverbial clause that shows Antonyms will prove to be that tool for people the last syllable. Secion II: Words accented on the an unusual breadth of variation in Germanic and is writing in the Plautdietsch dialect. Work on this syllable before the last. Section III: Words therefore characterized as a "building-site" of project over a number of years has proven to the accented on the third syllable from the end grammaticalization. Entirely based on corpus data, author that our 450-year-old dialect, originally In each section words are arranged it offers a detailed description of concessive formulated in the 16th and 17th centuries in alphabetically in lists under phonetic syllables, conditionals and their subtypes in English, Northern Europe, is unbelievably and un- which are themselves arranged alphabetically. German and Dutch from the point of view of expectedly rich in its vocabulary and possibilities This arrangement should make it possible for the form-function relations and the discourse-syntax of expression. versifier to go quickly to a group of words which interface. The discourse conditions under which The stimulus for the present work arose out of all contain the sound for which he is searching. their more or less strongly grammaticalized formal the enjoyment experienced by the author in the It is hoped that this work will be found useful varieties are used in discourse are pinpointed, and use of such synonym and antonym finders in other for the would-be Plautdietsch poet who is stuck a clear distinction is drawn between the languages. This attempt to create such a dictionary for a rhyme in the middle of a great idea, or needs synchronic and diachronic emergence of in the Plautdietsch dialect is the result." a better word to end a lovesong, or is tired of the concessive conditionals. Contrary to traditional same old refrains. assumptions in grammaticalization methodology, ISBN 3 89586 850 7. LINCOM Studies in A Dictionary of Plautdietsch Rhyming Words present-day variation patterns of concessive Germanic Linguistics 16. 240pp. USD 79.80 / is part three of the Plautdietsch project by Eldo conditionals do not necessarily reflect their actual EUR 64.90 / GBP 55.20. 2003. Neufeld (Plautdietsch Grammar, ISBN paths of historical development. Rather than evolve steadily towards ever increasing 3895866156. LINCOM Studies in Germanic grammaticalization, concessive conditionals have Collected Plautdietsch Linguistics 08; Plautdietsch Verb Conjugation, been hovering on the edge of syntax in the Vol I. ISBN 389586 614 8. LINCOM Studies in languages in question and are likely to continue to Poems Germanic Linguistics 09, Vol II. ISBN 389586 do so for the foreseeable future. and Selected Plautdietsch Stories 882 5. LINCOM Studies in Germanic Linguistics

ISBN 3 89586 353 X. LINCOM Studies in 10). (Jesaumelde Plautdietsche Jedichte, Germanic Linguistics 24. 191pp. USD 88.20 / Uutjewälte Plautdietsche Jeschichte) EUR 71.70 / GBP 61.00. 2006. ISBN 3 89586 362 9. LINCOM Studies in Germanic Linguistics 15. 76pp. USD 54.30 / ELDO NEUFELD EUR 44.10 / GBP 37.50. 2002. The acquisition of The author has been guilty of versifying from his determiners in bilingual early elementary school years in the Kansas public Relativisation on the German-Italian and school system of the 1930s. Although the early efforts were nothing more than collections of North Sea Littoral German-French children unconscious iambic and trochaic feet, compliments from teachers, parents, and friends PATRICIA POUSSA (ed.) TANJA KUPISCH lent sufficient encouragement to keep the University of Umeå University of Hamburg fascination alive. The present collection consists primarily of the This volume brings together new papers on This study is concerned with the acquisition of efforts of recent years, all earlier examples having relative clause formation by leading scholars from determiners in bilingual children acquiring unfortunately disappeared with the passage of all branches of North Sea Germanic. The German simultaneously with a Romance language time. The emotions, the inner and outer aspects of historical development of the relative system in (French/Italian). It has two major concerns: (i) to the author's young life with which these poems written texts is covered in the papers by Platzack shed more light on the interplay between language deal, were created and shaped during the Great on the Scandinavian languages, Hoekstra on influence and language dominance and (ii) to Depression years of the 1930s. These Frisian, Van der Wal on Dutch, Rösler on Middle examine the relation between forms and functions. experiences, heightened by the memory of the Low German (Hansa texts) and Nevalainen & Bilingual data is especially suited for this purpose, economic poverty and hardships of his family Raumolin-Brunberg on Early Modern English as bilingual children have been argued to dispose situation, caused a deep seriousness to develop in (Corpus of Early English Correspondence). of two grammatical systems, while having only his psyche and most of the poems clearly reflect Cross-language comparisons can be made in the one cognitive system. Thus, we may expect that". emergence of wh-relative pronouns in all these similarities in the acquisition of functions but the written languages. Thus this collection fills a acquisition of forms should mirror language ISBN 3 89586 793 4. LINCOM Language long-felt want, enabling one to place the English specific patterns. The analysis, which is based on Texts 01. 146pp. USD 65.10 / EUR 52.90 / GBP historical developments within their North Sea a large sample of bilingual data, indicates that 45.00. 2003. Germanic context. Several ground-breaking papers are based on things are far more complex. The grammars of a bilingual child are in tape-recorded surveys, some geolinguistic, some contact and influence each other. Contrary to A Dictionary of sociolinguistic in approach. Peitsara’s analysis of general belief, such influence may be of a positive 1970’s Suffolk materials throws new light on the nature, anticipating syntactic acquisition in one Plautdietsch Rhyming traditional rural dialect of southern East Anglia language. It is further argued that language Words (poorly covered by the Survey of English dominance is not the only factor that determines Dialects), while for five other English dialect areas Tagliamonte, using Labovian methodology, language influence. The book adopts the ELDO NEUFELD perspective of Chomskyan Universal grammar, reports on the present tendency for the relative marker that to be generalised as a supraregional but it contains an empirical study of the The author has been guilty of versifying from his acquisition of article functions, discussing relative marker. Methodological problems with early elementary school years. The hours spent Germanic that (old, new, or both?) and with whether formal and functional acquisition interact searching mentally for proper rhyming words are or represent two completely independent nonstandard English what are discussed, with unnumbered. Rhyming dictionaries are available benefit of hindsight, in the Editor’s Introduction. processes. The book provides a comprehensive in some languages, but not in the author's overview of relevant theoretical and empirical Plautdietsch mother tounge. In Little Red Hen CONTENTS work and contains numerous illustrative examples fashion, the only solution was to fashion one INTRODUCTION of small children’s linguistic capacities. oneself. In this attempt it became immediately North Sea Relatives: Introduction clear that an abundance of rhyming words in English, often spelled in many different ways, PART I: NORTH SEA GERMANIC: ISBN 3 89586 996 1. LINCOM Studies in does not exist in Plautdietsch. For example, HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL Language Acquisition 17. 246pp. USD 88.20 / variations in spelling in the rhyming portions of VARIATION EUR 71.70 / GBP 61.00. 2006. words (homonyms) like "ate, bait, straight, Marijke Van der Wal: Relativisation in the

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History of Dutch: Major Shift or Lexical Chang of extinction. The discovery that a knowledge of variety of such dictionaries, each with its own Christine Johansson: The Possessive Relativizers verb forms was indispensable, lead to an attempt system of orthography. The system chosen for this Whose and Of Which in Middle English to conjugate a few verbs in all the tenses. That work is the same as that used in the author's earlier Irmtraud Rösler: Relative Clauses in Low German attempt has now grown to a large total of verbs, publications, based closely on Reuben Epp’s 1996 (15th-16th century) 501 of which are included in this collection. publication “The Spelling of Low German and Jarich Hoekstra:Relativisation in Frisian Publications of such collections of conjugations Plautdietsch.” Minor departures from that system Christer Platzack : Relativization in the Germanic are common in all major languages. will not be noticeable, although they are outlined Languages, with Particular Emphasis The conjugations consist of the 6 simple and 6 in the Introduction. on Scandinavian perfect tenses in the indicative mood, 1 simple and A notable feature of this word finder is the Fredrik Karlsson & Kirk P. H. Sullivan: 1 perfect tense in the conditional mood, and 6 addition of a special section of neologisms, words Relativization in the Regional Dialect of Swedish simple and 6 perfect tenses in the subjunctive not formerly found in Plautdietsch vocabularies; Spoken in Burträsk mood. With each verb are included its English for example, words in the fields (among others) of Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg: and German equivalent infinitives. These are medicine, the law, the arts, sports, the military, The Rise of the Relative Who in Early Modern listed in 2 indices which follow the conjugations: modern technology, etc. Traditional, conservative English an English-Plautdietsch index and a German- opinion will probably object to the inclusion of Plautdietsch index, which enable a person to find this type of thinking, but if the dialect is to show PART II: BRITISH DIALECTS: VARIATION IN instantly the Plautdietsch verb he wishes to use. its capability of dealing with contemporary life TAPE-RECORDED CORPORA and adapting to it, serious consideration may have Joan C. Beal & Karen P. Corrigan: Relatives in [Published in 2 volumes.] to be given to it. Plautdietsch is spoken by ca. Tyneside and Northumbrian English 410,000 people (Canada 50,000; Germany Christer Geisler: Relativization in Ulster English Vol I. ISBN 389586 614 8. LINCOM Studies 100,000; Kazakhstan 50,000; Latin America Sali Tagliamonte :Variation and Change in the in Germanic Linguistics 09. 580 pp. USD 140,000; Kazakhstan 50,000; USA 20,000). British Relative Marker System 113.50 / EUR 92.30 / GBP 78.50. 2000.

Kirsti Peitsara: Relativizers in the Suffolk Dialect Vol II. ISBN 389586 882 5. LINCOM Studies ISBN 3 89586 484 6. Languages of the Nadine Van den Eynden Morpeth: Relativisers in in Germanic Linguistics 10. 580 pp. USD World/Dictionaries 40. 535pp. USD 119.70 / the Southwest of England. 113.50 / EUR 92.30 / GBP 78.50. 2000. EUR 97.30 / GBP 82.70. 2005. ISBN 3 89586 366 1. LINCOM Studies in Language Typology 07. 200pp. USD 113.50 / Hetzlerisch EUR 92.30 / GBP 78.50. 2002. Plautdietsch Grammar Dokumentation spontansprachlicher Texte

und grammatische Analyse der phorischen ELDO NEUFELD Pronomina im ostfränkischen Dialekt des

Plautdietsch Humour The stimulus for this project arises out of the Dorfes Hetzles (Humooa opp Plautdietsch) realization that the Nether Saxon Low German Well wi dan mol bät sposs moake? dialect, Plautdietsch (a dialect, among others, of KLAUS GEYER Niederdeutsch), is in dire danger of extinction. In the Universität Kiel

author's childhood (in the 1930s and 40s) the dialect Die Arbeit untersucht die Distribution und ELDO NEUFELD was still widly spoken in Central Kansas and in Funktion phorischer Pronomina in various areas of Canada. Today there is a great need spontansprachlichen Texten des ostfränkischen From his earliest recollections as a child in a for help for many people whose parents spoke the Dialektes von Hetzles, einem Dorf mit ca. 1500 completely Plautdietsch community in central dialect but did not pass it down to the next Einwohnern in der Nähe des Ballungsraumes um Kansas, the author has culled stories, sayings, generation. This brief grammar seeks to help fill that Erlangen und Nürnberg. Es handelt sich dabei um jokes, and many other kinds of humour in an need. die Pronomina der 3. Person entsprechend dem effort to retain, for those interested, something of The work consists of 15 lessons, beginning with standarddeutschen der, die, das (D-Pronomina), that wealth of material which contributed to a the smallest units of language, the letters of the die klitischen K-Pronomina wie z.B. in hats 'hat sense of humour among a people widely alphabet and their sounds, moving from there to sie' (oder 'hat es') sowie die S-Pronomina considered to be very serious. In the early words, individual lessons on each of the parts of entsprechend er, sie, es. centuries of their existence, these Low Saxon speech and their uses. Next come lessons on the Die Arbeit gliedert sich in fünf Kapitel. Nach (Low German) people probably did not laugh very combination of words in their proper relationships in einer kurzen Einleitung setzt sich der Autor mit much. But with the passage of time, as they the construction of sentences, and finally the dem Problem der Methoden bei der Erhebung und became amalgamated with peoples among whom combinations of sentences into texts as the largest Beschreibung qualitativ hochwertiger, they lived, that changed gradually. Today, as one unit of language. The final two lessons cover the spontansprachlicher Dialektdaten sowie mit listens to a small group of older people areas of times and numbers. Each lesson consists of Fragen der Dokumentation bedrohter Sprachen exchanging stories, one senses quickly a mixture 1) grammatical material, 2) a vocabulary, 3) a brief und Dialekte auseinander. Diskutiert wird auch, of friendly repartee, satire, incongruity, some narrative to be read, and 4) two sets of exercises, one inwieweit das Hetzlerische als bedrohter Dialekt sarcasm, even a bit of irony, but primarily a great in English and one in Plautdietsch. der "sicheren" Sprache Deutsch zu zählen ist. deal of simple, mutually understood and shared Dieser Methodendiskussion folgt im 3. Kapitel die “funny” stuff. That is the central unifying ISBN 978 3 89586 206 9. LINCOM Studies in umfangreiche Edition der aufgenommenen und background, even purpose, of this collection. The Germanic Linguistics 08. 88 pp. USD 58.90 / analysierten Texte. Es handelt sich um ein Korpus subject index near the beginning of the book will EUR 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2010. (2nd edition). von ca. 40 Minuten, das, um der Forderung nach help to make this clear. The subject matter is Detailliertheit und nach Textmenge gleichermaßen broad, and the author had hoped that it would be gerecht zu werden, in vier verschiedenen possible to present everything in the book in the Plautdietsch – English. Dokumentationsformaten präsentiert wird, von der dialect of Plautdietsch, but sometimes an English vollständigen Interlinearisierung inklusive word, even a sentence, has been interjected in an English – Plautdietsch phonetischer Zeile bis hin zum zweispaltigen effort to make it clear for some who may have Word Finder Ausgangstext-Übersetzungs-Format. Im folgenden known, even spoken, Plaiutdietsch in their youth, Kapitel werden der Begriff der Phorik zunächst but which has become rusty, will not miss the for the Learner of Plautdietsch or allgemein und in Bezug auf das Standarddeutsche point. Anyone Interested in Netherlandic- erläutert. Anschließend erfolgt die Analyse der ISBN 978 3 89586 508 4. LINCOM Studies in Mennonite Plautdietsch hetzlerischen Pronomina in den Texten. Dabei German Dialectology 05. 198pp. USD 68.80 / zeigt sich, dass die D-Pronomina und K- EUR 55.90 / GBP 47.50. 2007. ELDO NEUFELD Pronomina die weitaus häufigsten sind, während für den Gebrauch der seltenen S-Pronomina – die

The purpose of this alphabetically-arranged im schriftlichen Standarddeutschen als die Plautdietsch Verb Plautdietsch-English, English-Plautdietsch word "normalen" phorischen Pronomina gelten – Conjugation finder is to provide a handy reference tool for spezielle Regeln zu formulieren sind, die an der people who are looking for a word to use, for Schnittstelle von Syntax und Informations- which they already know its equivalent in either strulktur operieren. Von besonderem Interesse ist ELDO NEUFELD one or the other of the two languages. The mother die Hypothese, dass den S-Pronomina in der tongue of the compiler is Plautdietsch, and he has Redewiedergabe eine besondere Funktion In retirement from the profession of librarianship, long been occupied with collecting lists of words zukommt, was sie in die Nähe logophorischer it was the author‘s intention to do some writing in in the dialect. He has especially looked for words Pronomina rückt. Das fünfte und letzte Kapitel fasst die Ergebnisse derArbeit zusammen. his mother tongue of Plautdietsch, a dialect of not totally common in the daily speech of the speakers of the dialect. He has, nevertheless, Nether Saxon Low German, or Niederdeutsch. In ISBN 3 89586 625 3. LINCOM Studies in relied heavily on the work of other plautdietsch his childhood (in the 1930s and 40s) this dialect Germanic Linguistics 21. 236 S. USD 95.60 / writers, and especially on compilers of was still widely spoken in Central Kansas and in EUR 77.70 / GBP 66.10. 2003. various areas of Canada. Today it is in dire danger plautdietsch dictionaries. There is in existence a

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characterised by a series of isoglosses in lexicon, verb morphology, and especially phonology, A Morphosyntactic Analysis which features extensive diphthongisation. The book takes an historical perspective, outlining the of Surinamese Dutch major developments in phonology and morphology. CHRISTA DE KLEINE The chapters on syntactic typology and the College of Notre Dame in Baltimore tense system take a discourse-oriented approach, drawing on a corpus of recorded conversation and While several languages spoken in Suriname (South America) have received a great deal of narratives. A sociolinguistic introduction surveys the present-day state and status of the language. attention in the linguistics literature, including various creole languages such as Sranan and Saramaccan, the amount of information available on Suriname’s official language, Dutch, ISBN 3 89586 845 0. Languages of the World/ is remarkably limited. This lacuna is rooted in the widely-held assumption that Dutch in Materials 421. 70 pp. USD 53.00 / EUR 43.10 / Suriname has remained relatively similar to its European ancestor throughout its 300-year GBP 36.60. 2003. history in the former colony. The present study proves this assumption fundamentally false, by providing a detailed analysis of the morphosyntactic characteristics that set Surinamese Dutch apart from European Dutch. The Loss of German in Focusing on Dutch as spoken by one of the main ethnic groups, the descendants of the Upper Silesia after 1945 African slave population (the ‘Creoles’), this study establishes Surinamese Dutch as a language variety in its own right, a variety that is furthermore heavily influenced by VOLKMAR ENGERER Sranan, the English based creole language widely spoken in Suriname. One of the most Statsbiblioteket Aarhus important findings of the study is that the majority of distinguishing morphosyntactic characteristics located in Surinamese Dutch concern forms that are also found in European In the first part of the study, an overview over Dutch but which have assumed new functions in Surinamese Dutch, resulting in a Upper Silesia and the numerous historical language shifts in this area is given. With at least phenomenon identified as grammatical camouflage. Extensive grammatical camouflage five language shifts and three phases of complete then explains to a large extent why numerous differences between Surinamese Dutch and language loss, Upper Silesia constitutes quite an European Dutch have gone undetected until now. illustrative case for loss and maintenance in a region. In part two, a conceptualisation of ISBN 978 3 89586 388 2. LINCOM Studies in Germanistic Linguistics 25. 198pp. USD 89.40 / language shift is presented. Two approaches to EUR 72.70 / GBP 61.80. 2007. language shift are then developed, the processual and the correlative. The latter emphasises the Conclusions. 4. The verb 'to do' as an auxiliary. competence dimension, divided into an analysis The Altai Dialect of 4.1. Semantic functions and distribution. 4.2. of one language only, German, and an analysis of Aspect: some definitions. 4.3. Analysis of languages as components of multilingual profiles. Plautdiitsch examples from Low German texts. 4.4. Auxiliary Part three presents examples of analyses of West-Siberian Mennonite 'to do' in Siberian Mennonite Low German. 4.5. isolated German, using the correlative approach. Low German Auxiliary 'to do' in other varieties of Mennonite The results in both domains show that German Low German. 4.6. Aspect in Russian. 4.7. The rise is tied to an urban milieu and has a dominant ROGIER NIEUWEBOER of aspect. 4.8. Conclusions. 5. Plautdiitsch in function as a professional language with high University of Groningen contact with other languages. 5.1. Languages in prestige. Part 4 demonstrates the use of contact. 5.2. Russian and Standard German multilingual profiles, now from a processual Plautdiitsch, the language used by Mennonites in elements in Plautdiitsch. 5.3. Code switching. 6. perspective. The analyses show a clear many parts of the world, is a descendant of the Towards a spelling of Plautdiitsch. 6.1. Does consolidation of Polish with an as yet undecided West Prussian Low German dialects once spoken Plautdiitsch need an orthography? 6.2. Low competition between Upper Silesian and German in the Weichsel delta area. Many of its German orthography. 6.3. Analysis of existing as second languages. The tendency in the characteristics can be explained by the two Plautdiitsch orthographies. 6.4. Some proposals direction of the trilingual profile centuries of isolation from other (Low) German for a Plautdiitsch orthography. Conclusions. Part German/Polish/Upper Silesian seems to have a II: Plautdiitsch texts. Introduction. Speaker 1-6. future if the domains of use stabilise. dialects and by contacts with other languages, especially Russian. The Altai dialect of ISBN 3 89586 663 6. Languages of the World Plautdiitsch, although still mutually intelligible ISBN 3 89586 936 8. LINCOM Studies in 20. 24pp. USD 28.40 / EUR 23.10 / GBP 19.60. with other varieties of the language, shows a Germanic Linguistics 07. 360pp. USD 119.70 / 2000. number of peculiarities. Some of these are EUR 97.30 / GBP 82.70. 1999. developments of traits common to all Plautdiitsch dialects, others have arisen as a result of the Danish increasingly intensive contacts with the Russian Low German speaking surroundings. (East Frisian dialect) MICHAEL HERSLUND Apart from a short historical introduction, The Copenhagen Business School Altai Dialect of Plautdiitsch consists of two parts. ARON ATRAS The first contains chapters on phonetics and Y M , University of Danish, a Scandinavian (North Germanic) phonology, the place of the Altai dialect in the Manchester & GERTRUD REERSHEMIUS, language, is spoken by about 5.5 million people in Plautdiitsch diasystem, morfology (the case Aston University, Birmingham Denmark and by minorities in Schleswig system), syntax (the auxiliary döune ‘to do’), (Northern Germany). It is also used as a second contact phenomena (elements from Germanic and Low German is a direct descendant of Old Saxon, language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands. In Slavonic languages; code switching), and and as such part of the West Germanic dialect its phonology, Danish is like the other orthography. The second part contains interviews continuum. It a was once a major language of Scandinavian languages a two accent language, in Plautdiitsch with an English translation. Topics trade and administration around the North Sea and the two word tones of Swedish and Norwegian discussed by the informants include the history of Baltic coasts. Its gradual decline began around the correspond to presence and absence of a glottal the Mennonites in Russia, everyday life in Siberia, fifteenth century, and it has been retreating ever catch (the so called stød). A rather simple contacts with other ethnic Germans and Russians, since, giving way to High German. Low German consonantal system is supplemented by an and emigration to Germany. dialects continued nonetheless to be the dominant extraordinary rich array of vowels. The Part I: 1. The phoneme system of Siberian vernaculars in rural communities of northern morphology is like that of the other Scandinavian Plautdiitsch. 1.1. Methodology. 1.2. The phonetic Germany until a generation ago. The decline in the languages relatively simple: no inflection for case, transcription. 1.3. Word list. 1.4. Phoneme importance of agriculture and local, family-based no inflection for person in the verb, and only two description. 1.5. The vowel phoneme inventory. economies has since weakened the language yet verb tenses, present and preterite, but contrary to 1.6. The consonant phoneme inventory. 2. The further. Low German is now an endangered both English and German there is an inflectional place of West Siberian Plautdiitsch. 2.1. language, with few fluent speakers among the passive. Introduction. 2.2. Data from recordings of various younger generations, and only very rare cases of This morphological simplicity is however forms of Plautdiitsch. 2.3. The vowel phoneme in children acquiring it as a first language. compensated for syntactically by an extended use a historical perspective - Labov's chain shift The description is based on the dialect of the of prepositions in the transitivity system, and a theory. 2.4. Material from descriptions of various Krummhörn community, a cluster of rural heavy reliance on prosody, and especially forms of Plautdiitsch. 2.5. Towards a historical settlements in Germany's northwestern district of morpheme and word order, both within the phrase phonology of Plautdiitsch. 2.6. Conclusions. 3. East Frisia on the north sea coast. East Frisian and within the clause, so that Danish grammarians Morphology: the case system. 3.1. Introduction. Low German has a number of unique features tend to view the topology as an independent 3.2. Analysis of Low German dialects. 3.3. which distinguish it from the better documented semiotic level and indeed the basic organisational Analysis of some varieties of Plautdiitsch. 3.4. varieties of Westphalia or Schleswig-Holstein.It is principle of Danish syntax. Major focuses will

156 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 GERMANIC LINGUISTICS therefore be on topics such as transitivity and So existiert jetzt eine ziemlich ausführliche published 1917 in Oxford; written in English). word order. Einführung ins Stutthöfer Platt von Harry Grieger

(2004), ein umfangreiches Wörterverzeichnis von ISBN 978 3 86290 104 3. LINCOM Gramatica ISBN 3 89586 396 3. Languages of the beiden Autoren (2000) und zahlreiche Texte, World/Materials 382. 100pp. USD 65.10 / EUR 84. 378pp. USD 83.20 / EUR 68.80 / GBP Prosa und Poesie. Damit rückt das Stutthöfer Platt 57.10. 2010/IV. 52.90 / GBP 45.00. 2002. zu dem bestdokumentierten westnieder- preußischen Dialekt auf, wenn nicht sogar zu dem des gesamten Niederpreußischen. Praktische Grammatik der Old Saxon ISBN 978 3 89586 499 5. LINCOM Studien Jiddischen Sprache JAMES E. CATHEY zur Deutschen Dialektologie 04. 252 S. USD University of Massachusetts / Amherst 84.50 / EUR 68.70 / GBP 58.40. 2007. SALOMO BIRNBAUM

th Old Saxon, spoken between approximately the 6 Die jiddische Sprache wird mit der Quadratschrift th and 11 centuries by an unknown number of Schtoothööwa Plaut geschrieben, die aramäischen Ursprungs ist und speakers likely in the tens of thousands using von den Juden seit ihrer aramäischen several dialects, is a member of the Western group Stutthöfer Platt Sprachperiode für das Hebräische und alle of Germanic also including Old Frisian and Old Kurze Einführung in einen anderen von ihnen gebrauchten Sprachen English that was characterized inter alia by a erlöschenden west- verwendet wird. Die Richtung der Schrift ist von unified pres. pl. marker and no High German niederpreußischen Dialekt rechts naach links. Als Ausgangspunkt des sound shift. Saxon territory was bounded roughly Jiddischen nimmt man das Mittelhochdeutsche an, by the sea coast in the north, where not occupied ARRY RIEGER allerdings hat sich die Sprachwissenschaft bisher by Frisian speakers, and the rivers Rhein and Ysel H G Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von um diese Frage, wie überhaupt um das Jiddische in the west, Elbe and Saale in the east, and Lippe sehr wenig gekümmert (adaptiert aus der and Ruhr in the south. Jürgen Pinnow Einleitung). Old Saxon and Old English were close enough Inhalt: Lese- und Lautlehre (Schriftzeichen. that Anglo-Saxon missionaries seem to have been Die Arbeit, bietet einen Überblick über die Transkription, Aussprache), Formenlehre able communicate easily on Saxon territory. The wichtigsten Bereiche der Grammatik des (Substantiv, Adjektiv, Pronomen, Numerale, language is best attested by documents from the Stutthöfer Platts, eines vom Aussterben bedrohten Verbum, Präpositionen, Syntax (Aussagesatz, th 9 C, most prominently by the so-called Hêliand, westniederpreußischen Dialektes. Der Verfasser, Verbindung von Hauptsätzen, Nebensätze), a story of Christ in 5983 alliterating lines, and the von der Herkunft selbst Stutthöfer, ist mit dem Lesesstücke, Wörterbuch, Jiddisches Lautsystem Old Saxon Genesis in 337 lines. The Hêliand, Stutthöfer Platt bestens vertraut, auch noch mit (Re-edition; originally published 1917 in Wien; which also shows influence from East Franconian, älteren Dialektschichten, die ihm durch Gespräche written in German). is of particular interest as a proselytizing mit den Großeltern bekannt sind. document which, while being theologically Inhaltsverzeichnis ISBN 978 3 86290 108 1. LINCOM Gramatica correct, is couched in terms acceptable to a pre- 87. 189pp. USD 66.30 / EUR 54.80 / GBP Christian sensibility of traditional poetics. The ISBN 3 89586 875 2. LINCOM Studien zur 45.40. 2010/IV. Genesis, of which only a fragment exists, was Deutschen Dialektologie 01. 120 S. USD 68.80 translated into an Old English version of some / EUR 55.90 / GBP 47.50. 2006. 700 surviving lines. Beyond these there are A Simplified Grammar of the smaller attestations, including: the so-called Swedish Language Heberollen, which are lists of tithes to churches or monasteries; blessings; a confession of faith; a re-editions renunciation of the devil; single words in E.C. OTTE manuscripts written in Latin; and personal and A Grammar of the Old place names. The Swedish language belongs to a northern Friesic Language offshot of the Old Germanic, which in course of ISBN 3 89586 514 1. Languages of the World/ time gavce origin to two slightly different forms Materials 252. 60pp. USD 53.00 / EUR 43.10 / of speeach, known to Scandinavian grammarians GBP 36.60. 2000. ADLEY H. CUMMINS as Forn-Svenskan, the Old Swedish, and Forn- Norskan, the Old Norse. The former of these was Eewa Schtoothoff; Värtaalkes, The grammar of the Old Friesic language, which spoken by the Svear and Götar, or ancient Swedes was already known to the Romans who called anf Goths; while the latter was the language of the Är=ennrungen, Waut maun soo them Frisii focuses on phonology, nominal and Norsemen. Contents: the alphabet, articles, nouns, saejen deit, Jedichte verbal morphology. Index (Re-edition; originally adjetives, adverbs, pronouns, verbs, modes of Über Stutthof; Erzählungen, published 1881 in London; written in English). Inflection in Old Swedish, etc. (Re-edition; Erinnerungen, Redensarten u.a., originally published 1902 in London; written in Gedichte ISBN 978 3 86290 074 9. LINCOM English).

Gramatica 68. 77pp. USD 51.30 / EUR Schtoothööwa Plaut onn Höachdietsch 42.40 / GBP 35.10. 2010/IV. ISBN 978 3 86290 089 3. LINCOM Gramatica Stutthöfer Platt und Hochdeutsch 72. 81pp. USD 51.30 / EUR 42.40 / GBP 35.10. 2010/IV. von KURT GUTOWSKI onn/und HARRY Grammar of the Gothic GRIEGER Language Praktisches Lehrbuch der Kapholländischen Sprache Zusammengestellt, überarbeitet, JOSEPH WRIGHT (Burensprache) ergänzt, erläutert und herausgegeben As a knowledge of Gothic is indispensable to von JÜRGEN PINNOW students of the oldest periods of the other Germanic languages, this book will useful to any rate students N. MARAIS-HOOGENHOUT Die Dokumentation der zum Niederdeutschen whose interest are mainly philological and linguistics. gehörenden westniederpreußischen Dialekte ist Considerable care and trouble have been taken in the Mein Ziel ist eine für den praktischen auch mehr als sechzig Jahre nach der Vertreibung selection of the material contained in the chapters Selbstunterricht geeignete Grammatik zu bieten. der Bewohner aus der alten Heimat recht dürftig. relating to the phonology and accidence, and I Deshlab habe ich soweit als möglich versucht, Für das Danziger Höhen-Platt und das Danziger venture to say that the student, who thoroughly eine phonetische Orthographie anzuwenden und Küsten- oder Nehrungs-Platt trifft dies in masters the book, will not only have gained a sonst mittels Zeichen die Länge der Vokale besonders hohem Maße zu. Seit Ende der comprehensive knowledge of Gothic, but will also anzudeuten. Inhalt: Von den Lauten, Flexion, neunziger Jahre haben sich aber erfreulicherweise have aquired a considerable knowledge of Wortbildung (Ableitung, Zusammensetzung, des wichtigsten Unterdialektes des Küsten-Platts, Comparative Germanic Grammar. Verdoppelung, Wortklassen und Wortgebrauch), des Stutthöfer Platts, zwei kompetente Kenner, Contents: Alphabet and pronunciation, the Syntax, Lesestücke, Wörterverzeichnis (Re- Kurt Gutowski und Harry Grieger, angenommen, primary Germanic vowel-system, the primary edition; originally published 1904 in Wien; und von diesen beiden Autoren stammen mehrere Germanic vowel-system, the Gothic development of written in German). Veröffentlichungen über diesen Dialekt aus den the general Germanic vowels of accented syllables, Jahren 1999 bis 2004. Die Texte in Stutthöfer the first sound shiftig, Verner´s law, the Gothic ISBN 978 3 86290 145 6. LINCOM Gramatica Platt sind alle ins Hochdeutsche übersetzt worden. development of the general Germanic consonant- 106. 181pp. USD 66.30 / EUR 54.80 / GBP Alle diese Arbeiten wurden überarbeitet, ergänzt system, declension of nouns, classification of verbs, 45.40. 2010/IV. und herausgegeben von Jürgen Pinnow. word-formation, etc. (Re-edition; originally

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