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Project Paper 5 Turkey Country and Research Areas Report Final Version, 2010-09-28 Responsible institution: Koç University University of Antwerp Authors: Deniz Karcı Korfalı Ayşen Üstübici Helene De Clerck With the collaboration of Ahmet İçduygu, Deniz Sert, Zeynep Özler and Chris Timmerman Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Country Background ............................................................................................................... 4 An Overview ......................................................................................................................... 4 Geography in General ........................................................................................................ 4 Demography ...................................................................................................................... 6 Political Environment and Administration ........................................................................... 7 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 8 Health care......................................................................................................................... 9 Education ..........................................................................................................................10 Historical Background and Present Situation .......................................................................11 1923 - 1950 .......................................................................................................................11 1950 - 1980 .......................................................................................................................12 1980 - 2000 .......................................................................................................................14 2000 - Present Day ...........................................................................................................16 Perceptions on Europe ........................................................................................................20 Migration ..................................................................................................................................22 General Migration History ....................................................................................................22 Emigration from Turkey .......................................................................................................23 Massive Labor Migration to Western Europe (1961 - 1974) ...............................................23 Post-1974 Emigration from Turkey ....................................................................................24 Return Migration ...............................................................................................................27 Immigration into Turkey .......................................................................................................28 Asylum Migration...............................................................................................................28 Irregular Migration .............................................................................................................29 Regular Migration ..............................................................................................................30 Migration Policies and Discourses .......................................................................................31 Emigration Policies and Discourses in Turkey ...................................................................31 Immigration Policies and Discourses in Turkey .................................................................33 Research Areas .......................................................................................................................40 General Information on the Provinces of the Research Areas .............................................40 Afyon .................................................................................................................................40 Istanbul .............................................................................................................................41 Van ...................................................................................................................................42 Research Areas ..................................................................................................................44 Research Area with High Emigration- Emirdağ in Afyon ....................................................44 1 Research Area with Low Emigration- Dinar in Afyon .........................................................46 Research Area with Immigration History- Fatih in Istanbul ................................................49 Research Area with a Specific Human Rights Situation- Van Merkez in Van ....................51 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................54 References ..............................................................................................................................55 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................73 2 Introduction Turkey is part of a migration system that is spread over a large geographical area including Europe, Asia, Middle East and North Africa; which is resulting from geopolitical and historical factors and transformed by local, regional, and international events. The migration flows that Turkey experienced have changed throughout the phases of modern Turkey‟s history. In the Early Republican era from 1923 to 1950, as a part of the nation building process, Turkey saw mass emigration of its non-Muslim populations and the arrival of Muslims from the Balkans. In the period from 1950 to 1980, Turkey was mainly characterized as a country of emigration which attempted to recover its economy by sending thousands of migrants to Europe as a solution to unemployment and in order to receive remittances. The period after 1980‟s saw many developments in the migratory movements. One was the increase in the number of asylum seekers from Turkey, due to the military coup and the Kurdish question. Another development in the 1980s was the arrival of economic migrants into Turkey due to the socio- economic transformation in the region. Thus, standing at the crossroads of three continents, today, Turkey is a country of emigration, immigration and transit migration. At the same time, the prospect of European Union membership has been an important aspect of Turkey‟s historical modernization project and its political relations to the EU have been very influential in the formation of its migration policy making. Within this context and along the guidelines provided by the EUMAGINE project, this report first gives a historical and socio-economic overview of Republic of Turkey and provides an analysis of migration flows and policies in Turkey. Then, the four research areas of Turkey, namely Emirdağ and Dinar in Afyon; Van Merkez in Van and Fatih in Istanbul selected for EUMAGINE research are described. 3 Country Background An Overview Geography in General Geographically, Turkey, a mountainous Eurasian country with a strategic location, is situated in the Anatolian peninsula, located in Western Asia, Eastern Thrace and south-eastern Europe. It covers an area of approximately 780,580 square kilometres and is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest (240 km); Greece to the west (206 km); Georgia to the northeast (252 km); Armenia (268 km), Azerbaijan (9 km) and Iran to the east (499 km); and Iraq (352 km) and Syria to the southeast (822 km); making a total of 2,648 kilometers.1 Turkey borders the Black Sea (to the north), the Mediterranean (to the south), the Aegean (in the west) and the Marmara Sea (Turkish Straits in the northwest separating Europe and Asia) and has a total sea coastline of 8,333 kilometers. 1 These borders remain unchanged since 1938, but there have been significant changes in the control and management of these borders as a result of population movements and political developments. 4 Geographical Regions of Turkey Internally, Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions according to their climate, location, flora and fauna, human habitat, agricultural diversities, transportation, topography and etc.2 Four regions were named after the seas bordering them - the Aegean Region, the Black Sea Region, the Marmara Region and the Mediterranean Region. The three other regions were named in accordance with their location in the Anatolian peninsula - Central, Eastern and South Eastern Anatolia Regions. Based on their development levels, we can rank these regions from the most developed to the least, as the following: 1. Marmara is one of the two most industrial regions and it is where Istanbul-the largest city is located. Marmara Region, a major destination for internal migration, is the smallest in area surface and the most densely populated region. This region is also a hub for international transit and irregular migrants. 2. Aegean Region is one of the two most industrial regions and being the second on the list for high population density, it is also where Izmir- the third
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