A CAUSATIVE-DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF TURKEY'S MAJCR PRCBLEMS AND A CQUwUNICATIVE APPROACH TO THEIR SOLUTION (DEMOCRATIC PLANNING AND MASS COMMUNICATION) Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By ILHAN OZDIL, B.S. The Ohio State University 195U Approved by* VI Adviser Table of Contents Page Introduction • . • T± Propositions ...... .............................. Tl The Sti*ucture of the Study ...................... •▼'111 The irfethod uf the Study........................ • . lx The Vindication of the Topical Selection........... Xl P&A Diagnosis Chapter 1 A Brief Retrospect ........... 1 Chapter II About the Nature of the Kemalist Revolution .... 9 1. The Nature of Kemalisra........... 9 2. The idain Principles, Objectives and Reforms of the Kemalist Revolution 13 3. Turkish Revolution as a Far-reaching Democratic Educa­ tional Process ........... 16 Chapter III A Causative-Diagnostic Analysis of Sane Uajor Problems of Turkey.................................25 1. Agriculture ...................................... 35 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 35 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 1+1 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings ............... 1+8 D. Present Situation......... 5U 2 • Industry 56 A* Definition and description of the problem ..... 56 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 63 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings .......................................73 D. Present Situation ......... 76 3* Public Health and Social Welfare............. 79 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 79 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 82 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings ..... ..................... .... 87 D. Present situation .... ..... 91 li. Politics and Democratization . ............. 98 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 98 B. Causative—diagnostic analysis of the problem . 101 11 \ 49393 ill Page C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings . .................... 105 D. Present situation.................................110 5. Education • . • • • ...................................116 A. Definition and description of the problem • • . 116 3. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 128 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings........................................ 1.3U D. Present Situation.................................137 Ft. B Therapy Chapter IV A Communicative Approach to the Solution of Turkey^ Problems ........................................ 150 1. Remedial proposals Demand a Change in the Need-Value Systems and Cognitive Perceptual Processes of Indivi­ duals. This change calls for Re-education..............151 A. Need-Value S y s t e m s ............................... 1^1 B. Cognitive-Perceptual Processes ..............157 C. The Re-educative P r o c e s s ......................... 159 2. Improved Canmunication May Facilitate the Re-educative Process, and Help Bring About the Desired Change and Action......... lol A. Socio-Economic Development and Communication . 161 B. Communication and the Communicative Behavior . 165 C. Communication, Persuasion and Action ............ 170 Chapter V What Media, Why, Where, When?....................... 176 1. Present Ilass Communication Facilities and Their Use in Turkey...................................... 177 A. Radio ....... ................. ...... 177 B. F i l m ............................................ 193 C. Television ••••••••••••»..•••.. 212 2. Integrated Mass Communication Can Contribute to De­ liberately Planned Socio-Economic Development ..... 215 A. Development Flans in British Colonies..............217 3. The Colombo Flar ........... 221 C. The Healthy Village............. 227 D. Jumna—Par Punarnirman.......................... 231 Ch.' ter VI Conclusions and Recommendations in Terms of Current 'Trends and Practices.................. • • I* Communication Situation • • . • ................. II* Communicator ........ ........ ...... III. Communicatee (Audience) ................... IV. Communication Media................. V. Communication Content and Communication Effect • . Bibliography ....... • ............... ••••.. ....... Appendix Ac knowledges ent The writer would like to acknowledge the guidance given by his adviser, Dr. Edgar Dale. His tiii«iy comments and encouragement are deeply appreciated* ▼ Introduction This dissertation is an attempt to study seme major problems of Turkey from a communicative standpoint and to show how an effective use of the mass communication media — in particularly, radio, tele­ vision, motion picture — can contribute to the solution of these problems and to the acceleration of the progress of the country. The study is based on several propositions which direct the course of the writer's thoughts, the nature of the data, the argu­ ment s, suggestions and conclusions throughout this work. These propositions are: 1- Turkey is a revolutionary c cam try undergoing comprehensive reconstruction and development programs in every aspect of its life and structure. 2— The recent steps in these reconstruction and development programs are generally taken in accordance with such scienti­ fically conducted international surveys, studies and appraisals as the Report of the Economic Mission to Turkey sponsored by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in collaboration with the Turkish Goverrsaent;^ 2 Turkey, Country Study by ECA; the Twentieth Century Fund The Economy of Turkey, An Analysis and Recommendations far a Development Program. Washington D. C.i International Bank for Re­ construction, 1951. Turkey, Country Study, U. S. EGA ▼1 ▼ii Study, Turkey, An Economic Appraisal^ — as well as national development programs. 3- Behind the problems with which these surveys, studies, and re­ ports deal, and behind the recommendations as to their solu­ tions and as to how to bring about further developments, there lies a fundamental factor of education and communication. U- In order to implement the content of these recommendations — made with regard to such problems as agriculture, industry, education, public health, etc. — the planners should, in fact must, communicate the meaning and implications of these programs to those concerned. This is imperative in the sense that the nature of the attitudes and conceptions on the part of those who will eventually be affected by the outcomes of the proposed changes makes either for the success or for the failure of the whole plan and effort. 5- As far as socio-economic planning is concerned one of the main targets of education and communication is admittedly to bring about the necessary modifications and changes in the concepts, attitudes, behaviors, perceptions, and responses of individuals so as to make them more susceptible and favorable to, as well as critical of, the planned and proposed reforms. In this respect mass communication and aducation by mass com­ munication media have much to offer and contribute, especially in the countries where the rate of illiteracy is high and 3Thornburg, Spry, Soule. Turkey, An Economic Appraisal. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 19h9• where poverty and isolation prevail. This, as a matter of fact, is one of the main concerns of this study. 6- In exploiting the potentialities of the mass communication media for the benefit of the Turkish people, and in channeling the activities of the existing and prospective mass communica­ tion facilities in such a way as to contribute to the solution of the country's problems, we can draw upon the accumulated knowledge and methods developed in other countries over many years and adapt them to Turkish conditions. The writer believes that in tackling our nation-wide problems and in motivating the people, we rather fail to make use of a broad-gauge mass media program. For that matter, he shall particularly stress the importance of mass media as he develops a suggested communicative approach for the problems of the country. The writer's concern in this matter is mainly based upon the hypothesis that without a due process of communication and education aiming at desired changes in the "cognitive-percep­ tual" processes — which are dynamically related to the "need— value" systems of individuals — the intended reforms and developments tend to remain Imposed and cm the surface rather than assimilated and understood* As far the structure of this dissertation, it consists of two main parts: (A) Diagnostic, and (B) Remedial* In the diagnostic part the writer will attempt to identify, analyze, aid classify the selected problems of the country, especially H x those which are explicitly stated or implied in the previously men­ tioned studies and reports, and those which have immediate implica­ tions for the people and demand an organized speedy communication and education. In the remedial part the writer will endeavor to discover and suggest ways by which the existing and prospective mass media in Turkey might be used effectively by the governmental and non-govern— mental planners and organizers in attacking the problems of the country at a communicative level* In order to eliminate the time-consuming trial and error process, the writer shall, in this part, draw upon the accumulated knowledge and experiences of the United States and UNESCO mass communicators, and base his suggestive resnedy chi the experiment results conducted by them with regard