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Download/8141/1.Pdf 1 Ankara 2019 Photo Credit: Man in White Apron: Ozan Toptaş Suggested citation: Turkish Red Crescent and World Food Programme. (2019). Refugees In Turkey: Livelihoods Survey Findings. Ankara, Turkey. 2 Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Objective ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Findings ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Profile of Respondents ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Demographics ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Literacy and education ................................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Training ....................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Language skills ............................................................................................................................ 16 2. Refugee Employment .......................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Employment ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.2 Sector .......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Contract type .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Regularity ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.3.2 Working hours ..................................................................................................................... 32 2.4 Income ........................................................................................................................................ 33 2.5 Unemployment ........................................................................................................................... 35 2.6 Job mobility ................................................................................................................................. 37 3. Improving Refugees’ Self-reliance ...................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Barriers to employment .............................................................................................................. 38 3.2 Dependency ................................................................................................................................ 39 3.3 Requested support ...................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion and Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 41 3 Executive Summary WFP and TRC developed the Livelihoods Survey as the unemployment rate in Turkey among to provide additional evidence to inform the respondents. However, the results also indicate design of the transition from basic needs that the labour market conditions and refugees’ assistance to more sustainable livelihoods participation in the labour market in their opportunities for refugees in Turkey. The survey country of origin and in Turkey were very sample is drawn from the ESSN applicant pool different in terms of formality of work, and aims to assess the potential for refugee employment conditions, types of work, and integration into Turkish labour markets, as well wages. as to identify key constraints. According to the survey findings, 20 percent of The survey was conducted among ESSN the refugees in Turkey were working in unskilled beneficiaries and ineligible applicants from 19 services, followed by textile (19 percent), provinces in Turkey. The provinces were grouped construction (12 percent), and artisanship (10 into three geographical regions: West Turkey, percent). The sectors where refugees were least Central Anatolia and South Turkey. In order to employed were shoemaking (6 percent), have representative data at the provincial level, commercial services and handyman jobs (both 5 a sample size of 284 surveys in each province percent). These national percentages vary by was set and a total of 5,332 surveys were province, with almost half of refugees in Istanbul conducted.1 This survey is representative of working in the textile industry, versus almost a ESSN applicants within the 19 provinces included quarter working in agriculture in Mersin. in the survey. This is equivalent to a total of The data demonstrates that unemployment is 413,025 households, including approximately relatively high among refugees with no formal 2.4 million people. Data collection took place in education, but also those with higher levels of the period June-November 2018. education. Of the 18 percent of refugees The results show that 84 percent of refugee classified as educated (i.e. had graduated from households had at least one person who is university or high school), one-fifth were working. Only 3 percent of the refugees were unemployed. Similarly, the one-fifth of those working with a work permit, indicating that the without any formal education were vast majority were working informally with unemployed. Organisations working on refugee limited job security. Those with a work permit livelihoods may therefore consider providing tended to be concentrated in the Central region support to educated refugees to access degree of the country, with 17 percent of refugees in accreditation, which could help them to find Konya reportedly working with a work permit. work in their sectors of expertise. Prior to coming to Turkey, the majority of The survey asked respondents about the refugees reported that they were working regularity of their work. Regular work was regularly, including 30 percent who were self- defined as having a contract and pre-determined employed. Seventeen percent of refugees working hours. Results demonstrated that over reported being unemployed in in their country of half of refugees (54 percent) were working origin before arrival in Turkey, almost the same irregularly; this figure is 80 percent among those 195 percent confidence level, 5.8 percent margin of error and 50 195 percent confidence level, 5.8 percent margin of error and 50 percent assumed prevalence. percent assumed prevalence 4 providing unskilled services. Job regularity is the The data indicates that language skills influence highest in the textile sector; 79 percent of employability. While 50 percent of the refugees refugees working in textiles have regular work. with beginner level Turkish were employed full- As noted, only 3 percent of working refugees time, this increased to 60 percent among the have a formal work permit, providing job refugees with intermediate or advanced Turkish. security, minimum wage and social security. The In terms of monthly income, refugees with largely informal and unreliable nature of refugee advanced Turkish made an average of 70 TRY work in Turkey may hamper refugee integration more per month than refugees with into the host community. Therefore policies to intermediate level of Turkish skills (1,280 TRY encourage employers to provide work permits and 1,211 TRY respectively). Respondents with for refugees could increase refugee self-reliance beginner level Turkish earned 1,015 TRY average and integration. 2 monthly income. Refugees with irregular work earned an average When refugees were asked what kind of support of 1,058 TRY per month. Those with regular they required to find a job, 60 percent cited employment earned an average of 1,312 TRY per Turkish language training, and almost 50 percent month. The textile industry provided the highest cited vocational training or soft skills training, income among the sectors (1,332 TRY); this is such as interview skills and CV writing. logical, as it also has the highest proportion of The overarching findings of the livelihoods refugees in regular work. Unskilled services and survey indicate that successful policy and agriculture provided the lowest income, at 768 programme interventions must be evidence TRY and 756 TRY respectively. based and well targeted. The majority of Among the unemployed, 55 percent of men and refugees in Turkey
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