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Tapas in the Rg Veda
TAPAS IN THE ---RG VEDA TAPAS IN THE RG VEDA By ANTHONY L. MURUOCK, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University April 1983 MASTER OF ARTS (1983) McMaster University (Religious Studies) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Tapas in the fuL Veda AUTHOR: Anthony L. Murdock, B.A. (York University) SUPERVISORS: Professor D. Kinsley Professor P. Younger Professor P. Granoff NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 95 ii ABSTRACT It is my contention in this thesis that the term tapas means heat, and heat only, in the Bi[ Veda. Many reputable scholars have suggested that tapas refers to asceticism in several instances in the RV. I propose that these suggestions are in fact unnecessary. To determine the exact meaning of tapas in its many occurrences in the RV, I have given primary attention to those contexts (i.e. hymns) in which the meaning of tapas is absolutely unambiguous. I then proceed with this meaning in mind to more ambiguous instances. In those instances where the meaning of tapas is unambiguous it always refers to some kind of heat, and never to asceticism. Since there are unambiguous cases where ~apas means heat in the RV, and there are no unambiguous instances in the RV where tapas means asceticism, it only seems natural to assume that tapas means heat in all instances. The various occurrences of tapas as heat are organized in a new system of contextual classifications to demonstrate that tapas as heat still has a variety of functions and usages in the RV. -
Kriya-Yoga" in the Youpi-Sutra
ON THE "KRIYA-YOGA" IN THE YOUPI-SUTRA By Shingen TAKAGI The Yogasutra (YS.) defines that yoga is suppression of the activity of mind in its beginning. The Yogabhasya (YBh.) by Vyasa, the oldest (1) commentary on this sutra says "yoga is concentration (samadhi)". Now- here in the sutra itself yoga is not used as a synonym of samadhi. On the other hand, Nyayasutra (NS.) 4, 2, 38 says of "the practice of a spe- cial kind of concentration" in connection with realizing the cognition of truth, and also NS. 4, 2, 42 says that the practice of yoga should be done in a quiet places such as forest, a natural cave, or river side. According NS. 4, 2, 46, the atman can be purified through abstention (yama), obser- vance (niyama), through yoga and the means of internal exercise. It can be surmised that the author of NS. also used the two terms samadhi and yoga as synonyms, since it speaks of a special kind of concentration on one hand, and practice of yoga on the other. In the Nyayabhasya (NBh. ed. NS. 4, 2, 46), the author says that the method of interior exercise should be understood by the Yogasastra, enumerating austerity (tapas), regulation of breath (pranayama), withdrawal of the senses (pratyahara), contem- plation (dhyana) and fixed-attention (dharana). He gives the practice of yoga (yogacara) as another method. It seems, through NS. 4, 2, 46 as mentioned above, that Vatsyayana regarded yama, niyama, tapas, prana- yama, pratyahara, dhyana, dharana and yogacara as the eight aids to the yoga. -
Universal Mythology: Stories
Universal Mythology: Stories That Circle The World Lydia L. This installation is about mythology and the commonalities that occur between cultures across the world. According to folklorist Alan Dundes, myths are sacred narratives that explain the evolution of the world and humanity. He defines the sacred narratives as “a story that serves to define the fundamental worldview of a culture by explaining aspects of the natural world, and delineating the psychological and social practices and ideals of a society.” Stories explain how and why the world works and I want to understand the connections in these distant mythologies by exploring their existence and theories that surround them. This painting illustrates the connection between separate cultures through their polytheistic mythologies. It features twelve deities, each from a different mythology/religion. By including these gods, I have allowed for a diversified group of cultures while highlighting characters whose traits consistently appear in many mythologies. It has the Celtic supreme god, Dagda; the Norse trickster god, Loki; the Japanese moon god, Tsukuyomi; the Aztec sun god, Huitzilopochtli; the Incan nature goddess, Pachamama; the Egyptian water goddess, Tefnut; the Polynesian fire goddess, Mahuika; the Inuit hunting goddess, Arnakuagsak; the Greek fate goddesses, the Moirai: Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos; the Yoruba love goddess, Oshun; the Chinese war god, Chiyou; and the Hindu death god, Yama. The painting was made with acrylic paint on mirror. Connection is an important element in my art, and I incorporate this by using the mirror to bring the audience into the piece, allowing them to see their reflection within the parting of the clouds, whilst viewing the piece. -
Yudhishthira's Wisdom Is an Ancient Story
Yudhishthira's wisdom is an ancient story. Which is a part of Mahabharata, Indian greatest epic? Or it simply says a journey of five brothers in the jungle. Four levels parts for this text Literal comprehension, interpretation, critical thinking/ analysis, and assimilation are: Yudhishthira's wisdom Source: Mahabharata BBA|BBA-BI|BBA-TT|BHCM|BHM|BCIS|BHM Literal comprehension of this story The story ' Yudhishthira's wisdom ' has been taken from the greatest epic 'Mahabharata'. Once upon a time five Pandavas brother's were wondering in a forest to hunt a deer. But the deer in their sight disappeared suddenly. In the min time, they felt tiredness grew thirsty & they were unable to move ahead. They set under a tree & Yudhisthira's sent his eldest brother Sahadeva. To search for water but he didn't come for a long time. He sent his entire brother's one after the other gradually. However, none of them returned for a long time. Therefore, ultimately Yudhisthira's himself set out in search of his bother's following their footprints. After a short walk, he notices a beautiful pool. On its bank, his four brother's were lying either unconsciousness or death. Although viewing the events he was in stream distress & sorrow. Then he bent to drink water from the pool but an unknown voice warned him. Not to drink water from the pool before answering his questions. After listening carefully Yudhisthira's tactfully answered all questions of Yama(the god of justice & death). His four brothers were prostrate on the ground due to their disobedience to the voice of Yama. -
The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA
The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA PARVA translated by Kesari Mohan Ganguli In parentheses Publications Sanskrit Series Cambridge, Ontario 2002 Salya Parva Section I Om! Having bowed down unto Narayana and Nara, the most exalted of male beings, and the goddess Saraswati, must the word Jaya be uttered. Janamejaya said, “After Karna had thus been slain in battle by Savyasachin, what did the small (unslaughtered) remnant of the Kauravas do, O regenerate one? Beholding the army of the Pandavas swelling with might and energy, what behaviour did the Kuru prince Suyodhana adopt towards the Pandavas, thinking it suitable to the hour? I desire to hear all this. Tell me, O foremost of regenerate ones, I am never satiated with listening to the grand feats of my ancestors.” Vaisampayana said, “After the fall of Karna, O king, Dhritarashtra’s son Suyodhana was plunged deep into an ocean of grief and saw despair on every side. Indulging in incessant lamentations, saying, ‘Alas, oh Karna! Alas, oh Karna!’ he proceeded with great difficulty to his camp, accompanied by the unslaughtered remnant of the kings on his side. Thinking of the slaughter of the Suta’s son, he could not obtain peace of mind, though comforted by those kings with excellent reasons inculcated by the scriptures. Regarding destiny and necessity to be all- powerful, the Kuru king firmly resolved on battle. Having duly made Salya the generalissimo of his forces, that bull among kings, O monarch, proceeded for battle, accompanied by that unslaughtered remnant of his forces. Then, O chief of Bharata’s race, a terrible battle took place between the troops of the Kurus and those of the Pandavas, resembling that between the gods and the Asuras. -
Mahashivaratri: the Spiritual Significance of the Night of Goodness and Godliness
Mahashivaratri: The spiritual Significance of the Night of Goodness and Godliness Compiled by TUMULURU KRISHNA MURTY DESARAJU SRI SAI LAKSHMI © Tumuluru Krishna Murty ‘Anasuya’ C-66 Durgabai Deshmukh Colony Ahobil Mutt Road Hyderabad 500007 Ph: +91 (40) 2742 7083/ 8904 Typeset and formatted by: Desaraju Sri Sai Lakshmi Figure 1: Lingodbhava Significance of Lingodbhava Understand the true meaning and inner significance of Shivaratri. Hiranyagarbha Lingam is present in everybody’s hridaya (spiritual heart) and is on the right side of the body. The principle of Hiranyagarbha permeates My whole body. It assumes a form when I will it. Whoever has seen this Lingam at the time of its emergence will not have rebirth. One should see its form as it emerges. In order to sanctify your lives, such sacred manifestations have to be shown to you every now and then. Only then can you understand the divinity in humanity. This Lingam will not break even if it is dropped from a height with force. This is amruthatwam (symbol of immortality). It is changeless. You cannot see such a manifestation anywhere else in the world. It is possible only with Divinity. This is the manifestation of changeless Divinity. Three types of Lingams emerge. They are bhur, bhuvah, and suvaha. Bhur refers to materialisation (body), bhuvah to vibration (prana), and suvaha to radiation (Atma). I often say, you are not one, but three: The one you think you are (physical body), the one others think you are (mental body), the one you really are (Atma). - Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba Table of Contents Mahashivaratri ............................................................................................ -
Life After Death in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā*
chapter 8 Life after Death in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā* The information on life after death provided by the oldest Vedic text is rather scarce. In the most recent handbook on Vedic literature (1975c, 138f.) and in his handbook on Vedic religion (19782, 98, 181) Gonda only incidentally referred to the situation of the deceased in the Ṛgveda Saṁhitā (ṚV). There is no system- atic treatment of “Leben nach dem Tode” (19782, 10, mentioned without further comment). However, Oldenberg extensively discussed the early Vedic ideas on life after death in his handbook of Vedic religion (19172, 523ff.). It is strange that Olden- berg’s views on the places of the dead were neglected by most scholars with the exception of Arbman (1927b, 1928). Oldenberg’s ideas may be summar- ized as follows. In the ṚV we find references to heaven and hell, the abodes of the minorities of elite and criminals. The more original conception of afterlife would have concerned a dark realm lying under the earth, but different from hell.1 Traces of the original conception of an underworld would be discernible in later Vedic texts and even in the ṚV itself. It was especially in this second edition that Oldenberg emphasized the original character of Yama’s world as a subterranean realm of the dead.2 Arbman (1927b, 342–345) discussed “Die Jenseitsvorstellungen der rigvedis- chen Dichter nach der Auffassung der abendländischen Forschung” and stated that most Indologists assumed that the future of the deceased would consist of either heaven or hell (the latter sometimes being replaced by total anni- hilation). -
Vedic Brahmanism and Its Offshoots
Vedic Brahmanism and Its Offshoots Buddhism (Buddha) Followed by Hindūism (Kṛṣṇā) The religion of the Vedic period (also known as Vedism or Vedic Brahmanism or, in a context of Indian antiquity, simply Brahmanism[1]) is a historical predecessor of Hinduism.[2] Its liturgy is reflected in the Mantra portion of the four Vedas, which are compiled in Sanskrit. The religious practices centered on a clergy administering rites that often involved sacrifices. This mode of worship is largely unchanged today within Hinduism; however, only a small fraction of conservative Shrautins continue the tradition of oral recitation of hymns learned solely through the oral tradition. Texts dating to the Vedic period, composed in Vedic Sanskrit, are mainly the four Vedic Samhitas, but the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and some of the older Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana) are also placed in this period. The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 shrauta priests and the purohitas. According to traditional views, the hymns of the Rigveda and other Vedic hymns were divinely revealed to the rishis, who were considered to be seers or "hearers" (shruti means "what is heard") of the Veda, rather than "authors". In addition the Vedas are said to be "apaurashaya", a Sanskrit word meaning uncreated by man and which further reveals their eternal non-changing status. The mode of worship was worship of the elements like fire and rivers, worship of heroic gods like Indra, chanting of hymns and performance of sacrifices. The priests performed the solemn rituals for the noblemen (Kshsatriya) and some wealthy Vaishyas. -
A Comprehensive Guide by Jack Watts and Conner Reynolds Texts
A Comprehensive Guide By Jack Watts and Conner Reynolds Texts: Mahabharata ● Written by Vyasa ● Its plot centers on the power struggle between the Kaurava and Pandava princes. They fight the Kurukshetra War for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. ● As per legend, Vyasa dictates it to Ganesha, who writes it down ● Divided into 18 parvas and 100 subparvas ● The Mahabharata is told in the form of a frame tale. Janamejaya, an ancestor of the Pandavas, is told the tale of his ancestors while he is performing a snake sacrifice ● The Genealogy of the Kuru clan ○ King Shantanu is an ancestor of Kuru and is the first king mentioned ○ He marries the goddess Ganga and has the son Bhishma ○ He then wishes to marry Satyavati, the daughter of a fisherman ○ However, Satyavati’s father will only let her marry Shantanu on one condition: Shantanu must promise that any sons of Satyavati will rule Hastinapura ○ To help his father be able to marry Satyavati, Bhishma renounces his claim to the throne and takes a vow of celibacy ○ Satyavati had married Parashara and had a son with him, Vyasa ○ Now she marries Shantanu and has another two sons, Chitrangada and Vichitravirya ○ Shantanu dies, and Chitrangada becomes king ○ Chitrangada lives a short and uneventful life, and then dies, making Vichitravirya king ○ The King of Kasi puts his three daughters up for marriage (A swayamvara), but he does not invite Vichitravirya as a possible suitor ○ Bhishma, to arrange a marriage for Vichitravirya, abducts the three daughters of Kasi: Amba, -
Vishvarupadarsana Yoga (Vision of the Divine Cosmic Form)
Vishvarupadarsana Yoga (Vision of the Divine Cosmic form) 55 Verses Index S. No. Title Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. Verse 1 5 3. Verse 2 15 4. Verse 3 19 5. Verse 4 22 6. Verse 6 28 7. Verse 7 31 8. Verse 8 33 9. Verse 9 34 10. Verse 10 36 11. Verse 11 40 12. Verse 12 42 13. Verse 13 43 14. Verse 14 45 15. Verse 15 47 16. Verse 16 50 17. Verse 17 53 18. Verse 18 58 19. Verse 19 68 S. No. Title Page No. 20. Verse 20 72 21. Verse 21 79 22. Verse 22 81 23. Verse 23 84 24. Verse 24 87 25. Verse 25 89 26. Verse 26 93 27. Verse 27 95 28. Verse 28 & 29 97 29. Verse 30 102 30. Verse 31 106 31. Verse 32 112 32. Verse 33 116 33. Verse 34 120 34. Verse 35 125 35. Verse 36 132 36. Verse 37 139 37. Verse 38 147 38. Verse 39 154 39. Verse 40 157 S. No. Title Page No. 40. Verse 41 161 41. Verse 42 168 42. Verse 43 175 43. Verse 44 184 44. Verse 45 187 45. Verse 46 190 46. Verse 47 192 47. Verse 48 196 48. Verse 49 200 49. Verse 50 204 50. Verse 51 206 51. Verse 52 208 52. Verse 53 210 53. Verse 54 212 54. Verse 55 216 CHAPTER - 11 Introduction : - All Vibhutis in form of Manifestations / Glories in world enumerated in Chapter 10. Previous Description : - Each object in creation taken up and Bagawan said, I am essence of that object means, Bagawan is in each of them… Bagawan is in everything. -
2013 Festivals and Events from Devi Mandir
2013 Festivals and Events from Devi Mandir Margshirsh Krishna: 01/04 Ashthami Pupashthaka Shraddha 01/07 Ekadashi Upavas Paush Shukla: 01/15 Pancami Shri Lakshmi Puja, Sat Pancami Vrat 01/16 Shashthi Annarupa Shashthi 01/17 Saptami Shri Vastu Puja 01/18 Ashthami Shri Lakshmi Puja 01/22 Ekadashi Trailinga Swami Birthday, Upavas 01/23 Dwadashi Kurmma Dwadashi Vrat Paush Krishna: 02/06 Ekadashi Upavas 02/08 Chaturdashi Shri Ratantikalika Puja Magh Shukla: 02/10 Pratipad Durga Devi Magh Navaratri Vrat begins 02/13 Chaturthi Swami Vivekananda Birthday, Shri Ganesha Puja 02/14 Pancami Saraswati Puja & Lakshmi Puja, Shri Pancami, Sat Pancami Vrat 02/15 Shashthi Sital Shashthi 02/16 Saptami Arogya Saptami Vrat, Makari Saptami 02/17 Ashthami Bhishmashtami Vrat and Tarpan 02/21 Ekadashi Upavas 02/23 Trayodashi Shri Nityananda Trayodashi Vrat 02/25 Purnima Maghi Purnima Magh Krishna: 03/01 Chaturthi Sankat Chaturthi Vrat 03/04 Ashthami Sakasthaka Shraddha 03/07 Ekadashi Upavas 03/09 Trayodasi Trayodasi nishi yukta, Shri Maha Shivaratri Vrat Phalgun Shukla: 03/16 Pancami Sat Pancami Vrat 03/17 Shashthi Gorupini Shashthi 03/22 Ekadashi Shri Ramakrishna’s Birthday 03/26 Purnima Shri Krishna Dol Yatra, Holi, Gauranga Mahaprabhu Avirbhav Phalgun Krishna: 03/31 Pancami Shri Krishna Pancama Dol Yatra 04/01 Shashthi Skanda Shashthi 04/03 Ashthami Shri Sitalashtami 04/05 Ekadashi Upavas 04/07 Trayodashi Madhu Krishna Trayodashi Caitra Shukla: 04/10 Pratipad Vasanti Durga Devi Navaratri Vrat 04/15 Pancami Sat Pancami Vrat 04/16 Shashthi Shri Vasanti Durga -
Perumal Thirumozhi.Pub
We Sincerely Thank : 1. Sri nrusimha seva rasikar, Oppiliappan kOil Sri. V. SaThakOpan svAmi, the Editor-in-Chief of Sundarasimham-ahobilavalli kaimkaryam for editing and hosting this title in his e-books series. 2. Smt.Krishnapriya for the compilation of the source document. 3. Nedumtheru Sri.Mukund Srinivasan for contribution of images. sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org 4. Smt. Jayashree Muralidharan for assembly of the e-book C O N T E N T S Introduction 1 Paasurams and Commentaries 13 Decad 1 15 Decad 2 43 Decad 3 61 Decad 4 72 Decad 5 100 Decad 6 124 sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org Decad 7 142 Decad 8 163 Decad 9 175 Decad 10 187 nigamanam 204 sadagopan.org sadagopan.org sadagopan.org Kulasekhara PerumAL !@ !mEt ramaNjay nm@ KlEckr ~zfvarf `Rqiy epRmaqf tiRemazi KULASEKARA AZHWAR'S PERUMAL THIRUMOZHI × INTRODUCTION -KULASEKARA PERUMAN THIRUNAKSHATHRAM KulasEkarAzhwar was born as a prince to ChEra king Dhidavrathan and nAdhanAyagi in the month of mAsi and the nakshatram of punarpoosam (same as that of Lord Rama). The child when born looked divine and made everyone happier and cheerful. The entire kingdom was in a jubilant mood. The child was named kulasEkaran and when he grew he was taught all sAstrAs, epics, arts, Tamil and Sanskrit and was also given training on fighting, Horse riding, Elephant riding, etc. In each endeavor, he excelled and came out with flying colors. When Dhidavrathan became old, kulasEkaram ascended the throne and sadagopan.org sadagopan.org then ruled like Lord Sri Rama and brought in RamaRajyam to his kingdom.