Rembrandt's Bankruptcy: the Artist

Cambridge University Press 0521858259 - Rembrandt’s Bankruptcy: The Artist, His Patrons, and the Art Market in Seventeenth-Century Netherlands Paul Crenshaw Index More information

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Abraham’s Dismissal of Haagar (Rembrandt), 124 Baldinucci, Filippo, 17, 159 Adams, Ann Jensen, 163 on E. Keilhau, 186 van Aelst, Evert, 25 on price of Nightwatch, 167 van Aelst, Willem, 25 on Rembrandt collecting practices, 71–72 Alberti, Leon Battista, 193 on Rembrandt interest in painting, not Albertus Magnus, 148, 189, 192 socializing, 120 Alewyn (Alewijen), Abraham, 181 on Rembrandt marketing practices, 36–37 Alexander the Great (Rembrandt), 126–130, 131, on Rembrandt Ovid series, 31 , 171 132–133, 148, 189–190 on Rembrandt sale of own work, 187 Alpers, Svetlana, 12, 137, 191 on Rembrandt slow working pace, 118, 134 Ampzing, Samuel, 170–171 van Bambeeck, Nicholaes, 169, 170, 172–173, 182 Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (Rembrandt), 58, 187, Banck, Adriaen, 165, 172 188 bankruptcy Anatomy of Dr. Deyman (Rembrandt), 60, 146, cession with committimus, 24 166, 173, 188 compared with abject poverty, 20 D’Andrade, Mordechay, 124 consequences of ruin, 22–27 D’Andrade, Diego, dispute with Rembrandt, 33, artist committing unlawful acts, 22–23 120–125 civic/institutional aid, 26–27 complaint against Rembrandt, 121 imprisonment/severe labor, 25–26 consequences of dispute, 123–124 indentured service, 23 Rembrandt relationship to Jewish insolvent estates, 24–25 community, 124 leave town, 24 location of portrait in question, 121 sale of possessions, 23 Rembrandt reply to complaint, 121–122 penury, causes of, 20–22 interpretation of, 122–123 failures in non-art investments/professions, subject of painting, 121 21 Angel, Philips, 17–18, 150 personal indebtedness, 21–22 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 21, 39–40, 53, 66, 97–98 personal problems, 21 First Anglo-Dutch War, 13, 28, 38, 163 research/commentary on Rembrandt Second Anglo-Dutch War, 26 archival corrections of, 8–11 van Anthonissen, Hendrick, 11 nineteenth century, 5–8 Apelles, 149–152 recent, 11–14. See also Rembrandt, declares van Arckel, Anna, 40 cessio bonorum Aristotle (or Apelles) Contemplating the Bust of Banninck Cocq, Frans, 168 Homer (Rembrandt), 125, 126, 148, 170 Banquet Celebration of the Treaty of Munster¨ (van der Asselijn, Thomas, 179 Helst), 52 van der Ast, Balthasar, 163 Baptist Preaching (Rembrandt), 72 Bartsch, Adam, 6 Backer, Annetge Willem, 60, 182 Bas, Agatha, 169, 170, 172–173, 182 Backer, J. F., 13–14, 160, 178, 187 Bas, Claes, 182 Backer, Joris Jorisz, 182 Bas, Maria, 182 de Baen, Jan, 184–185 Bas, Nicolaes, 99–100

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521858259 - Rembrandt’s Bankruptcy: The Artist, His Patrons, and the Art Market in Seventeenth-Century Netherlands Paul Crenshaw Index More information

INDEX

van Baseroode, Anna, 56 van den Broeck, Marten, 32, 38, 39, 41, 123, 166 Basse,´ Jan, 74, 93–94, 98, 166–167, 180 van Bronckhorst, Pieter Anthonisz, 185 Bathsheba (Rembrandt), 137, 138, 191 Brondgeest, Albertus, 6 van Beaumont, Anna, 117, 170 Brouwer, Adriaen, 93 Beck, Hans-Ulrich, 164 Brown, Christopher, 189–190 Becker, Harmen, 52, 142, 183 Brueghel, Abraham, 133, 191 Juno for, 144 van der Brugghen, Annken, 161 Rembrandt loan from, 85, 171, 179, 183 de Bruijn, Cornelis, 163 Rembrandt repays debt to, 56–82, 85, 107, 179 Bruyn, Joos, 31 Titus mortgages Rembrandt possessions to, 108 Bueno (Bonus), Ephraim Hezekiah, 170 transaction with van Ludick, 179 Belshazzar’s Feast (Rembrandt), 188 Callisto (Woman Bathing in a Stream; Rembrandt), Belten, Magdalena, 46, 168–169 137–138, 139, 191 Belten, Pieter the Elder, 46, 169 Calumny of Apelles (Rembrandt), 138–139, Belten, Pieter the younger, 46, 48, 169–170, 178, 150 –152 , 153 181, 182 van Campen, Jacob, 169–170 Benesch, Otto, 49, 147 van de Cappelle, Jan, 36, 78, 162, 188 Bernard, Catrina Jacoba, 172–173 Carracci, Annibale, 104–105, 161 van Beuningen, Daniel Jansz, 93, 180, 182 Carre,´ Franciscus, 21, 24, 162 van Beuningen, Jan Dircksz, 182 Carroll, Margaret D., 137, 191 van Beyeren, Cornelis Aertsz, 181 Casimir, Hendrick, 162 van Beyeren, Leendert Cornelisz, 74, 94 de Castro, Rodrigues Alvares, 171 Bibliotheca Thysiana, 168–169 catalogue Bicker, Roelof, 53 explaining Rembrandt bankruptcy, 6–7, 10 Bicker, Wendela, 173 of monographic paintings, 159 van Bijlert, Franc¸ois, 108, 181 of Rembrandt etchings, 6 Bikker, Jonathan, 101 of Rembrandt prints, 6 Bloem, Matthias, 52 Cats, Jacob, 193 Blom, Harmanus Jansz, 164 cessio bonorum. See Rembrandt, applies for cessio Blom, Jan Pietersz, 22, 52, 75, 79, 162, 164, 177 bonorum le Blon, Michel, 181 Chapman, H. Perry, 13, 154 Bloom, H. I., 180 Charterkamer (Chamber of Records), 6 Blyendael, Claes Abramse, 79 Chimaer, Michiel Matysz, 187 Bockenolle, Maria, 186 Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery Boelens (Boelissen), Gerrit, 70 (Rembrandt), 61 Bok, Marten Jan, 13, 39, 40, 163, 167–168 Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalen (Rembrandt), Bol, Ferdinand, 40, 44, 166, 168 191–192 van Bolgersteyn, Harmen, 187–188 Christ Healing the Sick (“The Hundred Guilder Bolnes, Catharina, 24–25, 165 Print”; Rembrandt), 105 Bontemantel, Hans, 51 Christ Preaching (“La Petite Tombe”; Rembrandt), Bonus, Ephraim, 7, 188 100, 101 ter Borch, Gerard, 22, 172, 184 Christ Presented to the People (Ecce Homo; Borchgraeff, Jacomo, 100, 102–103, 176–177 Rembrandt), 141, 174–175 van der Borcht II, Hendrik, 78 “Circumcision” (Rembrandt), 30, 107 Both, Andries, 161 Circumcision (Rembrandt), 84 Bouman, Elias, 169 de Claeuw, Jacques, 165 Boursse, Esias, 78 Claudius Civilis (Oath of the Batavians; Boursse, Jan, 177–178 Rembrandt), 79, 85, 111, 119, 146–147, Bramer, Leonart, 26 166, 192 Brandaoo, Diogo Diaz, 169 van Cleyburg, Haesje Jacobsdr, 169 von Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 186 Cloeck, Pieter, 40, 168, 172 Brandi, Giacinto, 190 Codde, Pieter, 47 de Bray, Jan, 21, 22, 163 Coesaert, Laurens, 172–173 van Brederode, Pieter, 107 collecting practices, Rembrandt. See Rembrandt, Bredius, Abraham, 10–11, 160 collecting practices of Breestraat house. See Rembrandt, Breestraat van Collen, Susanna, 170 house as primary liability communion, reasons for being prevented from Brink, Ernst, 95 taking, 176 Brittano, Giovanni, 148 Concord of the State (Rembrandt), 72

212

INDEX

Conrad, Abraham, 172 Duck, Jacob, 25 de Cooge, Abraham, 168 Dudok van Heel, S. A. C., 11–12, 14, 15 , 50, Coppit, Oopjen, 169, 170 166–167 Cornelis, Bart, 95–96 on artist residence preference, 169 Cosmographer (Guercino), 130 on houses with foundation problems, 79 de Coster, François III, 56, 173 identification of de Graeff painting by, 111–112, de Coster, François the younger, 182 184 van Couwenberg, Christiaen, 24, 165 on insolvency, 176 Coymans, Balthasar II, 182 on Portrait of a Man, 171 Coymans, Constantia, 169–170, 181, 182 on proximity of patrons to Rembrandt Coymans, Elisabeth, 101, 182 residences, 170 Coymans, Maria, 182 on Rembrandt acquisition of Lucas van Leiden Crayers, Louis, 30, 68, 111, 166 album, 94 on Rembrandt mortgage, 47, 174–175 da Cesena, Biagio, 136 on Saskia dowry, 82 Dahl, Michael the elder, 192 on timing of Nightwatch commission, 168 Danae¨ (Rembrandt), 72, 73 Dullaert, Heijman, 165 Danckertsz, Cornelis, 93 Durer,¨ Albrecht, 93, 98, 99, 176, 181 Dancx, Françoys, 20, 161 Dusart, Christiaen, 108, 181 Dapper, Olfert, 52 van der Dussen, Elisabeth, 24 David and Goliath (Rembrandt), 189–190 Dutch art market, perils of de Decker, Jeremias, 142, 166, 191–192 tales of impoverishment in art/art literature, Delen, Adriaen, 163 17–18 Delft guild, 187–188 tales of success in art literature, 17–18. See also Dell, Elisabeth, 40 bankruptcy Denijs, Jacomijntje, 162 van Duuren, Ida, 173 Descent from the Cross (Rembrandt), 93 Duysentdaelders, Nicolaes, 56–57, 173 Desolate Boedelskamer (Chamber of Insolvent van Dyck, Anthony, 7, 112, 184–185 Estates) guild regulations and, 160 Eeckelboom, Hendrick Hendricksz, 171–172 Lagoor’s inventory, 161 van Eeghen, Isabella Henrietta, 11, 160, 174, 178, limited access to, 6 180, 182–183, 187 Rembrandt hides objects from, 74–75 van der Eem, Aernt, 163 Rembrandt sells items outside authority of, 75 Elison, Johannes, 186 records of, 92 Elsheimer, Adam, 161 sale of Rembrandt possessions by, 75–79 Emmens, Jan, 5 Deutz, Jean, 100 Engelbracht, Philips, 81 Deutz, Jeronimus, 100 English Navigation Acts, 163 Deutz, Joseph, 100 de L’Espierre, Etienne, 175 Deyman, Jan, 173, 182 Diana and Actaeon (Gentileschi), 131, 190 Fabritius, Barent, 173 Dickey, Stephanie, 13 Fabritius, Carel, 166, 172, 173 Dieussart, François, 185 Filedt Kok, Jan Piet, 95–96 Dionysius (Preti), 132, 191 First Anglo-Dutch War, 13, 28, 38, 163 Dircx, Geertje (R. paramour), 10, 41–42, 175 Flessiers, Janneke annuity from Rembrandt, 70 Flinck, Govaert, 60, 112, 120, 134 confined to Gouda House of Correction, 42 applies for citizenship, 168 released from Gouda House of Correction, 42, marriages of, 40 62 Ovid series and, 166 Dircx, Pieter, 42, 175 Six and, 186 van der Does, Simon, 25 style of, 166 van Domselaer, Hendrick, 169 Floerke, Hanns, 187–188 Doomer, Lambert, 78–86, 88 Fokkens, Melchior Dore,´ Johanna, 185 Fonteijn, Jan, 100 d’Orta, Samuel, 124 Francen, Abraham, 35, 56, 166, 167, 173, 174–175 Dortsman, Adriaen, 171 becomes guardian to Rembrandt daughter Dou, Gerrit, 34–35 Cornelia, 56–57, 174 Droochsloot, J. C., 174 portrait of, 66, 67, 142 Dubiez, F. J., 188 Rembrandt loan from, 188

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INDEX

Francen, Daniel, 173 Haarlem guild, 187–188 Rembrandt efforts to pay back, 82, 83, 88, 142, ter Haer, David, 93 179 Hals, Frans, 17, 26, 172, 188 Rembrandt loan from, 66, 70, 161, 188 Hanneman, Adriaen, 112 Frederick, Willem, 162 Haringh, Jacob Thomasz, 64 Haringh, Pieter, 62–64, 68, 142, 166 de Geer, Margaretha, 170 Haringh, Thomas Jacobsz, 63–64, 142, 166, 174 Geerincx, Samuel, 79, 178 Hauser, Arnold, 8 de Gelder, Aert, 190 Haverkamp Begemann, Egbert, 70, 161 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 131–132, 190–191 van Heel, Dudok, 48–51, 68 Gerrits, Trijntje, 171–172 Held, Julius, 152 Gerrits, Wybrich, 171–172 van der Helst, Bartholomeus, 52, 53, 134, 166, 186 Gersaint, Edme Franc¸ois, 6, 147, 167, 170–171 van Hemaert, Splinter, 172 Gerson, Horst, 11, 160, 172 van Hemert, Gillis, 172–173 de Gheyn III, Jacques, 136 van Hemert, Joachim, 172–173 Giltaij, Jeroen, 189 Hendrick, Frederick, 8, 30, 47, 116–117, 118, 184, Giorgione, 74 186 van Glabbeeck, Johannes, 165 Henrietta Louisa of Orange, 185 Glazemaker, J. H., 193 Henriques, Beatriz Nunes, 121 Goldweigher (Rembrandt), 49 Henry, Prince of Wales, 185 Goldweigher’s Field (Rembrandt), 49–50, 170–171 Hero and Leander (Rubens), 103 Goltzius, Hendrick, 99 van Hertsbeeck, Geertruijd, 171–172 van Goor, Cornelis, 190 van Hertsbeeck, Gerrit, 171–172 van Goor, Gijsbertsz, 128 van Hertsbeeck, Gillis Paulusz, 172–173 van Goyen, Jan Josephsz, 17, 23, 24, 164–165, 185 van Hertsbeeck, Hendrick, 171–172 de Goyer (Ruisdael), Isaack Jacobsz, 165 van Hertsbeeck, Hester, 171–172 de Graeff, Andries, 46, 53, 115–116 van Hertsbeeck, Hester Paulusdr, 172–173 dispute with Rembrandt, 111–120 van Hertsbeeck, Isaack, 53, 70, 88, 94, 171–173, background of de Graeff family, 111 179 consequences of, 118–119 van Hertsbeeck, Jacob ( Jacques) Paulusz, 172–173 cost of portrait in question, 30 van Hertsbeeck, Melchior Paulusz, 172–173 portrait in question, 111–112, 184 van Hertsbeeck, Paulus I, 172–173 possible cause of van Hertsbeeck, Paulus II, 172–173 fell out of favor with Dutch court, 184 van Hertsbeeck, Paulus II (Paulusz), 53 money, 116, 117–118 van Hertsbeeck, Pieter, 171–172 money, evidence of earlier disputes over, van Hertsbeeck, Pieter Isaacksz, 172–173 116–118 van Hertsbeeck, Pieter Paulusz, 172–173 poor likeness, 112–116 van Hertsbeeck, Susanna Isaakdr, 171, 172–173 slow working pace, 118 van Hertsbeeck, Susanna Paulusdr, 172–173 as unknown, 112 van Hertsbeeck, Wybrechte, 171 unwillingness to cultivate elite patronage, van Hertsbeeck family, 171–173 119–120 Het Ulenspiegelken (“The Owlglass”) Lucas van similarity to disputes with Leyden D’Andrade/Ruffo, 118 Hinloopen, Catalina, 174 source of information for, 111 Hinloopen, Jacob Jacobsz, 61, 76, 174 Uylenburgh role in, 111, 117 Hinterding, Erik, 36, 75, 141 portraits of, 111–115 Hofstede de Groot, Cornelius, 11, 108, 160 Quellijn bust of, 115–116 van Hogeveen, Cornelia, 47 de Graeff, Cornelis, 53, 111 Holbein, Hans, 107 de Graeff, Jacob, 111 Hollar, Wenzel, 73, 94 de Graeff, Jan, 184 Holscher, Johannes, 162 de Graeff, Pieter, 184 Homer (historical person), 193 van der Graft, Joost, 170–171 Homer/Apelles, reasons for traditional de la Grange, Justus, 25, 179 connection between, 149–152 de Grebber, Frans Pietersz, 188 both suffered trials with patrons, 150 –151 Guercino, 130–131, 132, 189, 190, 192 poets inspired artists in pictorial inventions, 151 Guild of Saint Luke, 150 promote greater representatives of painting/poetry in context of paragone, van Haarlem, Cornelis Cornelisz, 99, 166–167 149–150

214

INDEX

Homer Dictating to a Scribe (Rembrandt), 129, 148, van Kattenborch, Otto 190 difﬁculty in getting portrait from Rembrandt, Homer (Rembrandt), 126–130, 189 36, 167 Hommius, Festus, 172–173 portrait print of, 64–66, 174–175 Hondius, Hendrick, 181 purchases house from Duysentdaelders, 173 Honthorst, Gerard, 112, 186 Rembrandt loans and, 56–57 de Hooch, Pieter, 17, 25, 85, 179 Rembrandt purchases house from, 64 Hooft, Catharina, 115 Keilhau, Eberhart, 118, 186, 187 Hooft, Hendrick, 177 Keilhau, Monsu´ Bernardo, 31 , 37, 89–90 Hooft, Johanna, 168 Keizerskroon Inn sale, 62–64 Hoogewerff, G. J., 20 Kelle, Lieven Sijmonsz, 79 van Hoogstraten, Samuel, 18, 95, 98, 109, 150 , de Keyser, Hendrick I, 21 159 , 166 de Keyser, Maria, 163 van Hoorn, Simon, 53 de Keyser, Pieter, 163 Houbraken, Arnold, 7, 8, 27, 159 de Keyser, Thomas, 21, 93, 112 on economy of Rembrandt lifestyle, 38 de Keyser, Willem, 74 on Flinck, 120, 134, 186 de Keyser, Willem Hendricksz, 21, 22, 39, on marketing Rembrandt works, 34, 36, 167 163 on Rembrandt charges for works, 36 Killian, Jennifer, 162 on Rembrandt handling of money, 5–6 van Kittensteyn, Cornelis, 188 on slow working pace of Rembrandt, 134 Kloeck, Allard, 168 on state of Rembrandt estate upon death, 108 Kloeck, Nanning, 62 on de Witte, Emanuel, 23 de Knuijt, Maria, 25 van der Houve, Sophia, 40 Knupfer, Nicolaus, 25 Hulft, Hendrick Gerard Pietersz, 186 Kolloff, Eduard, 10 Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Healing the Sick; Kretzer, Maertin, 93 Rembrandt), 105 Kroock, Jan Jansen, 70 Huydecoper, Joan I, 53, 116, 174, 182 Huydecoper, Leonora Joansdr, 174 Lagoor, Johan, 20, 161 Huygens, Christiaen, 104–105 de Lairesse, Gerard, 150 Huygens, Constantijn Jr., 47, 104–105 van Landonck, Susanna, 172–173 Huygens, Constantijn Sr., 8, 112, 159 Lanfranco, Giovanni, 189 belittles Rembrandt portrait, 112, 125, de Langue, Willem, 57 187 “La Petite Tombe” (Rembrandt), 100, 101 on Jan Lievens, 119–120 Last Judgment (Michelangelo), 136 refuses gift from Rembrandt, 72 Lastman, Pieter, 46, 84, 106–107 Rembrandt suggestions as to best view van Leest, Jacques, 178 painting, 133, 184 legacy, of Rembrandt, 156 –157 van Leiden, Lucas, 74, 94–97 Icones et segmata (Perrier), 191 Leijdeckers, Jan Claesz, 168 van Immen, Tobias, 171 Leja, Jan, 138 ben Israel, Samuel Menasseh, 7, 167, 170, Leonardo da Vinci, 193 188 Levecq, Jacobus, 165 van Leyden, Aert Jabach, Everard, 104–105 Lievens, Jan, 72, 73, 159 , 176–177, 187 Jacobsdr, Trijn, 42 Life of the Virgin (Durer),¨ 99 Jansz, Claes, 178 van der Linden, Jan Antonides, 34, 167 Jansz, Govert, 99–100 Locke, Adriaen, 121 Jews, 169, 170, 188. See also individual van Loo, Magdelena, 108 de Jonghe, Clement, 33, 166 Looten, Karel, 172 Jordaens, Jacob, 32–33, 73, 189 Looten, Marten, 169, 172 Josi, Christiaan, 6 Lopez, Alphonso, 182 de Jouderville, Isaac, 165 Luce, Lucas, 100 Junius, Franciscus, 151 Lucian, 193 Juno (Rembrandt), 144 van Ludick, Lodewijck, 33, 57, 79, 83, 85–87, 88, Just, Isaac, 127, 128 123 buys “nativity”/“circumcision” from Kam, J. G., 173 Rembrandt, 30, 107 van Kattenborch, Dirck, 173, 174–175 buys Rubens painting from Rembrandt, 103

215

INDEX

van Ludick, Lodewijck (cont.) Nieuwenhuis, Christianus Johannes, 6 difﬁculty in getting portrait from Rembrandt, Nightwatch (Rembrandt), 46 36, 52 as catalyst to international fame, 117 estimate of Rembrandt 1640s collection worth, cost of, 30, 167 76–77, 91 Ludens copy of, 162 portrait of, 142, 179 payment for, 47 Rembrandt efforts to pay back, 80, 82, 83–85, rejection of, 10 88, 106–107, 179 subject in, 40 Rembrandt reneges on contract with, 23 timing of commission for, 168 Ludwig, Karl, 75, 78, 100 Lundens, Gerrit, 21, 162 Oath of the Batavians (Claudius Civilis; Lups, Catrina, 173 Rembrandt), 79, 85, 111, 119, 146–147, 166, 192 Maaskamp, Evert, 6 oriental heads, by Rembrandt, 176–177 Madonna and the Child (Mantegna), 193 Orlers, Jan Jansz, 112, 159 Madonna with a Cat (Rembrandt), 193 Ornia, Gerbrand, 60, 70, 79, 83–84 Maes, Nicolaes, 166 Ornia, Gosuinus, 173 de Magistris, Trojanus, 103, 182 Orphans Chamber. See Weekskamer Malevessy, Pieter, 172–173 van Os, Dirk, 172 Mancini, Giulio, 186 van Os, Jan Claesz, 172–173 van Mander, Karel, 152 van Os, Susanna, 172–173 Mantegna, Andrea, 193 Osorio, Bento, 188 De Marchi, Niel, 13 Oud-Holland ( journal), 160 de Marolles, Abbe,´ 181 Ovens, Jurriaen, 59, 134, 166 marriage, after pre-marital pregnancy, 168 Ovid series (Rembrandt), 31 , 166, 171 Marselis, Gabriel, 100 Owlglass (van Leiden), 95, 96, 181 Marxist/Socialists, 160 Maurits of Nassau-Siegen, Johan, 186 Palamedesz, Anthony, 26 Mayr, Johann Ulrich, 96, 192 Palma Vecchio, Jacopo, 74 van Meckenem, Israhel, 181 de Pape, Abraham, 179 van Medenblick, Gerrits Pietersz, 179 Passion series, 46, 47, 116–117 Mennonites, 27, 69–70, 167 patrons On faillissement vs. bankroet, 69 expectation of greater payments from van der Meulen, Marjon, 11 prominent, 185 Michel, Emile, 10 Homer/Apelles and, 150 –151 Michelangelo, 136 rarity of protracted employment by single, Miedema, Hessel, 18, 187–188 34–35. See also Rembrandt, disputes van Miegroet, Hans J., 13 with patrons van Miereveld, Michiel Jansz, 112, 162, 172 Pellicorne, Jan, 170 van Mol, Pieter, 176–177 Pels, Andries, 70–72, 92, 180 von Moltke, Joachim Wolfgang Graf, 21 Pereira, Jacob, 169 Moninckx, Cornelis, 22 Pereira, Samuel, 169 Montias, John Michael, 13, 38, 57, 102, 123, Perlove, Shelley, 13 166–167, 168 Perrier, Franc¸ois, 191 Moreelse, Paulus, 163 Pesser, Dirck Jansz, 169 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (Rembrandt), The Phoenix (Rembrandt), 153 192 Pickenoy, Nicolaes Eliasz, 47, 93, 112–115 Mytens, Jan, 112 de Pickere, Maria, 181 De Piles, Roger, 120 “Nativity” (Rembrandt), 30, 84, 107 Pinto, Daniel Navarro, Jacob, 171 buys house next to Rembrandt, 47 Navarro, Moses, 171 house foundation problems of, 48, 50–51, 79, Nazis, 160 86, 124, 169 van der Neer, Aert, 21, 162 cost of project, 171 van Nest, Sara, 172–173 investments of, 171 van de Nest, Elisabeth, 172–173 motivation for not paying rent for Rembrandt van de Nest, Pieter, 172–173 cellar, 51 Neumann, Carl, 10 possible connection with Thijs, 48–50 van Neurenburch, Guilliaem, 93 de Pinto, Ishac (Manuel Alvares Pinto), 169

216

INDEX

The Plague (Marcantonio), 183 Rassieur, Thomas, 36 Pliny the Elder, 193 Ravestein, Joannes, 193 Ploos van Amstel, Cornelis, 6 van Ravesteyn, Albert, 164 van Poelenburgh, Cornelis, 191 Reformed Church, 176 Polidoro da Caravaggio, 99 van Regteren Altena, I. Q., 170–171 The Polish Rider (Rembrandt), 142, 145 Reisen, Christian, 192 The Poor Painter in His Studio (Viennot), 161 Rembrandt Porcellis, Jan, 17, 73, 163–164, 165 auctions and, 76, 78, 87–88, 122–123 auction of own art by, 164, 187–188 autonomy of, 110 bankruptcy of, 21–22 children of (see van Rijn, Cornelia; van Rijn, contract with Delen for panels, 163 Titus) exchange of labor for land, 174 criticism of as portraitist, 112–116, 118 girsailles of, owned by Rembrandt, 100 financial situation of own family at time of leaves town after bankruptcy, 24 bankruptcy, 83 Porrett, Christaen, 180 international fame of, 33, 117, 148 Portengen, Petrus, 163 keeps company of men of low station, 34 Portrait of a Boy (Rembrandt), 142 knowledge of ancient artists, 193 Portrait of Abraham Francen (Rembrandt), 66, 67 late style of, 57–58 Portrait of a Fair-Haired Man (Rembrandt), 172 legacy of, 156 –157 Portrait of a Man (Andries de Graeff; Rembrandt), marketing practices of, 123 111–115 paramour of (see Dircx, Geertje; Stoffels, Portrait of Andries de Graeff (Quellijn), 115 Hendrickje) Portrait of Arnout Tholincx (Rembrandt), 61 parents of, 83, 169 Portrait of Balsassare Castiglione (Raphael), 101, patrons and, 34–35, 170.(See also Rembrandt, 102 disputes with patrons) Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff (Pickenoy), 114 relationship with in-laws, 82–83 Portrait of Cornelis Witsen (Quellijn), 9, 116 reluctance to take portrait commissions, 36, 52 Portrait of Jacob Trip (Rembrandt), 172 reneges on contract to work for van Ludick, 23 Portrait of Jacques de Gheyn III (Rembrandt), 112, servant of, 108 125, 187 source of commissions, 188 Portrait of Jan Six (Rembrandt), 54, 55, 57–58, 66 sources of professional income, 28 Portrait of Jan Wtenbogaert (The Goldweigher; wife of (see Uylenburgh, Saskia). See also Rembrandt), 97 Rembrandt, applies for cessio bonorum; Portrait of Jeremias de Decker (Rembrandt), 143 Rembrandt, Breestraat house as Portrait of Margaretha Tulp (Flinck), 59 primary liability; Rembrandt, collecting Portrait of Marten Looten (Rembrandt), 166 practices of; Rembrandt, effects of Portrait of Nicholas Ruts (Rembrandt), 166 financial problems on; Rembrandt, Portrait of Pieter Haringh (Rembrandt), 63 financial problem foundation Portrait of Saskia as Flora (Rembrandt), 72, 137–138 Rembrandt, applies for cessio bonorum, 69–75, 87 Portrait of the Preacher Johannes Ellison advertisement for sale of graphics, 77 (Rembrandt), 172 aftermath of, 79–86 Portrait of Thomas Jacobsz Haringh (Rembrandt), 65 family moves to rental dwelling, 79–80 Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes, 7 paying creditors, 80–86 Potter, Paulus, 162–163 Becker, 56–82, 85, 107, 179 Potter, Pieter Symonsz, 21, 24 D. Francen, 83, 88, 142, 179 Poussin, Nicholas, 189 Hiskia (sister-in-law), 82–83 Preti, Mattia, 126, 132, 190, 191, 193 I. van Hertsbeeck, 80–82, 88 Prodigal Son (Rembrandt), 178 Kloeck, 80 Pynas, Jan, 84, 94, 106–107 Titus claim through Crayers, 80–82 Pythagoras and the Fishermen (Rosa), 190 van Ludick, 80, 82, 83–85, 88, 106–107, Pythagoras Emerging from the Underworld (Rosa), 179 190 Witsen, 80, 87–88 application process, 70 Quellijn, Artus the Elder, 9, 52, 59, 115–116, creditors named in, 70 184 defining cessio bonorum, 69 Quellijn, Artus the Younger, 32–33 overview of, 1–2 Rembrandt justification for, 69 Raimondi, Marcantonio, 94, 99, 183 sales of possessions, 75–79 Raphael, 94, 99, 101, 182 auction of house, 76, 78, 87–88

217

INDEX

Rembrandt, applies for cessio bonorum (cont.) Thijs role in general contents of, partial, 76 assumes control of deed, 48 outside Desolate Boedelskamer jurisdiction, forces Rembrandt to pay remaining debt, 77–78 46–47, 48, 50, 51, 86, 148 probable buyers of effects, 78 possible connection between Pinto/Thijs, total earnings from, 76 48–50 views on earnings from sales, 76–77 summons Rembrandt to pay transfer tax for 1656 inventory, 72–75, 87, 90–91 house, 51 absence of house in, 75, 87 transfers promissory note to nephew, 62 absence of items in, 75, 87 Rembrandt, collecting practices of ﬁrst page of, 71 art purchases, 92–108 sales outside Desolate Boedelskamer from Basse´ sale, 93–94, 98 jurisdiction, 75 buys art instead of paying off debt after suggestion of Rembrandt hiding properties, bankruptcy, 106–107 74–75 conch shell, 94 thoroughness of, 74 Hero and Leander (Rubens), 103–104 value of paintings in, 73–74 Holbein painting after regaining ﬁnancial Rembrandt, Breestraat house as primary liability footing, 107 excessive price of, 168 Lucas van Leiden prints, 94–97 interest on, 173 from N. Bas sale, 99–100 new house 1655–1656, 62–69, 87 from Porrett sale, 180 Dircx released from Gouda House of private transaction, 105–106 Correction, 62, 66–67, 87 sculptures, 100–101 method of payment to O. van Katenborch, from Spranger sale, 98–99 64–66 from van Someren sale, 93 purchases new house from O. van from Van Uffelen sale, 101–102 Kattenborch, 64 art trades, 105, 183 rents space to sell parts of art collection/own Baldinucci on, 70–72, 89–92, 109 products, 62–64 conclusions about, 109 transfers deed of Breestraat home to Titus, inventory of estate upon Rembrandt death, 62, 87 107–108 transfers mother’s legacy to Titus, 68 mentality/character of Rembrandt and, overview of, 44 108–109 photograph of house, 45 Pels on, 70–72, 92 Pinto role in sale of house personal/artistic reasons for, 91–92, 180 own house foundation problems, 48, 50–51, Rembrandt, disputes with patrons 86, 171 Andries de Graeff, 111–120 refuses to pay Rembrandt rent for cellar, background of de Graeff family, 111 51 consequences of, 118–119 previous owners of, 46 portrait in question, 111–112, 184 purchase contract, 46–47, 79–86 possible cause of disagreement purchase of, 44–48, 86 fell out of favor with Dutch court, 184 Rembrandt payment on, 170 money, 116, 117–118 raising funds for, 47 money, evidence of earlier disputes over, Rembrandt maneuvers, 1653–1654, 56–62 116–118 relationship with Six, 58–62 poor likeness, 112–116 relationship with Tholincx, Arnout, 60 slow working pace, 118 speculative/clandestine deals, 57 as unknown, 112 tries collecting debt owed to self, 56 unwillingness to cultivate elite patronage, Rembrandt’s loans and, 51–56, 86–87 119–120 partial payment to Thijs with monies from, similarity to disputes with d’Andrade/Ruffo, 54–56, 58 118 Six loan, 53, 57, 58, 171 source of information for, 111 van Hertsbeeck, Isaack, 53 Uylenburgh role in, 111, 117 Witsen loan, 7, 51–53 Antonio Ruffo, 125–133 sale at auction of house, 76, 78, 87–88 painting in question, 125–126, 148–152 , 189 sells Leiden property, 168 price reduction tactics of Ruffo, 130–132, summary/conclusions, 190

218

INDEX

Rembrandt response to Ruffo reaction, patrons, 34–35 132–133 for prints, 36–37, 89, 90, 91 Ruffo reaction to Alexander/Homer, private/social relationships, 40–43 126–130 Rembrandt House Foundation, 13 Ruffo view on works of Rembrandt after Rembrandt Research Project, 184 dispute, 133 Reni, Guido, 185 specific charges to Ruffo, 187 de Renialme, Johannes, 33, 57, 61, 123, 166 conclusions, 133–135 Reynst, Gerrit, 53 Diego d’Andrade, 120–125 Ribera, Giusseppe, 189 complaint against Rembrandt, 121 Richelieu (Cardinal), 182 consequences of dispute, 123–124 Rich Man and Lazarus (Palma Vecchio), 74 Rembrandt relationship to Jewish Rieuwersz, Jan, 193 community, 124 van Rijn, Adriaen (R. brother), 83, 178–179 location of portrait in question, 121 van Rijn, Cornelia (R. daughter), 42, 56–57, 108, Rembrandt reply to complaint, 121–122 174, 177 interpretation of, 122–123 van Rijn, Elisabeth (R. sister), 83, 179 subject of painting, 121 van Rijn, Harmen Gerritsz, 83 overview of, 110–111 van Rijn, Rembrandt Harmensz. See Rembrandt Rembrandt, effects of financial problems on van Rijn, Titia (R. granddaughter), 108 art/life nexus and, 136–140 van Rijn, Titus (R. son), 7, 30 changes in production/workplace, 140–147 claims of funds from Crayers, 30, 80–82 dealer representation, 145–146 makes will at age fourteen, 62, 174 painting supplies, 144 as model/portrait sitter, 142, 174 portrait commissions, 141 mortgage of goods on Rembrandt behalf, 108 printmaking production, 141–142 mother’s will and, 10, 40, 68 props/costumes, 144–145 as print sales representative, 34, 167 trip to England, 146–147 as Rembrandt representative with Hendrickje, unfinished works, 142–144 33, 80, 123, 145–146 works in exchange for debt, 142 Rembrandt transfers deed of Breestraat home conclusions, 155 to, 62, 87 patronage/perseverance, 148–155 sales of father’s property and, 30 international fame, 148 Ritsema, Jacob, 105–106 new start in 1658, 152 –155 Rodrigues, Salvador, 169 question about subject of painting for Ruffo, Roelodfsen, Hendrick, 178 148–152 de Roever, Nicolaas, 10–11, 160 Homer/Apelles traditional relation role in, Roghman, Geertruyd, 163 149–152 Roodenburg, Herman, 69 Rembrandt, financial problem foundation Rosa, Salvator, 131, 185, 190 decline of wealth, 28 van Rosweijde, Gysbertge, 172 economic conditions, 37–40 Rover,¨ Valerius, 6, 170–171 effect of Anglo-Dutch Wars on, 38, 39–40 Roy, Ashok, 189–190 possible shipping investment loss, 38 Rubens, Peter Paul, 39, 40, 103, 104, 168–169 Hendrickje pregnancy effect on patrons, 58, Ruffo, Antonio, 33, 39, 117, 123, 192 60, 87 dispute with Rembrandt, 125–133 income, 29–37 charges to Ruffo, 30, 187 academy students, 29 painting in question, 125–126, 148–152 , dwindling market, 32 189 earnings at pinnacle, 29 price reduction tactics of Ruffo, 130–132, fees charged, 166 190 paintings production, 30–31 Rembrandt response to Ruffo reaction, portraiture, 28–32 132–133 print production, 30 Ruffo reaction to Alexander/Homer, 126–130 sales of student works, 32 Ruffo view on works of Rembrant after shift in taste of regents, 32–33, 166 dispute, 133 value of works during lifetime, 29–30 van Ruijven, Pieter, 25 marketing practices, 33–37 van Ruisdael, Jacob Isaacksz, 26–27, 165 clientele, 35–36 van Ruisdael, Salomon Jacobsz, 26, 188 cooperative venture with art dealer, 33–34 van Ruysdael, Jacob Salomonsz, 26–27

219

INDEX

Sadeler, Aegidius II, 26–27 Spranger, Gommer, 98–99, 181 Saftleven, Herman the Younger, 165 Sprunger, Mary, 161, 167 Samaritan Women (Giorgione), 74 St. Luke’s Guild, 171, 187–188 Sanders, Hercules, 64 Staalmeesters (Rembrandt), 166, 188 von Sandrart, Joachim, 29, 32, 95, 96–97, 109, Steen, Jan, 17, 23 112, 120, 159 , 182 van der Stock, Pieter Willemsz, 20, 75, 161, 177 Satire on Art Criticism (Rembrandt), 35, 122, 136 Stoffels, Hendrickje (R. paramour), 10, 39, 41, Sautijn, Agatha, 172–173 137–140 Saverij, Roelandt, 21, 24, 163 illegitimate pregnancy of, 42–43, 58, 60, 87 Savery, Salomon, 93 represents Rembrandt with Titus, 33, 80, 123, Schama, Simon, 13, 168–169 145–146 Schatborn, Peter, 78 suspicious claim of property as hers at Scheller, Robert W., 70, 180 inventory, 74, 177 Scheltema, Pieter, 8–10 Stone, Nicholas I, 163 Schmidt-Degener, Frederik, 10, 153 , 160 Strauss, Walter, 11 Schrijver, Elisabeth, 190 Stuart, Mary, 184 Schrijver, Willem, 190 supplemental income, earned by artist, 162 Schrijver (Scriverius), Petrus, 190 Suyderhoef, Jonas, 172 Schwartz, Gary, 12, 15 , 119, 137, 166, 171, 178, Swalmius, Eleazar, 53, 172 184, 193 Sweerts, Cornelis, 150 sculpture patronage, 185 van Swieten, Maria Bicker, 60 Second Anglo-Dutch War, 26 Seghers, Hercules Pietersz, 19, 161 Talbot, Alethia, 78 Self-Portrait (1658; Rembrandt), 148, 149, 153 –155 Texeira de Sampayo, Manuel, 121 Self-Portrait at Age 34 (Rembrandt), 102, 104, 167 Thijs, Anthonie Hansz, 46, 168–169 The Shell (Rembrandt), 94, 95 Thijs, Catharina, 168 shells, as collector items, 94, 180 Thijs, Christoffel, 46, 100, 142, 166, 168–169, Shuermans, Gerbrecht, 70 170–171 van Sichem, Chrispiaen, 166–167 Breestraat house and de Silva, Guilleme, 171 assumes control of deed, 48 Simonsz, Lieven, 178 forces Rembrandt to pay remaining debt, Six, Jan, 8, 166, 182 46–47, 48, 50, 51, 86, 148 Flinck and, 186 Pinto leveling project role in, 48, 50–51, 86, loans and, 53, 57, 58, 171 171 marriage of, 188 partial payment to, 54–56, 58 paintings bought from Rembrandt, 11, 72 transfers promissory note to nephew, 62 passes promissory note to Ornia, 83–84 possible connection with Pinto, 48–50 portrait by Rembrandt, 54, 55, 57–58, 66, 142 Thijs, Hans the younger, 168–169 relationship with Rembrandt, 58–62 Thijs, Johann (Hans the elder), 168–169 worth of, compared with brother, 173 Thijs (Thysius), Johannes Anthonisz, 168–169 Six, Jan (doctor), 174 Thins, Maria, 165 Six, Pieter, 60, 173, 186 Tholincx, Anna, 61 Six, Willem, 174 Tholincx, Arnout, 60 Sketch after Raphael’s Portrait of Baldassare Tholincx, Diederick, 60–61 Castiglione (Rembrandt), 103 Thore,´ Theophile,´ 8 Slive, Seymour, 37, 90, 165 The Three Crosses (Rembrandt), 140, 141, 174–175 Slooter, Cornelis, 164, 174 Titian, 148, 192 Smijters, Samuel, 93 Titus as a student (Rembrandt), 174 Smith, John, 6–7 Titus at His Desk (Rembrandt), 142 von Solms, Amalia, 186 Titus reading (Rembrandt), 174 van Someren, Barent, 93, 166–167 van Toll, Pieter, 56 de Sondt, Pieter, 165 de la Tombe, Jacob, 177 Soolmans, Marten, 169, 170 de la Tombe, Nicolaes, 100, 106 Spiegel, Hendrick Dircksz, 177 de la Tombe, Pieter, 74, 100, 106, 177 Spiering (Silvercrona), Pieter, 95 Torquinus, Henricus, 61 Spinoza, Baruch, 68 Trip, Jacob, 170, 172 Spinoza, Michael, 68, 175 Trip, Margarita, 165 Spranger, Bartholomeus, 98 Trip, Maria, 172–173, 182 Spranger, Constantia, 181 Tromp, Maarten Harpertsz, 163

220

INDEX

tronies, 28, 32, 72, 166, 173, 174–175 van der Voort, Johan, 107 Tuenes, Aeltie, 70 Vos, Jan, 52, 193 Tulp, Catherina, 60 Vrancx, Isaac (Isaacq), 70, 74, 76, 143, 177 Tulp, Margaretha, 58, 60, 173, 186, 188 Vroedschap (Amsterdam ruling regency), 166, Tulp, Nicolaes, 58–59, 60, 116, 177 174 Vroom, Cornelis, 188 van Uffelen, Lucas, 101–102 Vroom, Hendrick, 185 van Uffelen, Maria, 102–103, 176–177 Uyl, Jan Jansz, 103, 182 d’Wagen (Durer),¨ 93 Uylenburgh, Gerrit, 162 van der Wal, Bert, 161–162 Uylenburgh, Hendrick, 33, 46, 47, 93, 118, 123 Weekskamer (Orphans Chamber) as arbiter of Dancx case, 161 on assigning goods to child before bankruptcy, beginning of relationship with Rembrandt, 87 33–34, 166 R. transfers house deed to Titus at, 68 workshop established by, 166–167 records of, 92 Uylenburgh, Hiskia, 70, 82–83 Weenix, Jan Baptist, 20, 24, 161–162 van Uylenburgh, Saskia (R. wife), 8 de Wees, Abraham, 93 death of, 34, 37 de Wees, Adriaen Hendricksz, 76–77, 177 Rembrandt sells grave plot of, 85 Weijbrantz, Pieter, 79 will of, 40, 62, 80–81, 168 van de Wetering, Ernst, 142–143, 144 van Uyttenbroeck, Moyses, 191 Weyerman, Jan Campo, 7 White, Christopher, 11, 170–171 Valentiner, W. R., 170 Wijnman, Hendrik Frederik, 11 Vallembrot, Giovanni Battista, 127–128 de Wijs, Joris, 23, 85 valore di stima, 185 Wilhelm VIII of Hesse-Kassel, 184 Van Vliet, Jan, 75 Willarts, Adam, 26, 163 Varihol, Nicolo´ Corridio, 127 Willem of Orange, 117, 184 van der Veen, Jaap, 13, 31 , 102, 121, 176–177 Willems, Rebecca (R. servant), 108 van der Veken, Geertruijd, 171 Wilmerdoncx, Abraham, 30, 117, 170, 187 Venant, Francois, 93 de Winter, Maerken, 172–173 van de Venne, Adriaen Pietersz, 100 Witsen, Cornelis, 22, 79 Vermeer, Johannes, 13, 17, 24–25, 35 identiﬁcation of de Graeff painting and, 184 Vermeulen, Jannetje, 177 loan to Rembrandt by, 7, 51–53 Verwout, Jan, 78 Quellijn marble bust of, 9, 116 Vesalius, 107 reason for coming to Rembrandt aid, 171 Victors, Jan, 25–26, 165, 174 sale of Rembrandt house and, 78–79, 80, Viennot, Nicolas, 161 87–88, 178 View of Saxenburg Bloemendaal (“Goldweigher’s as subject of Portrait of a Man, 171 Field”; Rembrandt), 49–50, 170–171 Witsen, Jan Cornelisz, 51–53 View of the Hague (van Goyen), 23, 164–165, 185 de Witt, Johan, 173 de Ville, Guilliam, 161 de Witt, Maria, 107 de Ville, Jacques, 174 de Witte, Emanuel, 22–23, 85, 164 van der Vin, Pieter, 164 Woman Bathing in a Stream (Callisto; Rembrandt), Vinck, Immetge, 182 137–138, 139, 191 Vinck, Nicolaes Sebastiansz, 188 Woman Seated by a Stove (Rembrandt), 167 Vingboons, Philips, 169–170 Wtenbogaert, Jan, 47, 96, 142, 166, 170, 186 Vinghboons, Arnout, 67 Wtewael, Joachim Antonisz, 162 Vlessing, Odette, 68 de Vlieger, Simon, 174 Zell, Michael, 13 van Vlooswijck, Cornelis, 177 Zeuxis, 193 van Vollenhoven, Herman, 163 Zoomer, Jan Pietersz, 105 van den Vondel, Joos, 176 van Zuytbroeck, Neeltgen Willemsdr van der Voort, Cornelis, 166–167 (R. mother), 83, 169

221