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In Openness Need Of 1 N°8 /April‘08 the finnish art review In Need of Openness ISSN 1459-6288 2 1 Framework The Finnish Art Review 8/April 08: In Need of Openness 2 Framework 8/April 08: In Need of Openness IC-98 In the Labyrinth Previous page and below: IC-98, from the series Theses on the Body Politic (In the Labyrinth), 2008, pencil on paper/offset. Iconoclast Publications 10 (forthcoming). To constitute a labyrinth, the unit of each room may be cut off and combined with other rooms in infinite combinations. 3 Framework 8/April 08: In Need of Openness The Finnish Art Review Contents framework contents 8/April 2008: 6 Editorial. Locating. In Need of Openness: David Elliott, Jyrki Siukonen on IC-98, Nicholas Brown & Imre Szeman, Chuck Dyke, Katariina Lillqvist, 30 Markku Kivinen, Yrjö Haila. Focus. Paths Not Taken: David Graeber; Brian Holmes; Heikki Patomäki; Teivo Teivainen; Chto delat/What is to be done? (Dmitr y Vilensky, Artemy Magun & Aleksandr Skidan) in Conversation; Artemy Magun; Andrei Khlobystin; An Interview with Viktor Misiano by Ivor Stodolsky, Marita Muukkonen & Aleksei Penzin; Joanna Myt- kowska in Conversation with Charles Esche; Ekaterina 80 Andreeva. Features: Helena Sederholm on Helena Hie- tanen, Lolita Jablonskienė on Anu Pennanen, Tomi Huttunen on Kimmo Sarje, Marina Koldobskaya on 106 Kimmo Sarje. Global Watch: Nomeda & Gedimi- nas Urbonas, Margaret Tali, Khaled Ramadan, RUK. 118 Reviews: Marina Vishmidt, Nikita Kadan, Annamari 126 Vänskä, Erika Nimis, Antti Kaski. Obituary: Erden Kosova on Hüseyin Alptekin. 4 Framework 8/April 08: In Need of Openness IC-98 In the Labyrinth 5 Framework 8/April 08: In Need of Openness Seppälä Editorial Previous page: IC-98, from the series Theses on the Language editing by Susan Heiskanen. Body Politic (In the Labyrinth), 2008, pencil on pa- per/offset. Iconoclast Publications 10 (forthcom- ing). To constitute a labyrinth, the unit of each room may be cut off and combined with other rooms in infinite combinations. The Russian term glasnost, meaning some the return of the distinctive marks literally “openness to public scrutiny” of the Soviet power, including the cult of or “the fact of being public”, became personality, has meant positive national a catchword in international politics self-esteem and stability, for others a loss almost overnight in the wake of the Marketta Right or of freedom of expression, human rights perestroika of the Gorbachev-era Soviet and centralisation of natural resources Union. Glasnost became to symbolise a Seppälä Wrong? to the hands of only few. new type of openness, in stark contrast The murdered journalist Anna to the secrecy of the closed, bureaucrat- Politkovskaya writes in her A Russian ic and authoritarian system of the pre- Diary, the posthumously published vious government. An allusion of this portrayal of Russian life during the Pu- way of talking was, albeit usually im- transition zone between East and West, has also other interests than mediat- tin era: “Our people have been exhaust- plicitly, that the system of government and throughout the country’s history ing news, and politics deviate from the ed by having political and economic in the western democracies has always – during its periods of autonomy and living conditions of ordinary people. experiments conducted on them. They been ”open to public scrutiny”. independence, especially after WW2 – How did such problems grow to get want very much to live better lives, but However, this cannot possibly be – this fact has set special requirements their current shape? do not want to have to fight for that. true. Every system of government has as regards the orientation towards Rus- These developments motivate the They expect everything to come down to keep some political issues secret. In sia, especially with respect to directness theme right or wrong and conduct to to them from above, and if what comes some cases there is no choice on that and openness. The decades after the ask: How genuine can glasnost possibly down from above is repression, they re- point. This situation has important war have been called Finlandizierung be even in the so-called ‘world’s leading sign themselves to it.” moral implications: What secrecy is (Finlandization) by others, while in democracies?’ The tensions between the need of right, what is wrong? Finland a certain acceptance for politi- An acute international example is openness and the need of secrecy create There can be several reasons for the cal compromises based on the famous the bundle of global problems caused by conflicts in modern societies. The ques- need of secrecy. To name some of the YYA Agreement (the Agreement of the ongoing war in Iraq, the brutal con- tion is, is the public always right when most obvious: The world is in the grip Friendship and Collaboration) between dition to which it has reduced the Iraqi demanding openness? In what situa- of rapid transformation, but the geog- Finland and the Soviet Union has been society and the consequences to which tions is the government right in deny- raphy does not change. Although the taken on as a poor necessity and thus as it has led in the rest of the Middle East: ing openness? There is no once and for era of the Cold War was supposed to self protection. the reasons offered for the war have been all solution to the situation. Watchdogs be over, there has been continuous ani- Paradoxically, also important as- proved false from the very beginning. are needed. mosity in international relations. States pects of economic policies must be kept Many commentators have expressed just cannot tell in advance to other momentarily secret from the public in the belief that the recent Russian politics * * * states what they are going to do next. order to protect the public. Tradition- under President Putin have been poorly Mikhail Gorbachev’s “basic theses” In fact, the tension between East and ally, this was the case with devalua- understood in the West. Thanks to oil, for perestroika, based on glasnost, were West seems to be a permanent condi- tion of national currencies. People are the Russian economy has been doing presented to the Central Committee of tion. Only its degree varies according far from equal in their ability to use well. There has been a general belief that the CPSU in 1987. Twenty years down to historical circumstances. The recent economic information for their own rising living standards and increasing that road, which led to the demise of an rush to the North Pole to secure the private benefit. Quite to the contrary, foreign investment will gradually bring entire way of life in Russia and Eastern natural resources available in the Arc- with advance knowledge of important forth a more liberal political order. Rus- Europe and the re-constellation of the tic, started last year by Russia and rap- economic decisions, those who have sia’s crucial role as an exporter of energy international system, the Aleksanteri idly joined by Canada, the US, Den- economic power can hoard profit by as well as its co-operation in the ‘war Institute of the University of Helsinki mark, and Norway, has been a kind of manipulating expectations. on terror’ and as an ally against nuclear organised the international conference breathtaking international theatre play Recent experience shows that eco- proliferation are significant factors that Revisiting Perestroika – Processes and Al- on national protectionism. At the same nomic problems and environmental lessen international pressure on the ternatives 29 November – 1 December, time Britain and Russia were dispelling catastrophes may have geographic and country’s internal politics. According to 2007. The conference aimed to create their diplomats home in the aftermath cultural backgrounds that extend back some commentators, the present stabil- a major intellectual forum to revisit of Andrei Litvinenko’s murder, the Eu- in time for centuries. The upsurge of ity of the Russian political system would this era of dramatic changes and offer a ropean University was closed in St. Pe- modern terrorism has also brought mu- have been threatened by genuinely free significant contribution to the reassess- tersburg due to reasons of “fire safety”, tual suspicions and contrasts concern- electoral competition and, hence, it ment of the epoch of perestroika and etc. At last the dispute after Kosova’s ing religions and world views between was safer to get a candidate promoted its relation to the collapse of the Soviet declaration of independence brought the West and the Islamic world into the by President Putin to be elected. What bloc, the end of the Cold War, as well literally back the juxtaposition of the international agenda. Global terrorism does it tell about the prospects of Rus- as its global repercussions. Cold War era in hardening rhetoric and has given rise to new restrictions and sia’s road toward democracy? In any The conference gave an inspiration international diplomacy. surveillance methods everywhere. In case, Russia is today completely dif- for this issue of Framework to analyse But there are also internal reasons. the increasingly cynical world which ferent than what is was eight years ago questions about the need of openness, Finland, for example, is located at a only seeks economic profit, the media when Putin was elected president. To against the dilemma of right or wrong. + 6 Framework 8 Locating Introduction Locating: In Need of Openness This issue of Framework takes up changes both in Russia and in the can be open to everything – but there ent perspectives. The critical potential the highly topical theme of open- world politics at large. are also limitations of a more principal of the arts gives assets for promoting ness – glasnost – in the sense it was FOCUS in this issue looks for kind.
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