Grappling as Projected in the Archaeological Finds of Ancient and Medieval India Kush Dhebar1 1. 505, Technology Apartment, 24 IP Extension, Delhi – 110 092, New Delhi, India (Email:
[email protected]) Received: 16 July 2018; Revised: 08 September 2018; Accepted: 17 October 2018 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 6 (2018): 908‐925 Abstract: Grappling as an unarmed form of combat that has been prevalent in India since the ancient times. Grappling included present day forms of wrestling, Pehelvani, Jiu‐Jitsu, Judo and classical pugilism. Ancient Indian literature is full of references of grappling and other martial arts but along with that India has an undying tradition of archaeological evidences of grappling in the form of sculptures and terracotta plates on Indian monuments right from the Sunga‐ Kushana period to the VIjayanagara period. Keywords: Archaeology, Wrestling, Grappling, Jiu‐Jitsu, Iconography, Mallayuddha, Mushti‐Yuddha Introduction Ancient India had great and widespread martial and physical traditions. Martial Arts practiced by martial artists was known as Mallavidya. This mallavidya was practiced in earthen mud pits known as Akhadas in North India, Talim in Maharashtra and Garadi Mane in Karnataka. The mallavidya that we see today is more or less restricted to wrestling and grappling, but during the ancient times there are references of striking like punches, knees and elbows also being used. For example, in the Harivamsha Purana there are famous bouts between Lord Krishna and his brother Balarama and wrestlers Chanura and Mushtika. If one reads the Purana one can see how fists and knees were used by the wrestlers during the bouts.