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Stone Age  Proto-History

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Stone Age  Proto-History ANCIENT INDIA + ART AND CULTURE By ANAND BATHIA Trend Analysis 2020 Prelims Culture = 4 Ancient + Art and Culture Questions Ancient = 4 11 11 9 8 7 7 6 6 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 What is agenda of this series??? Pre-History IVC Vedic Period Buddhism and Jainism Mauryan Post Mauryan Kushan Gupta Period South Indian History Architecture, Dance, Paintings etc Bhakti and Sufi What to read ???? Ancient India by R S Sharma Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania Fine Art NCERT HISTORY 3 Phases Pre-History Stone Age Proto-History Chalcolithic History Iron Pre-History/Stone Age Classification Paleolithic(600000 BCE to 10000 BCE) Mesolithic(10000 BCE to 7000 BCE) Neolithic(7000 BCE to 4000 BCE ) Practice Question Arrange the following in chronological order: 1. Palaeolithic period 2. Mesolithic period 3. Neolithic period 4. Metal period Select the correct answer using the codes below. (a) 1-2-3-4 (b) 2-1-4-3 (c) 2-1-3-4 (d) 3-2-1-4 Confusion??? Paleolithic Classification of Paleolithic – Early/lower, Middle and Later Classification by tools and layers Hunting and food gathering Early/Lower Paleolithic tools Unpolished and undressed Factory sites e.g Didwana all 3 Paleolithic phases Quartzite Bhimbetaka hills made of quartzite and sandstaone Core tools Hand axe, pebble tools, cleaver Lower Palaleolithic Places Dindwana(Rj) Factory site Maharashtra=>Pune Bhimbetaka(MP) Belan(UP) Garo Hills Isampur, Gulbarga Attirampakkam(TN) Paleolithic Paleolithic coincides with ice age Ice melting – extinction of many species Middle Paleolithic = Flakes Levallois technique Upper/later Paleolithic Parallel sided tools Blades, Burins Homo sapiens Stone Age - Art Rock Art Petroglyphs art Animals are predominant motif ‘Aditorium cave’ Ostrich egg art Life of palaleolithic people Bhimbetaka and Hunsgi – continuous occupation for thousands of year Others camp site “Band society” Misconception = continuous struggle for survival More gatherers than hunters Practice Question Ostriches were found in India during Palaeolithic age. Which site holds the proof of that? (a) Patne (b) Deojali hading (c) Burzahom (d) None Mesolithic (10000 BCE to 7000 BCE) Holocene = climate change Climate warm and dry, changes in fauna Move to new areas Microlith tools - geometric shaped Polished and sharpened Chert, crystalline silica, chalcedony Bagor to Deccan trap Domestication of animals Mesolithic Art 1st rock paintings Sohagighat Bhimbetaka V. S. Wakankar 642 rock shelters and 400 have paintings “Auditorium cave” UNESCO world heritage 16 colours but white and red predominant Animal dominate scenes = 29 animal species No snake Realistic animals and some in “X-ray format” Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Hunting scene, trapping of animal, fishing, family development and group dance No pottery Paintings on sealing Neolithic(7000 BCE to 4000 BCE ) Neolithic revolution Farming and domestication of animals Why?? Mehargarh = “Bread Basket” Earliest crops in India = wheat and Barley Earliest granary Mehargarh Pottery Earliest evidence of rice cultivation – Koldiwaha Special sites – Kashmir and Chirand Domestic dogs buried with masters Largest numbers of sites in south India Limitation – only stone tools Practice Question_1 Which of the pairs given above are INCORRECTLY matched? Period/Age Characteristic Feature 1. Palaeolithic Age Microliths 2. Mesolithic Age Invention of pottery 3. Neolithic Age Discovery of fire a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = d) CHALCOLITHIC Metal used – copper Technologically chalcolithic pre-Harappans but chronologically not RJ = Ahar and Gilund Ahar = stone house and Gilund = Bricks Malawa in MP and Jorwe in Maharshtra Navdatoli on bank of Narmada Not acquainted with burnt bricks Black and red pottery Spinning, weaving, ivory work were known CHALCOLITHIC Limitations Domesticated animal but used for food only Jhum cultivation – no remains of plough or hoe Rural background Art of writing was not known PRACTICE QUESTION Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Prehistoric paintings in India? a) The earliest paintings in India have been discovered from the Neolithic sites. b) At Bhimbetka caves, paintings only from the Chalcolithic age have been discovered. c) Rock shelters of Bhimbetka have been discovered from Satpura range in Madhya Pradesh. d) None of the above Ans = D) Practice With reference to the pre-historic paintings, consider the following statements: 1. Pre-historic paintings were only concentrated in Northern India. 2. Themes of paintings found in Bhimbetka included mundane events of the daily life of those times and sacred images. 3. Lakhudiyar paintings are famous prehistoric paintings found in Bihar. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only ANS = c) INDUS VALLEY CIVILASATION INDUS VALLEY CIVILASATION Largest contemporary civilization First urban civilization Excavation by Daya Ram Sahani Bronze tools and artifacts Harrapan, Indus or Sindhu Saraswati ??? 3 – phases Regionalization Integration/Mature Localization Origin Diffusion ?? Saraswati Practice Who among the following archaeologists discovered the site of Harappa belonging to Indus Valley civilization? a) Rakhal Das Bannerjee b) Sir William Jones c) Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar d) Daya Ram Sahni ANS = d) SITES Important sites Kot diji – early Harappan, horned deity Harrappa – Granaries, copper scale, male torso Town plan - parallelogram Mohenjo-Daro – great bath, great granary, beard priests, Dancing girl Chanhu Daro – Centre of craft activity=> beads of carnelian, agate etc Only city without citadel Dholvira (Gujrat) – water harvesting system, stadium SITES Sites Lothal – connected by Bhogava which is tributary of Sabarmati, Naval trade, rice, chess, horse like figure, instruments for measuring angles, fire altar Rakhigarhi – 3 phases of IVC Ropar(Punjab) – copper axe, building of stone Kalibangan(Rj) – bangle factory, toy carts, fire altar, ploughed field Well fortified Banawali (Haryana) – on dried Sarasvati river, lapis lazuli, only city with radial roads Shortughai (Af) – on oxus river Harappan Sites Map Practice Question_5 Harappan site River 1. Mahenjadaro Indus 2. Kalibangan Sindh 3. Alamgirpur Hindon 4. Harappa Sutlej 5. Lothal Bhogava Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? a) 1, 3 and 4 only b) 1, 2 and 5 only c) 1, 3 and 5 only d) 2, 4 and 5 only ANS = c) Rivers and Harappan Site Indus – Mahenjadaro (Pakistan), Chanhudaro (Pakistan). Ravi – Harappa (Pakistan). Ghaggar – Kalibangan (Rajastan). Sutlej – Ropar(Punjab). Rangoi – Banawali (Haryana). Hindon – Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh). Bhogava (Tributary of Sabarmati) – Lothal (Gujarat). Practice Arts of The Indus Valley Material used 1. Dancing Girl A. Terracotta 2. BeardedPriest B. Bronze 3. Male Torso C. Sandstone 4. Mother Goddess D. Steatite Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 – A ; 2 – D ; 3 – C ; 4 – B b) 1 – A ; 2 – C ; 3 – D ; 4 – B c) 1 – B ; 2 – D ; 3 – C ; 4 – A d) 1 – B ; 2 – C ; 3 – D ; 4 – A ANS = c) Practice Harappan Site Modern day Province 1. Manda Jammu and Kashmir 2. Dholavira Rajasthan 3. Banawal Haryana Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 3 only ANS = c) Practice Question Which of the following is/are the findings in the Harappan site of Lothal? 1. Rice husk 2. Artificial Dockyard 3. Impression of a ship on seal 4. Double Burial Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 and 4 only c) 1, 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 ANS = d) HARAPPAN TOWN PLANNING Two parts Lower town and citadel Right angle roads Width 9 meters Burnt mud bricks with standardized dimensions Two stories houses Toilets in almost every house (स्वच्छ हरप्पा अभियान ) Granaries on raised platforms and properly ventilated Great bath Drainage system Biggest Towns – M H D K INDUS VALLEY CIVILASATION Harappa Chanhudaro = bead factory houses The citadel at Harappa was shaped like a parallelogram Lothal = Rectangular plan warehouse dockyard = provisions for maintaining a regular level of water Dholavira = outer fortification and different sections Burial system Three types of grave – extended, symbolic and fractional Wooden coffin North south position Respect to body = Kept with number of pots never too many or lavish Town Planning Plan of Dholvira Practice Question With reference to Harappan Civilization, consider the following statements: 1. The roads were laid out along a grid pattern. 2. The citadels inhabited by the ruling class were always built in the east part of the city. 3. The Great Bath made up of stone was used for ritual bathing. Which of the statements given above is/are INCORRECT? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 only ANS = d Practice Located in the Khadir island, it is one of the sites where the remains of the Harappan civilization have been found. This quadrangular city lay between two seasonal streams, the Mansar in the north and Manhar in the south, and had three distinct zones-the Upper, Middle, and Lower Towns. It is unique because remains of a complete water system have been found here. Which of the following Harrapan Valley cities fit the description given above? a) Amri b) Kot diji c) Dholavira d) Mohenjedaro Ans= C) INDUS VALLEY CIVILASATION SCULPTURES Seals Steatite stone Agate, chert, copper, gold
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