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A Brief Discussion on Cultural Heritage of the Harappan Civilization and Its Evaluation Through Anthropological and Ethnographical Methods

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A Brief Discussion on Cultural Heritage of the Harappan Civilization and Its Evaluation Through Anthropological and Ethnographical Methods Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 25 A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION AND ITS EVALUATION THROUGH ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL METHODS Yuzhang Yang, Muhammad Hameed, Muhammad Azam Sameer ABSTRACT Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization is one of the remarkable ancient societies of the ancient world. Significantly, the cultural heritage of this civilization portrays it as indigenous civilization. Its artifacts endorse its aboriginality and attract the scholars to ponder over its cultural heritage. For the assessment of its cultural heritage, anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology are the best tools to distinguish it appropriately. Being a renowned civilization in the world, much of the archaeological work has been done, but less in the field of anthropology and ethnography. The urban life of the people of this civilization refers the zenith of advance the metropolitan approach that presents social, administrative, and political understanding about its people. The focusing aims of this manuscript denominate the cultural heritage, anthropology, ethnography and to assess the social, political, religious, agricultural, art, architecture, rites and rituals, traditions, and norms of the ancient people of Harappan Civilization. Most prominently, the application of scientific methods of anthropology and their role for the assessment of cultural heritage, specifically Tangible and Intangible is also a chief aim of the manuscript. Keywords: Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, Culture, Heritage, Anthropology, manuscript, Tangible INTRODUCTION Culture is a set of basic conventions and orientations to beliefs, behavior, and policies of life that formulates a group of people that sways their lives (Spencer-Oatey, 2008). In further, Tangible and Intangible Cultures are its divisions that portray the moveable and immoveable heritage of any community or society. Ultimately, culture depicts its valuable prints on the lives of people. The study on the cultural heritage of ancient civilizations always magnetizes the scholars and in this sense, all ancient civilizations of the ancient world have been rendered and noted with their unique cultural 26 Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 heritage. Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization (Figure 1) has been observed as one of the prominent ancient societies of the Pre-historic times during the Bronze Age (3300 B.C). Geographically, the Harappan Civilization covers an area of present-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and some expanses of India. (Singh, 2008). In further explanation, Harappa site (30°37′44″N 72°51′50″E), is its type-site or mother site through which this civilization spread out. Harappa is one of the important metropolitan cities of Indus Valley Civilization, such as Mohenjo-Daro, Ganweriwala, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi (Kenoyer, 2008; Petrie, 2013) (Figure 2). The greater Harappan Civilization is roughly calculated with 2600 archaeological sites (Possehl, 1999) which show gigantic cultural denomination of this civilization. As far as the ancient world is observed, this civilization is famous for its urbanized culture, which was principled and unique (Wright, 2010; Possehl, 2002; Kenoyer, 1998; Lal, 1997; Wheeler, 1968). These ancient societies such as Egyptian, Chinese, Persian, Harappan, Greek, Mesopotamian, and Roman have unique cultures that attract scholars. This civilization emerged on the Indus River, which flows through the span of Pakistan and in addition, the Ghaggar-Hakra River (northwest India and eastern Pakistan) bears its footprints as well. This civilization has unique traits but full of its form can be observed in its Mature Phase (2500-1900 B.C). Chronologically, it is recognized with Early Harappan Phase, Harappan Phase, Mature Harappan Phase Late Harappan Phase, and Post Harappan Phase respectively. To evaluate the cultural values of the people, anthropology illustrates all hidden mysteries and it is upright as the best source of it. In addition, it is dealt with the cultural values of the human being from their origins. In this regard, ancient societies have also been under the concentration of anthropologists. With the context of anthropology, the culture of Harappan Civilization is documented as the urbanized culture in the ancient world. With the advantage of archaeology as a sister subject of anthropology, Harappan Civilization can be examined well regarding its cultural heritage. For the documentation of this civilization with the consideration of anthropology, ethnography, and ethnology, the scientific methods and theories are the best tools to formulate the scheme of this research. All the aspects such as political values, administration, kinship, socio-cultural worth, religion beliefs, dress, gender, arts, human relationships, customs, norms, traditions, etc. are the main features of the culture that are analyzed in this manuscript with the help of anthropological scientific methods. Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 27 Figure.1 The extent and key sites of Harappan Civilization (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION -major-sites-2.jpg) 28 Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 Figure.2 The depiction of 5 metropolitan cities of Indus Valley Civilization (After Petrie et al. 2017) Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 29 SCIENTIFIC METHODS The qualitative and quantitative analysis for data collection regarding Harappan Civilization is apt with the outlook of anthropology that is obtained from the antiquities or artifacts. Great number of sites, artifacts, social conditions, and structures related to Harappan Civilization are also handy resources that endow with qualitative and quantitative data. The applications of anthropological techniques would intricate a scientific viewpoint, society structure, and cultural values. Through the implication of anthropological techniques, the social-cultural circumstances and familiarity about Harappan Civilization can also be under the management of anthropology. Proportional anthropological techniques are another superlative methodology, which gives the utmost understanding of the ancient remains of Harappan Civilization. With the help of proportional or comparative method, the cultural constituent of any society is highlighted in a framework. As far as the evolution of culture is observed, most of the cultural assumptions evaluate the central figure of culture and its philosophy. In a clear wise saying, the cultural frameworks always have the assumptions that can be modified for further effect (Lumsden, 1981; Durham, 1991). In addition, the comparative method penetrates the human attitude in various spheres. With the help of this comparative method, the behaviors of ancient people of Harappan Civilization can be observed scientifically. Another effective method to analyze the culture of Harappan Civilization, mapping of cultural assets, both tangible and intangible. In this efficient method, the ways of living, norms, behaviors, architecture, houses, linguistics, and wearing can be evaluated. This is the ultimate process, through which complete cultural associations are focused with the assistance of anthropological considerations. In a broader spectrum, Tangible Cultural Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage are the domains of this method. With further concerning, Ethnographical techniques are also handy and useful. These techniques cover the systematic cultural study of any community is carried out which surrounds the social groups of people. The ethnographical methods depict the qualitative and quantitative analysis through which the testing and learning are centered which is as like a pack of knowledge about people (Moll, 1990). Another striking feature of this method is to execute an exploration progression that holds the inductive techniques to test the hypothesis. In this feasibility, the ethnographical study on Harappan people is striking and result based. The remarkably, ethnographical methods are also considered as empirical (Gobo, 2008b). On the other hand, it is also like the observatory method through which the anthropological observations about Harappan culture are featured and centered. All the cultural aspects are encircled with observational perspectives. Above all, the Quantitative and qualitative analysis in anthropological methods is valuable through which the cultural differences and cultural identities are evaluated scientifically. With the help of these methods, the census, statistics, percentile, and observations and past confrontations related to Harappan Civilization can also be centered. 30 Ancient Punjab – Volume 4, 2016-2017 RESULTS & DISCUSSION A BRIEF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE With the context of the material got from the archaeological sites, it is firmly proved that is purely indigenous (Mughal, 1970), which is also the first civilization of South Asia flourish by the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. In addition, it has deep roots towards prehistoric times and available archaeological material speaks about Paleolithic culture to Neolithic culture respectively. This civilization is noticed by many a sole and distinct features among its contemporaneous civilizations of the Nile and Tigris- Euphrates Valleys. In this regard, this civilization was local but contemporary to Mesopotamian Civilization. Therefore, archaeological insights are interesting and unsurpassed. The available data claims that this civilization emerged with the progression of agriculture with the attributes of urban culture and well-organized town planning.
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