Islamischer ‚Fundamentalismus‘ Neu Betrachtet

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Islamischer ‚Fundamentalismus‘ Neu Betrachtet Islamischer ‚Fundamentalismus‘ neu betrachtet. Performative Konstruktionen skripturaler Authentizität: Mauritische Muslime zwischen nationalen und religiösen Identifikationen. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Herrn Frank Donath geb. am 19. März 1972 in Halle/Saale Gutachter: Professor Burkhard Schnepel Professor Günther Schlee Tag der Verteidigung: 16.Mai 2011 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Name, Vorname: Frank Donath Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel Islamischer ‚Fundamentalismus‘ neu betrachtet. Performative Konstruktionen skripturaler Authentizität: Mauritische Muslime zwischen nationalen und religiösen Identifikationen. selbstständig verfasst habe, dass ich keine anderen Quellen und Hilfsmittel als die angegebenen benutzt habe und dass ich die Stellen der Arbeit, die ich anderen Werken – auch elektronischen Medien – dem Wortlaut oder Sinn nach entnommen habe, in jedem Fall unter Angabe der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht habe. Leipzig, den 17.12.13, Frank Donath _______________________________________ (Ort, Datum, Unterschrift) Frank Donath Islamischer ‚Fundamentalismus‘ neu betrachtet. Performative Konstruktionen skripturaler Authentizität: mauritische Muslime zwischen nationalen und religiösen Identifikationen. „I searched out my companions, who were lost in crystal canyons when the aimless blade of science slashed the pearly gates“. [Neil Young in Thrasher (Rust never sleeps) 1979] dem Perlentor1 1 Der in der Widmung verwendete Ausdruck pearly gates wird gewöhnlich als „Himmelspforte“ und in Erweiterung als „Paradies“ verstanden. Die abweichende Übertragung als „Perlentor“ bietet jedoch neue Assoziationsangebote. Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich Professor Schnepel meinen tiefen Dank ausdrücken, der dieses Projekt von Anfang an mit viel Engagement und Kraft begleitete. Er war es auch, der mir dieses Thema nahe brachte und mich dazu ermutigte, diese Arbeit zu schreiben. Ihm obliegt auch der Dank bei der erfolgreichen Suche nach einer Finanzierung, welche zum wesentlichen Teil durch die Fritz Thyssen Stiftung für Wissenschaftsförderung realisiert wurde. Dieser Institution möchte ich ebenfalls meinen Dank aussprechen, welche unter anderem meinen ersten, sechsmonatigen Feldaufenthalt 2004/05 finanzierte. Nach dem Auslaufen dieser Finanzierung empfahl mich Professor Burckhard Schnepel bei Professor Günther Schlee, dem Direktor des Max-Planck-Institutes für ethnologische Forschung in Halle/Saale. Er ermöglichte mir im Rahmen einer zweijährigen Anstellung als Doktorand einen zweiten, sechsmonatigen Feldaufenthalt. Auch ihm möchte ich herzlich für das entgegengebrachte Vertrauen und die großzügige Unterstützung danken. In Mauritius danke ich auf institutioneller Ebene ganz besonders Professor Vinesh Hookoomsing von der Universität Mauritius, der sich engagiert für meine Forschungs- genehmigung einsetzte. Während meiner Feldaufenthalte wurde ich ‚unter die Fittiche‘ der ausgiebigen und herzlichen Gastfreundschaft der Dorfbewohner von Petite Marmite genommen. Ungezählte Einladungen zum Abendessen in einem Umfeld, wo viele Frauen mit viel Eifer um das beste Essen konkurrierten, ließen mir ungezählte Portionen leckeren biryanis und andere Köstlichkeiten der indischen Küche zukommen. Hier danke ich vor allem den Familien Goolamkhan, Noorally, Yateem, sowie den Großfamilien Boodhen und Khodaboccus. Der größte Dank gebührt meiner Familie und hier vor allem Esther, die mir die ganze Zeit über beiseite stand und mich geduldig und nachsichtig durch alle schwierigen Phasen der Forschungsarbeit begleitet hat. Frank Donath Abkürzungsverzeichnis Die Sprachen A Arabisch B Bhojpuri E Englisch F Französisch ‚I‘ ‚Indisch‘ M Morisyen (Mauritius-Kreolisch) U Urdu Die Quellen Atchia Atchia-Emmerich E L´Express FN Feldnotizen Jaha Jahangeer-Chojoo H Haroon Yateem Z Zaheer Goolamkhan I Zur Umschrift muslimisch-islamischer Fachbegriffe Bezüglich der Frage, welche Art von Umschriften für arabisch-islamische Fachbegriffe verwendet werden soll, stehen grundsätzlich zwei Möglichkeiten zur Auswahl: In einigen führenden, vor allem aus der islamwissenschaftlichen Perspektive entstandenen Werken (z.B. Holt et al. 1970; Bosworth et al. (Hg.) 1991ff) ist es üblich, islamische Termini wie auch islamische Namen grundsätzlich mit einer für das Arabische entwickelten Umschrift wiederzugeben. Dies ist bei deutschsprachigen Publikationen die Umschrift, wie sie von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (DMG) empfohlen wird. Die Umschrift der DMG soll in dieser Arbeit für denjenigen Teil der islamischen Fachbegriffe angewandt werden, bei denen die Verbundenheit zu einer arabisch geprägten islamischen Kultur in all ihrer überregionalen Dimension und transnationalen Vernetztheit gekennzeichnet werden soll. Am deutlichsten erscheint der Vorteil dieses Ansatzes an der in Mauritius verbreiteten Bezeichnung für das islamische Opferfest ‛īd al-Aḍḥā, dessen aus Südasien stammende Bezeichnung bakrī ʿīd [U: Rinderfest] ohne Urdukenntnisse kaum verständlich ist. Gleichzeitig hat dieser Ansatz seine Grenzen dort, wo kulturelle Termini mit arabischstämmigen Begriffen bezeichnet werden, wobei es jedoch zu einer Bedeutungsverschiebung gekommen ist. Für diese Gruppe von Begriffen soll eine vereinfachte Umschrift verwendet werden, welche diakritische Zeichen nur sparsam verwendet, auf die Kennzeichnung von gutturalen und emphatischen Lauten verzichtet und nur die Vokallängen markiert. Dem Leser mit Arabischkenntnissen fällt es leicht, die im Arabischen vorhandene Form und deren Bedeutung auch ohne Diakritika zu erkennen. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die in Mauritius nach südasiatischem Vorbild als naat bezeichneten Loblieder auf den Propheten (Qureshi 1986). Eine arabisierende Umschrift würde fälschlicherweise Assoziationen an die arabische Bedeutung als (نعت) als na‛t „Beschreibung“ oder „Kennzeichnung“ erwecken. Eine andere Lösung wird bei denjenigen Begriffen umgesetzt, welche klar im südasiatischem Islam beheimatet sind. Da innerhalb und außerhalb von Mauritius Urdu als Sprache des südasiatischen Islams angesehen wird, sollen diese Begriffe in der offiziellen Urduumschrift wiedergegeben II werden. So existiert beispielsweise in Mauritius das als qavvāl [U:] bezeichnete, musikalische Genre der aus Südasien stammenden Sufi-Musik. Nach seinem arabischen Ursprung würde qawwāl [A:] als „geschwätzig“ oder „Volkssänger“ im allgemeinen Sinn verstanden werden und ebenfalls auf eine falsche Bedeutung verweisen. Dort, wo in dieser Arbeit der lokale Charakter eines Konzeptes herausgestellt werden soll, um möglicherweise Unterschiede zu globalen Vorbildern zu kennzeichnen, sollen die lokal verwendeten Bezeichnungen in Gebrauch kommen. Diese Methode hat dort ihre Stärken, wo es darum geht, Zwischenstationen eines Begriffes bei seiner Reise im globalen ideoscape (Appadurai 1990: 6) nachzuvollziehen. Dies ist beispielsweise bei muslimischen Eigennamen der Fall, die häufig auf eine arabische Grundbedeutung zurückführbar sind. Diese ist jedoch in Mauritius nicht immer und jedem geläufig. So wissen nur wenige Muslime mit dem Namen „Zameer“, dass der arabische Ursprung ḍamīr das Bedeutungsfeld „Herz, Sinn, Inneres“ oder „Gewissen“ umschreibt. Das arabische ḍamīr verlor bei seinem Übergang in den persischen Kulturkreis seine emphatischen Laute und wurde zu zamīr, welches in Mauritius schließlich mit einer anglisierenden Orthographie versehen zu „Zameer“ wurde. In einem weiteren Beispiel sind muslimisch-mauritische Namen wie Ahad oder Khaliq für arabophone Islamisten die reinste Gotteslästerung, da al-Aḥad [A: der Eine] al-Kāliq [A: der Schöpfer] Synonyme Allahs sind. Die arabischen Vorbilder ‛abd al-Aḥad [A: Knecht des Einen] und ‛abd al- Kāliq [A: Knecht des Schöpfers] verloren auf dem Weg über Persien nach Südasien und weiter nach Mauritius das bei solcherlei arabischen Namen obligatorische ‛abd. Diesen partiellen Bedeutungsverlust zu verschleiern würde bedeuten, wichtige kulturelle Nuancen zu unterdrücken. Weiterhin sollen die im Deutschen bekannten arabischen Bezeichnungen wie Ramadan und Koran erhalten bleiben. Ausnahmen bilden solche, in der islamischen Theologie bedeutende Personen, deren Namen an die hocharabische Form angepasst werden sollen. Mohamed wird somit als Muhammad wiedergegeben. Bei der Übersetzung von Predigten soll grundsätzlich auf eine Wiedergabe der Lobformeln verzichtet werden. Bei diesen Eulogien handelt es sich häufig um die nach der Erwähnung des Prophetennamen übliche Formel „salla Allāh ‛alaihi wa sallam“ [A: Allah segne ihn und schenke ihm Heil]. Weitere Eulogien gibt es für die Erwähnung des III Gottesnamens, der Prophetengefährten sowie bei der Nennung islamischer Heiliger. Schlußendlich soll die Schreibweise der in Französisch und Morisyen gehaltenen Passagen betrachtet werden. Solcherlei sprachliche Ausdrucksweisen, die von meinen Informanten als Französisch intendiert sind, sollen nach der französischen Rechtschreibung wiedergegeben werden. Auch für Morisyen gibt es einen kürzlich entwickelten Standart, der jedoch nicht allzu verbreitet ist. Hier soll diejenige Schreibweise verwendet werden, die meine Gewährsleute verwenden. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungsverzeichnis I Zur Umschrift muslimisch-islamischer Fachbegriffe III Einleitung VIII Erster Teil: Der polyethnische Mauritianismus als mauritischer Nationalismus 1 I Die Grundlagen des polyethnischen Mauritianismus 2 1 Einleitung 2
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