DOCSLIB.ORG

State of Theworld's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of Theworld's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 Focus on Religious Minorities minority rights group international State of theWorld’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 Events of 2009 State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 Acknowledgements Published July 2010 Minority Rights Group International (MRG) Production: Kristen Harrison gratefully acknowledges the support of all organizations Copy editing: Sophie Richmond and individuals who gave financial and other assistance Design: Tom Carpenter, Texture to this publication, including CAFOD, the European Printed in the UK Commission, the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Minority Rights Group International 54 Commercial Street, London E1 6LT, United Minority Rights Group International Kingdom. Tel +44 (0)20 7422 4200, Fax +44 (0)20 Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non- 7422 4201, Email [email protected] governmental organization (NGO) working to secure Website www.minorityrights.org the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote Getting involved cooperation and understanding between communities. MRG relies on the generous support of institutions Our activities are focused on international advocacy, and individuals to further our work. All donations training, publishing and outreach. We are guided received contribute directly to our projects with by the needs expressed by our worldwide partner minorities and indigenous peoples. network of organizations which represent minority One valuable way to support us is to subscribe to and indigenous peoples. MRG works with over 150 our report series. Subscribers receive regular MRG organizations in nearly 50 countries. Our governing reports and our annual review. We also have over Council, which meets twice a year, has members from 100 titles which can be purchased from our publi- State of 9 different countries. MRG has consultative status cations catalogue. In addition, MRG publications with the United Nations Economic and Social Council are available to minority and indigenous peoples’ (ECOSOC), and observer status with the African organizations through our library scheme. the World’s Commission on Human and People’s Rights. MRG MRG’s unique publications provide well- is registered as a charity and a company limited by researched, accurate and impartial information on guarantee under English law. Registered charity no. minority and indigenous peoples’ rights worldwide. 282305, limited company no. 1544957. We offer critical analysis and new perspectives on Minorities and international issues. Our specialist training materi- © Minority Rights Group International, July 2010. als include essential guides for NGOs and others All rights reserved. on international human rights instruments, and on Indigenous accessing international bodies. Many MRG publica- Material from this publication may be reproduced tions have been translated into several languages. for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes. If you would like to know more about MRG, No part of it may be reproduced in any form for how to support us and how to work with us, please Peoples commercial purposes without the prior express visit our website www.minorityrights.org permission of the copyright holders. Selected MRG publications: For further information please contact MRG. A CIP p Pakistan: Minorities at Risk in the North-West 2010 catalogue record of this publication is available from p Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq’s Events of 2009 the British Library. Uprooted Minorities p Discrimination and Political Participation in Bosnia Focus: Religious Minorities ISBN 978-1-904584-97-1 and Herzegovina Inside front cover: A Muslim man reads to two This document has been produced Edited by Preti Taneja children in a makeshift mosque in Wil, Switzerland. with the financial assistance of the Their community’s project to build a cultural European Union. The contents of this centre with a minaret was one of the proposals document are the sole responsibility of Minority that sparked a controversial anti-minaret cam- Rights Group International and can under no paign that led to a referendum banning minarets in circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position Switzerland. Mark Henley/Panos. of the European Union Minority Rights Group International 6 Foreword 74 Americas Asma Jahangir, UN Special Maurice Bryan Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief 100 Asia and Oceania Felix Corley, Jared Ferrie, Part 1 Thematic essays David Fickling and Farah Mihlar 10 Religious minorities in a 150 Europe post-9/11 world Katalin Halász Nazila Ghanea, James A. Goldston, Mumtaz Lalani and Preti Taneja 178 Middle East Lena El-Malak 20 Engaging across divides: interfaith dialogue for peace and justice Part 3 Reference Susan Hayward 197 Peoples under threat 2010 30 Religious minorities and the Millennium Development Goals 208 Status of ratification of major Corinne Lennox international and regional instruments relevant to minority 42 Balancing women’s rights with and indigenous rights freedom of religion Compiled by Marusca Perazzi Zohra Moosa 220 Who are minorities? Part 2 Regional overviews 221 Selected abbreviations 50 Africa Korir Sing’Oei 222 Contributors 224 Acknowledgements s United Nations Special Rapporteur on Below: A boy from Pakistan’s minority Sikh freedom of religion or belief, I have had the population collects aid after fleeing the Swat and A opportunity to conduct country missions Buner districts. Jared Ferrie/MRG. and document individual cases in which freedom of religion or belief has allegedly been violated. These so, states pander to the interests of the religious major- encounters have confirmed my perception that mem- ity community. However, such discrimination against bers of minorities – alongside other groups including religious minorities is often symptomatic of much women, indigenous peoples, refugees and migrants – deeper problems, with governments frequently using are particularly vulnerable to human rights violations. sectarianism as a diversion from other more pressing Some national laws openly discriminate against indi- political, social and economic issues. viduals on the basis of religion or belief, or a perceived A recent survey by US-based think-tank the Pew lack of religious fervour. Violent acts or threats against Forum indicates that about one-third of countries cur- members of religious minorities are also perpetrated rently have high or very high restrictions on religion. by non-state actors, unfortunately all too often with Within these countries, the most salient issue which impunity. needs addressing seems to be legislation which unduly Discrimination based on religion or belief often limits the right to manifest one’s religion or belief, for emanates from deliberate state policies to ostracize example through registration requirements or undue Foreword members of certain minority communities. In doing restrictions on places of worship. Forced conversion, Asma Jahangir UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief 6 Foreword State of the World’s Minorities State of the World’s Minorities Foreword 7 2009 and Indigenous Peoples 2010 often targeting women and children who are Lahore, was arrested when she organized in getting legislation passed through abducted, is another particularly malign problem a march to protest the proposed law of parliament in their favour. Jahangir which needs to be tackled. At the same time, in a Profile evidence which equated the testimonies has defended cases of discrimination number of countries, individuals who have volun- of two female witnesses to that of just one against religious minorities, women tarily changed their religion or belief continue to ‘People aren’t willing to believe that these reliable male witness. and children. She defended three face discrimination, threats and, in the most seri- injustices happen in our society. … But 1987 Together with her sister, Hina Jilani, Christians, among them a 14-year- ous cases, even death. Governments and religious it’s all going on next door.’ Asma Jahangir, established AGHS Legal Aid as an NGO. old boy, accused of blasphemy. In leaders must understand that freedom of thought, speaking to TIME magazine in 2003 AGHS Legal Aid is the first free legal aid an effort to combat rising rates of conscience and religion includes everybody’s free- centre in Pakistan and specializes in gender ‘disappearances’, she has also called dom to change religion or belief, i.e. not just con- violence legal cases. The AGHS Legal Aid on the Pakistani Attorney-General version to the majority or official religion of the Cell in Lahore also runs Dastak – a shelter to inform the public about how concerned country. for women. many covert intelligence agencies are When governments work to ensure that the 1987 Founding Member of the Human Rights operating in Pakistan, and under what rights of members of religious minorities are Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), first laws they conduct arrests. protected, this not only leads to a more stable serving as Secretary-General and later as and secure society, it is also an indicator of how Chair of the Commission. Compiled by Hannah Kaplan seriously invested they are in the protection of 1995 Jahangir and her family faced attempts on human rights. This must be accompanied by their lives by religious extremists. the use of other more informal strategies, such 1998 Appointed UN Special Rapporteur on as inclusive inter-religious and intra-religious
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Transition of Dressing by the Karamojong People of North Eastern Uganda
    University of applied Arts Vienna Art Pedagogic/ Textile-Design and Fine Arts Education Studies THESIS TO OBTAIN MA MASTER OF ARTS (Art and Education) Textile Design and Fine Arts DOCUMENTATION HISTORICAL TRANSITION OF DRESSING BY THE KARAMOJONG PEOPLE OF NORTH EASTERN UGANDA Author: Agnes Achola Matrikelnr.: 09949625 Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. art. Dr. phil. Marion Elias Location: Wien HISTORICAL TRANSITION OF DRESSING BY THE KARAMOJONG PEOPLE OF NORTH EASTERN UGANDA Agnes Achola TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Objective .................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Research questions ................................................................................................................... 5 II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... 6 III. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7 IV. HISTORY OF KARAMOJONG .................................................................................................. 9 V. KARAMOJONG CULTURE ...................................................................................................... 10 1. Social Organization ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTH0048: Anthropologies of Islam (PG) | University College London
    09/29/21 ANTH0048: Anthropologies of Islam (PG) | University College London ANTH0048: Anthropologies of Islam (PG) View Online Former code ANTHGS31 Abdul Hamid el-Zein. ‘Beyond Ideology and Theology: The Search for the Anthropology of Islam.’ Annual Review of Anthropology 6 (1977): 227–254. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2949332?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. ‘Introduction.’ Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 3–40. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=274f321a-38f8-e611-80c9-005056af4099>. Back, Les. ‘Social Context and Racist Name Calling: An Ethnographic Perspective on Racist Talk within a South London Adolescent Community.’ European Journal of Intercultural studies 1.3 (1991): 19–38. Web. Benjamin F. Soares. ‘The Prayer Economy in a Malian Town (L’économie de La Prière Dans Une Ville Malienne).’ Cahiers d’Études Africaines 36 (1996): 739–753. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/4392736?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents >. Charles Hirschkind. ‘The Ethics of Listening: Cassette-Sermon Audition in Contemporary Egypt.’ American Ethnologist 28.3 (2001): 623–649. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/3095066?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents >. Cohen, Robin. ‘Chapter 1: Classical Notions of Diaspora: Transcending the Jewish Tradition.’ Global Diasporas: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Global diasporas. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008. 1–30. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=d725d317-baf9-e611-80c9-005056af4099> . Fadil, Nadia. ‘Managing Affects and Sensibilities: The Case of Not-Handshaking and Not-Fasting.’ Social Anthropology 17.4 (2009): 439–454. Web. Gholami, Reza. ‘“Is This Islamic Enough?” Intra-Diasporic Secularism and Religious Experience in the Shi’a Iranian Diaspora in London’.
    [Show full text]
  • Death Is Never Over Life, Death and Grave Robbery in a Historic Cemetery
    Death is Never Over Life, Death and Grave Robbery in a Historic Cemetery By Rebecca Boggs Roberts B.A. in Politics, June 1992, Princeton University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 20, 2012 Thesis directed by Roy Richard Grinker Professor of Anthropology, International Affairs, and Human Sciences Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the 55,000 men and women who are buried at Historic Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. It’s been nice knowing you. ii Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the staff at Historic Congressional Cemetery for their support and good humor; Cokie and Steve Roberts for the babysitting and copy editing; Dan Hartman for his infinite patience; and Jack, Cal, and Roland Hartman for letting mom steal the comfy desk chair. iii Abstract Death is Never Over Life, Death, and Grave Robbery in a Historic Cemetery The anthropology of death rituals describes various relationships among the three points of a triangle formed by the corpse, the soul, and the survivors. This structure, first proposed by Robert Hertz in 1907 and adapted many times since then, is useful for comparing seemingly disparate death rituals across cultures. Using this structure, the relative emphasis of one leg of the triangle over another can help clarify the needs a living community prioritizes upon the death of one of its members. I argue one leg of this triangle, the connection between the survivor and the corpse, deserves a longer period of examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissection: a Fate Worse Than Death
    Res Medica, Volume 21, Issue 1 Page 1 of 8 HISTORICAL ARTICLE Dissection: a fate worse than death Elizabeth F. Pond Year 3, MBBS Hull York Medical School Correspondence email: [email protected] Abstract The teaching of Anatomy in medical schools has significantly declined, and doubts have been raised over whether or not doctors of today are fully equipped with anatomical knowledge required to practice safely. The history of anatomy teaching has changed enormously over centuries, and donating your body to medical science after death is very different today, compared with the body snatching and exhumations of the 18th and 19th centuries. With stories of public outcry, theft and outright murder, the history of anatomical education is a fascinating one. History has made an abundance of significant anatomical discoveries, is it not fundamental that medical students today are aware of the great lengths that our peers went to in order to obtain such pioneering discoveries? Copyright Royal Medical Society. All rights reserved. The copyright is retained by the author and the Royal Medical Society, except where explicitly otherwise stated. Scans have been produced by the Digital Imaging Unit at Edinburgh University Library. Res Medica is supported by the University of Edinburgh’s Journal Hosting Service: http://journals.ed.ac.uk ISSN: 2051-7580 (Online) ISSN: 0482-3206 (Print) Res Medica is published by the Royal Medical Society, 5/5 Bristo Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9AL Res Medica, 2013, 21(1):61-67 doi: 10.2218/resmedica.v21i1.180 Pond, EF. Dissection: a fate worse than death Res Medica 2013, 21(1), pp.61-67 doi:10.2218/resmedica.v21i1.180 Pond EF.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh and Bangladesh-U.S. Relations
    Bangladesh and Bangladesh-U.S. Relations Updated October 17, 2017 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44094 Bangladesh and Bangladesh-U.S. Relations Summary Bangladesh (the former East Pakistan) is a Muslim-majority nation in South Asia, bordering India, Burma, and the Bay of Bengal. It is the world’s eighth most populous country with nearly 160 million people living in a land area about the size of Iowa. It is an economically poor nation, and it suffers from high levels of corruption. In recent years, its democratic system has faced an array of challenges, including political violence, weak governance, poverty, demographic and environmental strains, and Islamist militancy. The United States has a long-standing and supportive relationship with Bangladesh, and it views Bangladesh as a moderate voice in the Islamic world. In relations with Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, the U.S. government, along with Members of Congress, has focused on a range of issues, especially those relating to economic development, humanitarian concerns, labor rights, human rights, good governance, and counterterrorism. The Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) dominate Bangladeshi politics. When in opposition, both parties have at times sought to regain control of the government through demonstrations, labor strikes, and transport blockades, as well as at the ballot box. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been in office since 2009, and her AL party was reelected in January 2014 with an overwhelming majority in parliament—in part because the BNP, led by Khaleda Zia, boycotted the vote. The BNP has called for new elections, and in recent years, it has organized a series of blockades and strikes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study on Mobilizing Demand for HIV Prevention for Women PATH Is an International Nonprofit Organization That Transforms Global Health Through Innovation
    IN OUR OWN HANDS: A case study on mobilizing demand for HIV prevention for women PATH is an international nonprofit organization that transforms global health through innovation. We take an entrepreneurial approach to developing and delivering high-impact, low-cost solutions, from lifesaving vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, and devices to collaborative programs with communities. Through our work in more than 70 countries, PATH and our partners empower people to achieve their full potential. For more information, please visit www.path.org. 455 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20001 [email protected] www.path.org Copyright © 2013, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). All rights reserved. Cover photo: Frank Herholdt/Microbicides Development Programme IN OUR OWN HANDS: A case study on mobilizing demand for HIV prevention for women By Anna Forbes, Samukeliso Dube, Megan Gottemoeller, Pauline Irungu, Bindiya Patel, Ananthy Thambinayagam, Rebekah Webb, and Katie West Slevin The authors would like to thank the staff of the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College for their invaluable assistance. As the oldest US collection of women’s history manuscripts and archives, the Collection now houses the Global Campaign for Microbicides (GCM) files. The authors would also like to acknowledge all the funders whose support made GCM’s work possible. Most of all, we would like to thank the thousands of women and men who endorsed, supported, and partnered with GCM in doing this work and who are carrying it forward in other ways
    [Show full text]
  • November 2012 Trends December 2012 Watchlist
    112 1 December 2012 Board of Trustees Chair November 2012 Trends Thomas Pickering President and CEO Deteriorated Situations Improved Situations Louise Arbour Democratic Republic Vice-Chairs of Congo (p.2) Ayo Obe Egypt (p.11) Ghassan Salamé Executive Committee Morton Abramowitz Cheryl Carolus Maria Livanos Cattaui Unchanged Situations Yoichi Funabashi Afghanistan (p.5), Algeria (p.11), Azerbaijan (p.7), Bahrain (p.10), Bangladesh (p.5), Bosnia (p.7), Frank Giustra Burundi (p.2), Cameroon (p.2), Central African Republic (p.2), Chad (p.2), China/Japan (p.5), Mark Malloch-Brown Moisés Naím Colombia (p.9), Côte d’Ivoire (p.4), Cyprus (p.8), Ecuador (p.9), Eritrea (p.2), Ethiopia (p.2), George Soros Georgia (p.8), Guatemala (p.9), Guinea (p.4), Guinea-Bissau (p.4), Haiti (p.9), India (non- Pär Stenbäck Kashmir) (p.5), Indonesia (p.6), Iran (p.10), Iraq (p.10), Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories (p.9), Jordan (p.11), Kashmir (p.5), Kazakhstan (p.5), Kenya (p.2), Kosovo (p.7), Kuwait (p.11), Kofi Annan Kyrgyzstan (p.5), Lebanon (p.10), Liberia (p.4), Libya (p.11), Madagascar (p.3), Mali (p.4), Nahum Barnea Samuel Berger Mauritania (p.11), Mexico (p.9), Moldova (p.8), Morocco (p.12), Myanmar (p.6), Nagorno-Karabakh Emma Bonino (Azerbaijan) (p.8), Nepal (p.6), Niger (p.4), Nigeria (p.), North Caucasus (Russia) (p.8), Northern Micheline Calmy-Rey Ireland (p.8), North Korea (p.5), Pakistan (p.6), Philippines (p.7), Rwanda (p.2), Saudi Arabia (p.11), Wesley Clark Senegal (p.4), Somalia (p.3), Somaliland (p.3), South Sudan (p.3), Sri Lanka (p.6), Sudan (p.3), Sheila Coronel Syria (p.10), Thailand (p.7), Timor-Leste (p.7), Tunisia (p.12), Turkey (p.8), Turkmenistan (p.5), Mark Eyskens Nabil Fahmy Uganda (p.3), Ukraine (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO
    Assessing the of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO REPORT 3/2019 Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2019 ISBN: 978-82-7002-346-2 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. Tey should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Te text may not be re-published in part or in full without the permission of NUPI and the authors. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: effectivepeaceops.net | www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 99 40 50 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Assessing the Efectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC (MONUC-MONUSCO) Lead Author Dr Alexandra Novosseloff, International Peace Institute (IPI), New York and Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Co-authors Dr Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Igarapé Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Prof. Tomas Mandrup, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and Royal Danish Defence College, Copenhagen Aaron Pangburn, Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York Data Contributors Ryan Rappa and Paul von Chamier, Center on International Cooperation (CIC), New York University, New York EPON Series Editor Dr Cedric de Coning, NUPI External Reference Group Dr Tatiana Carayannis, SSRC, New York Lisa Sharland, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra Dr Charles Hunt, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia Adam Day, Centre for Policy Research, UN University, New York Cover photo: UN Photo/Sylvain Liechti UN Photo/ Abel Kavanagh Contents Acknowledgements 5 Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 13 Te effectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC across eight critical dimensions 14 Strategic and Operational Impact of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Constraints and Challenges of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Current Dilemmas 19 Introduction 21 Section 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 269 Abdul Aziz Angkat 17 Abdul Qadir Baloch, Lieutenant General 102–3
    Index Abdul Aziz Angkat 17 Turkmenistan and 88 Abdul Qadir Baloch, Lieutenant US and 83, 99, 143–4, 195, General 102–3 252, 253, 256 Abeywardana, Lakshman Yapa 172 Uyghurs and 194, 196 Abu Ghraib 119 Zaranj–Delarum link highway 95 Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 251, 260 Africa 5, 244 Abuza, Z. 43, 44 Ahmad Humam 24 Aceh 15–16, 17, 31–2 Aimols 123 armed resistance and 27 Akbar Khan Bugti, Nawab 103, 104 independence sentiment and 28 Akhtar Mengal, Sardar 103, 104 as Military Operation Zone Akkaripattu- Oluvil area 165 (DOM) 20, 21 Aksu disturbances 193 peace process and Thailand 54 Albania 194 secessionism 18–25 Algeria Aceh Legislative Council 24 colonial brutality and 245 Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) 24 radicalization in 264 Aceh Referendum Information Centre Ali Jan Orakzai, Lieutenant General 103 (SIRA) 22, 24 Al Jazeera 44 Acheh- Sumatra National Liberation All Manipur Social Reformation, women Front (ASNLF) 19 protesters of 126–7 Aceh Transition Committee (Komite All Party Committee on Development Peralihan Aceh) (KPA) 24 and Reconciliation ‘act of free choice’, 1969 Papuan (Sri Lanka) 174, 176 ‘plebiscite’ 27 All Party Representative Committee Adivasi Cobra Force 131 (APRC), Sri Lanka 170–1 adivasis (original inhabitants) 131, All- Assam Students’ Union (AASU) 132 132–3 All- Bodo Students’ Union–Bodo Afghanistan 1–2, 74, 199 Peoples’ Action Committee Balochistan and 83, 100 (ABSU–BPAC) 128–9, 130 Central Asian republics and 85 Bansbari conference 129 China and 183–4, 189, 198 Langhin Tinali conference 130 India and 143 al- Qaeda 99, 143,
    [Show full text]
  • Separatism in Indonesia Ñ the Cases of Aceh and Papua Ñ
    SUMMARY Separatism in Indonesia Ñ The Cases of Aceh and Papua Ñ Osamu INOUE If in the future disintegration does happen in the Republic of Indonesia, the states most likely to separate from Indonesia are Aceh (the most western province) and Papua (the most eastern province). Such development has come under the calculation of the central government since the downfall of the Soeharto regime. The government for some time has been making preparations to formulate autonomy plans for the two states in an effort to prevent the disintegration from happening. But despite the governmentÕs endeavoer, the Aceh and Papua communities seem still discontented. This can be seen from the fact that they still keep on demanding a referendum. As a democratic country, the government cannot turn down such demands, and one day will have to accept the demand for a referendum to let the people of the two provinces vote for their futures. Certainly the way to referendums is not going to be smooth, as there are a number of politicians and security personnel who are worried that such a move will become a precedent for other provinces that might seek to ask for separation. The central government does not want to see Indonesia break up into many small countries. Nevertheless, according to my view, the possibility of such a national split is not high, as Aceh and Papua have a different historical background from that of the other provinces. Concerning Aceh, first, if we look back on history, the Aceh community never surrendered authority to the Dutch government. Therefore, it can be regarded that Aceh joined the Republic of Indonesia in 1945 when Indonesia proclaimed independence from the Dutch government.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Maroons and the Bucra Massa in Jamaica
    AS-SALAAMU-ALAIKUM: THE MUSLIM MAROONS AND THE BUCRA MASSA IN JAMAICA ©Sultana Afroz Introduction As eight centuries of glorious Muslim rule folded in Andalusia Spain in 1492, Islam unfolded itself in the West Indian islands with the Andalusian Muslim mariners who piloted Columbus discovery entourage through the rough waters of the Atlantic into the Caribbean. Schooled in Atlantic navigation to discover and to dominate the sea routes for centuries, the mission for the Muslim mariners was to find the eternal peace of Islam as they left al-Andalus/Muslim Spain in a state of ‘empty husks’ and a land synonym for intellectual and moral desolation in the hands of Christendom Spain. The Islamic faith made its advent into Jamaica in1494 as these Muslim mariners on their second voyage with Columbus set their feet on the peaceful West Indian island adorned with wooded mountains, waterfalls, sandy beaches and blue seas. The seed of Islam sown by the Mu’minun (the Believers of the Islamic faith) from al-Andalus gradually propagated through the enslaved African Muslims from West Africa brought to serve the plantation system in Jamaica. Their struggle or resistance (jihad) against the slave system often in the form of flight or run away (hijra) from the plantations led many of them to form their own community (ummah), known as Maroon communities, a feature then common in the New World plantation economy.1 Isolationism and lack of Islamic learning made Islam oblivion in the Maroon societies, while the enslaved African Muslims on the plantations saw their faith being eclipsed and subdued by the slave institution, the metropolitan powers and the various Christian churches with their draconian laws.
    [Show full text]