Appendix 3. Calculated Nestedness Temperature for Each Species
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
저작자표시-비영리-변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는 아래의 조건을 따르는 경우에 한하여 자유롭게 l 이 저작물을 복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연 및 방송할 수 있습니다. 다음과 같은 조건을 따라야 합니다: 저작자표시. 귀하는 원저작자를 표시하여야 합니다. 비영리. 귀하는 이 저작물을 영리 목적으로 이용할 수 없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는 이 저작물을 개작, 변형 또는 가공할 수 없습니다. l 귀하는, 이 저작물의 재이용이나 배포의 경우, 이 저작물에 적용된 이용허락조건 을 명확하게 나타내어야 합니다. l 저작권자로부터 별도의 허가를 받으면 이러한 조건들은 적용되지 않습니다. 저작권법에 따른 이용자의 권리는 위의 내용에 의하여 영향을 받지 않습니다. 이것은 이용허락규약(Legal Code)을 이해하기 쉽게 요약한 것입니다. Disclaimer 지리학석사 학위논문 Island Biogeography of the South Korean Coleoptera 국내 도서 딱정벌레의 섬 생물지리학적 연구 2018년 2월 서울대학교 대학원 지리학과 박준범 Abstract Island Biogeography of the South Korean Coleoptera Junbeom Bahk Department of Geography The Graduate School Seoul National University Since Island Biogeography that physical environment of islands such as island size or island distance affects biodiversity of them come to the fore, many biogeographers have tried to apply the Island Biogeographic rules to several isolated environments. Besides physical environment, however, human disturbance can also affect insular biota if island is not far from mainland and has undergone human disturbance, such as many South Korean islands. In this research, therefore, I comprehended distribution pattern of the South Korean insular Coleoptera and calculated the effect of the relationship between physical environment of islands and species diversity of Coleoptera. I also speculated the specific mechanism of distribution pattern of Coleoptera through collecting samples and testing the hypothesis. Nestedness analysis result showed high nestedness value of South Korean islands for Coleoptera species and the possibility of geographical region of Coleopetran type species. The west coast generally tends to show higher nestedness than the southeast coast so that the west coast seems that undergoes less outside disturbance (human disturbance) such as invasive species from Korean peninsula. i Island size was directly proportional to species diversity. However, it was also inversely proportional in big inhabited islands. It is because the islands can support larger human population and undergo severe and continuous human disturbance. Island distance was not correlated with species diversity. However, island distance was directly proportional to the number of macropterous species in the high-nestedness regions. It suggests that macropterous species have advantage over brachypterous species in terms of reaching far islands and colonizing on their own in case of less outside disturbance. To test the difference of distribution of Coleoptera with different wing length, four islands around Boryeong city in Chungcheongnamdo province were surveyed. 755 samples were collected using pitfall-trap and sweeping and identified. Identification result showed the tendency that dominance index was inversely proportional to island distance and the rate of macropterous species. It may be originated from the characteristic of macropterous species such as slow colonization and fewer individuals in restricted area. Therefore, the difference of dispersal ability with wing length may affect species composition of islands. In this research, I calculated and speculated the effect size of classical Island Biogeographic theory and human disturbance in South Korean islands, and also found distribution pattern and the mechanism of the South Korean Coleoptera. This research can be used as base data when predicting species composition and species diversity of uninvestigated islands. Keyword : Island Biogeography, species diversity, Coleoptera, macropterous species, brachypterous species Student Number : 2016-20206 ii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................... i Table of Contents ................................................................... iii List of Figures ......................................................................... v List of Tables.......................................................................... vi Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................... １ 1.1. Study Background ......................................................................... １ 1.2. Regional and Temporal Settings: Sapsido, Hodo, Nokdo and Oeyeondo on the West Coast of South Korea ...................................... ５ 1.3. Research Purpose and Structure .................................................. ９ Chapter 2. Literature Review ................................................ 10 2.1. Introduction to Coleoptera ........................................................... 10 2.2. Studies on Island-Biogeographic Approach in South Korea and Abroad ............................................................................................ 13 Chapter 3. Methodology ......................................................... 15 3.1. Coleoptera sampling ..................................................................... 15 3.2. Identification................................................................................. 17 3.3. Data analysis ................................................................................ 18 Chapter 4. Research Results and Analysis ............................ 26 4.1. Identification Results .................................................................... 26 4.2. Ecological indices results ............................................................. 31 4.3. Nestedness temperature results .................................................. 33 Chapter 5. Discussion ............................................................ 34 5.1. The Characters of Insular Coleopteran Communities of Study Area ............................................................................................ 34 5.2. Distributional Characteristics of South Korean Insular Coleopteran species ............................................................................................ 34 Chapter 6. Conclusion ............................................................ 49 Bibliography ........................................................................... 52 APPENDIX ............................................................................. 57 Appendix 1. The set-up time and location of pit-fall trap .......................... 57 iii Appendix 2. Calculated nestedness temperature for each site..................... 59 Appendix 3. Calculated nestedness temperature for each species ............... 62 Appendix 4. Multicolinearity between island size and island distance .......... 66 Appendix 5. Difference between rate of increase of the number of Coleoptera species in relation to island size .............................................................. 67 국 문 초 록 ............................................................................. 70 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Climate data of Boryeong city, the west coast of South Korea(1981-2010) ....................................................... 5 Figure 2. Map of Sapsido, Hodo, Nokdo and Oeyeondo ........... 7 Figure 3. Biogeographic temperature .................................... 22 Figure 4. Correlation analysis between logged Island size and the number of Coleoptera species in South Korea ................ 35 Figure 5. Correlation analysis between logged Island distance from the mainland and the number of Coleoptera species in South Korea ........................................................................... 36 Figure 6. Cold temperature species map ............................... 39 Figure 7. The number of sampled individuals for each island47 Figure 8. Common species among each island ...................... 48 v List of Tables Table 1. Environmental Summary of Sapsido, Hodo, Nokdo and Oeyeondo ................................................................................. 8 Table 2. Identification Result of Sapsido ............................... 27 Table 3. Identification Result of Hodo ................................... 28 Table 4. Identification Result of Nokdo ................................. 29 Table 5. Identification Result of Oeyeondo ........................... 30 Table 6. Indices of Richness, Dominance and Diversity for the Islands .................................................................................... 31 Table 7. Similarity Index between the Islands ...................... 32 Table 8. Nestedness Temperature Result of the Presence/Absence Matrix of South Korean Insular Coleoptera Species .................................................................................. 33 Table 9. Correlation Result among Island Size, Island Distance, the Number of Macropterous Species, and Brachypterous Species and Total Species and the Component Ratio of Macropterous species and Brachypterous Species ............... 41 vi Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Study Background As a subject material of global research of biology, ecology and geography, island is evaluated as an attractive environment with various resources. Evolution and convergence of insular biota originated from the isolated environment attracted scholars’ attentions. Furthermore, island is understood as an intermediator that link human, other living things and environment in terms of archaeology or environmental science. Thus, research about insular biota and ecosystem established itself as a basic one of ecology, and developed into island biogeography theory. McArthur & Wilson (1967) established foundational framework of island biogeography theory. It was used to research ecological roles and function of lots of islands in Pacific Ocean. It is divided