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A Grammar of Maybrat a Language of the Bird’S Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia

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A Grammar of Maybrat a Language of the Bird’S Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia A grammar of Maybrat A language of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia Pacific Linguistics 586 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne University Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Studies Jaya Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Harold Koch, The Australian National Universität Mainz University Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of David Bradley, La Trobe University Auckland Lyle Campbell, University of Utah John Lynch, University of the South Pacific James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Malaysia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Studies Evolutionary Anthropology William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Jaya Universität zu Kiel Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la at Buffalo Recherche Scientifique Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- at Arlington Universität Frankfurt am Main Nicholas Evans, University of Melbourne Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Margaret Florey, Monash University Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i William Foley, University of Sydney Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Karl Franklin, Summer Institute of Recherche Scientifique Linguistics Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Charles Grimes, Universitas Kristen Artha Auckland Wacana Kupang Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Nikolaus Himmelmann, Ruhr-Universität John Wolff, Cornell University Bochum Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinia A grammar of Maybrat A language of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia Philomena Dol Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Rearch School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2007 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Philomena Dol A grammar of Maybrat: a language of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia Bibliography. ISBN 9780858835733 (pbk.). 1. Maybrat language – Grammar. 2. Papua (Indonesia) –Languages – Grammar. I. The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Pacific Linguistics. II. Title. 499.122 Copyedited by Margaret Forster Typeset by Margaret Forster and Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Julie Manley Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents Acknowledgements x Abbreviations and conventions xii Maps xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Geography, demography, administration 1 1.2 History 2 1.3 The people 3 1.4 The linguistic scene 4 1.5 Previous research in Maybrat 5 1.6 The language 6 1.7 Dialects 8 1.8 Fieldwork 11 Chapter 2: Phonology 14 2.1 Phonemes 14 2.1.1 Vowels 15 2.1.1.1 Allophones of the vowels 15 2.1.1.2 Minimal pairs showing contrasts for vowels 19 2.1.2 Consonants 21 2.1.2.1 Allophones of the consonants 21 2.1.2.2 Minimal pairs showing contrasts for consonants 24 2.1.3 The phonemes /y/ and /w/ 27 2.2 Phonotactics 28 2.2.1 Sequences of vowels 29 2.2.2 Sequences of consonants 30 2.3 Syllable and word structure 34 2.3.1 Syllabification 34 2.3.2 The epenthetic vowel schwa 35 2.4 Stress 38 2.4.1 Lexical stress 38 v vi 2.4.2 Stress in connected speech 39 2.5 Other phonetic features 41 2.6 Some elliptic phenomena 42 2.7 Intonation 44 2.8 Adaptation of foreign sounds 47 Chapter 3: Morphophonology 49 3.1 Person prefixation 49 3.1.1 Forms that take an overt person prefix 50 3.1.2 Forms that take a covert person prefix 52 3.1.3 Some exceptions 53 3.2 Formation of question words 55 3.3 /a/-initial stems 55 3.4 Alternations in prefixes 56 3.5 Reduplication 57 3.6 Orthographic conventions 58 Chapter 4: Word classes 61 4.1 Person deixis 62 4.1.1 Person prefixes 62 4.1.2 Possessive pronouns 66 4.1.3 Emphatic pronouns 67 4.1.4 Other forms 67 4.2 Verbs 68 4.2.1 Classes of verbs 69 4.2.2 Intransitive verbs 69 4.2.2.1 Regular intransitive verbs 69 4.2.2.2 Adjectival verbs 70 4.2.2.3 Quantifying verbs 72 4.2.3 Transitive verbs 75 4.2.3.1 Regular transitive verbs 75 4.2.3.2 Motion and position verbs 76 4.2.3.3 ‘Shared argument construction’ verbs 76 4.2.3.4 Complement-taking verbs 77 4.2.3.5 Prepositional verbs 79 4.2.3.6 Comitative 81 4.2.4 Derivation on verbs: -i- 81 4.3 Nouns 83 4.3.1 Inalienably possessed nouns 84 4.3.2 Alienably possessed nouns 89 4.3.3 Gender and number in nouns 89 4.3.4 Derivation of nouns 90 vii 4.3.5 Compound nouns 93 4.4 Demonstratives 96 4.4.1 Demonstratives that function attributively 100 4.4.2 Demonstratives that function adverbially 103 4.5 Question words 105 4.6 Numerals 108 4.7 Adverbs 111 4.7.1 Temporal adverbs 111 4.7.2 Manner adverbs 112 4.7.3 Aspect adverbs 113 4.7.4 Locative adverbs 114 4.7.5 Negators 115 4.7.6 Focus adverbs 116 4.8 Location 118 4.8.1 to and wo 118 4.8.2 Directionals 119 4.8.3 Other forms with to 121 4.8.4 Prepositional behaviour of some locational forms 122 4.9 Coordinators 123 4.10 Subordinate clause markers 124 4.10.1 Relative clauses 124 4.10.2 Adverbial clauses 124 4.11 Enumerator 125 4.12 Interjections and particles 125 Chapter 5: Noun phrases 127 5.1 The regular noun phrase 128 5.1.1 Head 128 5.1.2 Verbal modifiers 128 5.1.3 Classifier 129 5.1.4 Numerals 132 5.1.5 Quantifying verbs 133 5.1.6 Determiner 134 5.2 Possessive noun phrases 135 5.3 Relative clauses 136 5.4 The element ro 138 5.5 Other phrasal modifiers 139 5.6 Combinations of noun phrases 140 Chapter 6: The clause 142 6.1 Basic structure of the clause 143 6.2 The head 144 viii 6.3 The subject 145 6.4 The object 146 6.5 Nominal clauses 147 6.6 Topicalisation 148 6.7 Relativisation 150 6.8 Adverbials 151 6.8.1 Time 151 6.8.2 Manner 154 6.8.3 Aspect 157 6.8.3.1 tipuo and fares 159 6.8.4 Focus 161 6.8.5 Combinations of peripheries 163 6.8.6 Location 164 6.9 Negation 167 6.9.1 Clausal negator fe 167 6.9.2 Predicative use 168 6.9.3 Some problems 170 6.9.4 Negation involving other adverbials 171 6.9.5 Other semantic negatives 174 6.10 Clausal determiner 175 6.11 Anaphoric reference 175 Chapter: 7 Mood 177 7.1 Interrogative 177 7.1.1 Polar questions 177 7.1.2 Alternative questions 179 7.1.3 Content questions 179 7.1.3.1 Nominal question words 180 7.1.3.2 Time 182 7.1.3.3 Location 182 7.1.3.4 Manner 183 7.2 Imperative 184 Chapter 8: Sequences of verbs 186 8.1 Coordination 187 8.1.1 Intonation 188 8.1.2 Morphology 189 8.1.3 Syntax 190 8.1.3.1 Insertion of an overt coordinator 190 8.1.3.2 Scope of interrogative 191 8.1.3.3 Relativisation 192 8.2 Adverbial verbs 192 ix 8.3 Complements 196 8.3.1 Verb of speaking + V 201 8.3.2 Pseudo-quotatives 203 8.4 Prepositional notions 204 8.4.1 Another note on ‘prepositions’ 208 8.5 Comitatives 209 8.6 Relativisation revisited 212 8.7 Some problems 213 8.8 Conclusions 221 Chapter 9: Complex constructions 222 9.1 Coordination 222 9.1.1 Sequentiality 223 9.1.1.1 The coordinator mati 223 9.1.1.2 The coordinator na 226 9.1.1.3 The coordinator m-nan 227 9.1.2 Enumeration 229 9.1.3 Disjunction 230 9.1.4 Purpose 231 9.1.5 Cause/Reason 232 9.1.6 Simultaneity 234 9.2 Adverbial clauses 234 9.2.1 Temporal adverbials 235 9.2.2 Locative adverbials 236 9.2.3 Manner adverbials 238 9.3 The functions of p-awiya 239 9.4 Style figures 241 9.4.1 Tail-head linkage 241 9.4.2 Repetition of words 243 Appendix I: Asal usul fam Tenau ‘The origins of the Lineage Tenau’ 245 Appendix II: Fnia m-kiar ‘Women who are decorated’ 264 Appendix III: Siwa y-sia y-ao Mafif ‘Siwa and his brother Mafif’ 284 Appendix IV: Kinship diagram for the Maybrat 292 Maybrat–English wordlist 294 English–Maybrat wordlist 308 References 320 Index 325 Acknowledgements This grammar could never have been completed without the help of many organisations and people.
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