Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007
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Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 Prepared for: Skeleton Lake Stewardship Association P.O. Box 156 9768-170 Street Edmonton, Alberta T5T 5L4 Prepared by: Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. 11216-23B Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T6J 4Z6 Writers: Melissa Logan, B.Sc., P.Biol. Michelle Gray, B.Sc. Jay S. White, M.Sc., P.Biol. August 23, 2007 Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following people and organizations in the preparation of this report: Hugh Harper, SLSA Brian Curial, SLSA Rick Tiedemann, SLSA Don Johnston, Johnston Builders Bill Rozeboom, Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Abdi Siad-Omar, Alberta Environment Chris Davis, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Candace Vanin, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration WorleyParsons Komex © 2007 Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. i Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 Executive Summary Skeleton Lake is located in the County of Athabasca in central Alberta, Canada. It is a popular recreational lake which has been extensively developed. Currently, the most pressing concern facing the lake is rapidly dropping water levels, which have reached a record low, dropping 1.57 meters since 1988. Factors that contribute to this decline include climate change, groundwater loss, change in land use (development) and water diversion. A sense of urgency exists among local residents to address the problem. Continued decreasing water levels brings concern over declines in water quality, loss of fish habitat and populations, deteriorating riparian areas and loss of recreational areas. The purpose of this report is to summarize and synthesize current environmental information for the Skeleton Lake watershed. This work will be used towards the development of a Skeleton Lake watershed management plan in the near future. There is limited lake water quality data available and limited knowledge around hydrological activity within the watershed, which may be having the greatest effect on lake levels. Groundwater interactions are largely unexplored, and this data gap needs to be addressed before a watershed management plan is written, or a water conservation objective determined. A thorough hydrologic study, including a water balance and groundwater mapping, should be completed by a qualified hydrologist to identify problem areas in the watershed. The SLSA has already retained consultants to address these data gaps. © 2007 Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. ii Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ VI 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose of Report ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of Report .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PUBLIC CONCERNS AND PRIOR/RECENT PLANNING INITIATIVES .................................. 1 3.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES ........................................................... 3 3.1 Federal Government ................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Provincial Government ................................................................................................................ 3 3.3 Municipal Governments ............................................................................................................... 4 4.0 WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 7 4.1 History ......................................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Watershed Description ................................................................................................................ 7 4.3 Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 9 4.4 Geology and Topography .......................................................................................................... 12 4.4.1 Soil Types and Land Use Capabilities ..................................................................................... 12 4.5 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................................ 12 4.5.1 Surface Water ....................................................................................................................................... 12 5.0 LAND USE AND SOCIAL / RECREATIONAL RESOURCES ................................................ 15 5.1 Land Resource Overview .......................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Agricultural Use ......................................................................................................................... 15 5.3 Recreational Resources ............................................................................................................ 15 5.4 Other Human and Industrial Influences ..................................................................................... 16 5.5 Land Use Changes .................................................................................................................... 16 6.0 SURFACE WATER QUALITY ................................................................................................. 21 6.1 Water Quality ............................................................................................................................. 21 6.2.1. Fisheries ............................................................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2 Waterfowl .............................................................................................................................................. 27 6.2.3 Other Wildlife ........................................................................................................................................ 27 6.2.4 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton ........................................................................................................... 27 7.0 SURFACE WATER QUANTITY .............................................................................................. 28 © 2007 Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. iii Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 7.1 Hydrology and Lake Levels ....................................................................................................... 28 7.2 Water Withdrawals and Consumption (including Domestic Use) .............................................. 34 8.0 DATA GAPS ............................................................................................................................ 36 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 36 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................... 41 Lake vegetation and Fish Habitat Original Data APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................................... 45 Skeleton Lake Biological Assessment © 2007 Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. iv Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 List of Tables Table 1. Legislation and policy involving water and watershed management. ................................ 6 Table 2. Characteristics of Skeleton Lake. Adapted from Mitchell and Prepas, 1990. ................... 9 Table 3. Select water quality parameters for Skeleton Lake. Summary of AENV (1985, 2005), ALMS (2005), and Aquality (2007) data. ............................................................................................ 21 Table 4. Summary of storage losses from 1967-2002 using the model numbers generated by the AENV Water Balance study (2003). ......................................................................................... 29 Table 5. Water diversions from Skeleton Lake to the Village of Boyle. ........................................ 35 Table 6. Priority Areas of Concern and Responsibilities. ........................................................... 37 © 2007 Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. v Skeleton Lake State of the Watershed Report 2007 List of Figures Figure 1. Bathymetry of Skeleton Lake. Adapted from Mitchell and Prepas, 1990. ...................... 8 Figure 2. Average summer and annual temperatures