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Ernest Marshall Frazer Howse Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The THESIS THE CLAPHAM SECT Ernest Marshall Frazer Howse Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Edinburgh, October, 1934. Clapham Common, 1820. (Prom the Clapham Antiquarian Society) Where the Clapham Sect went to church The church in the distance is the Clapham Parish Church, where John Venn preached. In memory of Venn there is now a tablet within the church; and in memory of the Clapham Sect there is on the outer wall another tablet with the inscription given in Appendix Four. FOREWORD The aim of this thesis may be stated very briefly. It is to give a picture as fair as possible, and as full as thesis limits will permit, of the men who earned the nickname: The Clapham Sect. It is to describe what man­ ner of men they were, what manner of works they performed, and what manner of influence they exercised in their own and succeeding generations. It is to present a systematic account of what has hitherto been treated disparately in the histories of different movements and the biographies of different men. It is especially to describe the labours most characteristic of the Clapham Sect, most near to their heart, and most congenial to their temperament. Consequently many questions interesting in themselves must be put aside. How far the Evangelicalism of the Clap- ham Sect was tinged with Calvinism, how far it was indebted to Wesleyan influence, and how far it came to be a f posting house 1 from which the next generation moved on to Rome, are representative of many questions outside the field of enquiry. This thesis must simply accept the Clapham Sect as the lead­ ing lay representatives of the Evangelical religion of their day. Consequently also - while no lines can ever be sharply drawn to limit who ms, and who was not, within the Clapham fold - this thesis will deal with the men who joined most vigorously in the labours Essentially Claphamic 1 ; and will not have much concern, for instance, with John Thornton, though he was the greatest of the earlier figures, nor with Isaac Mil- ner, though he was the most learned of them all, Moreover* to much that remains within the scope of the thesis only general reference can be made. Within the space of two hundred pages it is obviously impossible to present a detailed account of the labours of a large group of distin­ guished men, all of whom were occupied with a wide variety of interests, and most of whom were gifted with an unusual capac­ ity for hard work - men whose biographies may require from two to five volumes. It is equally impossible to recover the story of unrecorded labours in Societies now recalled only by pass­ ing references, and in undertakings an account of which early biographers have not chosen to preserve. To gather up the record - if indeed it can be gathered - of the social and phil­ anthropic activities referred to in Chapter five would itself require a thesis more than ordinarily difficult. This thesis therefore undertakes to do only one thing: It attempts to present a survey of the united labours under­ taken by the little group of friends which gathered around Wilberforce, and either lived at Clapham for some time, or were closely associated with the Clapham group. It cannot 11 take all the labours, nor follow any of them exhaustive­ ly; but it makes an attempt to select the more signifi­ cant, and through them to show the character and signifi­ cance of the Glapham Sect. It makes an attempt to show how a company of men, themselves moved by religious im­ pulse, gathered around Wilberforce after his conversion, and, as a company, headed movements that were then thought revolutionary, and that involved conflict with contempor­ ary sentiment and vested interests. It suggests further how these men, while they were inspired almost wholly by motives of a religious origin, spoke in the vocabulary of religion, and engaged largely in enterprises of a specifically religious nature, yet by the principles they invoked, and the methods they developed, became a power­ ful indirect influence in wide ranges of social progress. Singularly enough, despite the importance of the Clapham Sect, few biographies have been written of the in­ dividual members, and no history of the united group. It is hoped therefore that this study may be of some use in interpreting the Glapham Sect, their labours, their methods, and their permanent importance. iii CONTENTS Foreword Chapter One A, Historical Setting ......... The dark period of transition - Literary revival - Move­ ments of humanity and religion - Secondary effects - Begin­ nings of progress - Partly centred in the Clapham Sect. B. The Gathering of the Sect Conversion of Wilberforce - Sharp and Clarkson in England Stephen and Macaulay in the West Indies - Grant and Shore in India - Thornton and Venn at Clapham - Other associates - Indi­ vidual characteristics - Unity and solidarity of the group. Chapter Two The Clapham Sect in the Campaigns against the Slave Trade . 37 Condition of Slave Trade - Wilberforce begins his crusade- Early optimism - Opposition -.Wilberforce gathers his followers- The appeal from Parliament to the people - The Anti-Jacobin re­ action - The Sierra Leone experiment - The lean years - The last phase* !; Chapter Three the Glapham Sect in the Missionary Movement . .... 82 Relations of England with India - Grant's Mission scheme- The 1793 Charter - Movements also in Australia and Africa - The Eclectic Society - The Church Missionary Society - Outside efforts - The 1813 Charter. Chapter Pour The Clapham Sect in Movements for Popular Education and in Tract and Bible Societies"""*1 I I I . 122 Popular education - Cheap literature - The Cheap Reposi­ tory Tracts - The Religious Tract Society - The Christian iv Observer - The British and Foreign Bible Society - The Grayer-Book and Homily Society - The scope of Clapham effort. Chapter Five The Glapham Sect in Social Movements ...... 155 The criticism of Hazlitt - Faults of the Clapham Sect - The nature of their efforts - The 'Reformation of Manners 1 - Glapham philanthropy - Reasons for the Glapham attitude - Liberal tendencies - Criticisms and estimates. Ghapter Six The Clapham Sect in the later Anti-Slavery Movements . 188 The African Institution - The Registry Plan - Efforts toward international action - The Registry Plan resumed - The move for emancipation - Wilberforce chooses his successor- The Smith case - The last years - Death of Wilberforce. Ghapter Seven The Claphani Sect, and their Contributions to English History 228 The passing of the Sect - The Glapham Sect at home - In church - In Parliament - The unique service of the Clapham Sect - The Importance and timeliness of their work - Social influence - Their successors - Their legacy. Appendix One ............ 256 Appendix Two ............ 259 Appendix Three ....... 261 Appendix Pour ............ 263 Bibliography ............ 264 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Where the Clapham Sect went to church . Frontispiece The Oval Library at Henry Thornton's .... 18 Clapham Common .......... 94 The Old Swan Wharf ......... 154 Chapter One A. HISTORICAL SETTING "The England that is about us", said J. R. Green in 1874, "dates from the American war. It was then that the moral, the philanthropic, the religious ideas which have moulded English Society into its present shape first broke 1 the spiritual torpor of the Eighteenth Century". And of the period moulded by these ideas Professor G. M. Trevel­ yan adds the judgement that the first fifty years, stretch­ ing from the American war to the Reform Bill 'compose a 2 single epoch'. That epoch was the period of transition between two . civilizations. The civilization of the saddle and the pack horse gave way to that of the coach and the canal; the civilization of 'subsistence agriculture 1 to that of machines and factories; the civilization of a paternal aristocracy to that of a political middle class. The transition was turbulent. The American Revolution was countered by the French Revolution; the gales of both blew over the troubled waters of the Industrial Revolution; and the shadow of Napoleon Bonaparte fell upon the whole scene and darkened the confusion. 1. J.R. Green: History of the English People, Vol. iv, p. 272. (The history was first published in 1874, D.N.B. Sub Norn) 2. G.M. Trevelyan: British History in the Nineteenth Century Preface. Trevelyan speaks particularly or political history, but his observation is true even in wider areas. The opening pages of this history contain a masterly survey of the England of this period, to which this chapter is indebted. The tumult of the time aggravated the worst features of the old civilization before they could be mitigated by the amenities of the new. The early liberalism - when the young- A er Pitt became the first Prime Minister to ask the House of 1 Commons to reform itself; when Thomas Hardy founded the London Corresponding Society, and Grey the Friends Of The 2 People; when Horace Walpole rejoiced with Hannah More over 3 the fall of the Bastille; and Burns drank the jubilant toast 4 to the 'last verse of the last chapter of the Book of Kings' -very soon became but an unreal memory. Britain which greeted the dawn of the Revolution became affrighted by the 5 shadows. Her ruling classes were driven by the Terror across the Channel to an extremity of panic, an almost literal mad- 6 ness, in which they 'saw Englishmen as Jacobins walking1 , and committed deeds of injustice and savagery for which that madness is the sole and insufficient excuse. To the aristocracy of Britain the French Revolution was a micro­ cosm in which they could see the inevitable and terrible end of any movement toward democracy. Paris had clearly demonstrated, they thought, that Reform, even well inten- tioned Reform, was, of its own evil momentum,irresistibly carried to chaos; "and that the only safety lay in grateful acquiescence in the existing order, and swift and ruthless measures with every would-be reformer.
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