Bab Ii Tinjauan Pustaka

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Bab Ii Tinjauan Pustaka BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. PENELITIAN TERDAHULU Pencarian solusi dari permasalahan penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa referensi penelitian terkait yang telah ada sebelumnya. Gedhe Nusantara (Gedhe Foundation) membuat sebuah aplikasi kamus bernama Kamus Banyumas. aplikasi kamus yang telah memuat kosa kata yang ada dalam kamus bahasa Banyumas yang ditulis oleh Bapak Ahmad Tohari dan kawan- kawan selaku budayawan. Aplikasi ini berbentuk mobile aplikasi dengan berbasis pada sistem android dengan masih menerjemahkan dari kaa ke kata beserta maksud dari penggunaan kata yang masukannya berdasar teks[3]. Logbar Inc. meluncurkan sebuah wearable translator bernama ili wearable ini dapat melakukan penerjemahan terkunci 2 bahasa secara langsung dan masih dalam tahap pengembangan. Bahasa yang telah didukung oleh ili adalah Bahasa Jepang dan Bahasa Inggris. Ili memiliki kemampuan untuk menerjemahkan melaui suara baik input maupun output dari terjemahan kalimat[4]. Google Inc. membuat sebuah produk yang hampir mencakup segala bahasa dan kemajuan teknologi bernama Google Translate. Namun dalam penyusunan kata dalam kalimat masih dirasa kurang memuaskan. Google Translate mencakup hampir semua basis dari website, mobile ios, mobile android dan masih banyak lainnya. Dilengkapi dengan fitur yang semakin lengkap dengan adanya Augmented reality bernama Word Lens yang dibelinya dari Quest Visual dan Voice Recognition yang juga telah dikembangkan[5]. Sebuah penelitian yang berjudul “Optical Character Recognition for Isolated Offline Handwritten Devanagari Numerals Using Wavelets” menyimpulkan bahwa proses konversi gambar menjadi teks dapat dilakukan dengan OCR disebut dalam sebuah jurnal yang membahas tentang pemindaian gambar untuk mempermudah akses atau aktivitas. Dikatakan bahwa hasil dari konversi OCR saat itu belum maksimal dan masih membutuhkan beberapa pengembangan[6]. Penggunaan sebuah metode segmentasi teks untuk gambar bersejarah menggunakan OCR. Sebagian besar metode yang dikembangkan berdasarkan fitur geometri seperti aspek rasio dan sebagai ukuran segmentasi baris teks. Berdasarkan 4 pernyataan itu dapat di simpulkan bahwa ada lingkup besar untuk mengembangkan metode baru untuk segmentasi baris teks dari gambar dokumen bersejarah[7]. Penambahan kemampuan yang sesuai untuk pengambilan keputusan negara dan identifikasi Telugu’s Written dengan cetak dan konjungsi konsonan berdasarkan 3 pendekatan layer dengan orientasinya, metode keselarasan dan juga ditujukan untuk mengembangkan identifikasi, klasifikasi dan validasi. Prototyping untuk pengujian pada huruf tulis tangan dan cetak huruf konsonan campuran dan karakter konjungsi, serta penggunaan metode keselarasan dengan menggunakan sistem fuzzy logic[8]. Penignkatan akurasi OCR dengan penggabungan alogaritma secara efektif pada stack, algoritma preprocessing sangat efisien dan adaptif terhadap pencahayaan dan penyesuaian kecerahan untuk konteks image enhancement document. Algoritma menerapkan Contrast Ltd Adaptive Histogram Equalization secara terpisah pada value dari ruang warna HSV untuk memperbaiki dan menyamakan kecerahan gambar asli. Background cleaning, whitening dan pengurangan noise digunakan algoritma Otsu Binarization sebagai algoritma thresholding global aptimal[9]. Pembuatan sebuah aplikasi kamus Bahasa Sunda – Indonesia – Inggris dengan kamera smartphone. Kamus ini akan menerjemahkan Bahasa Sunda ke Bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris, dan juga sebaliknya. Dengan keterbatasan akurasi pada sistem OCR berkisar 70% keberhasilan terpengaruh karena pencahayaan dan jenis font yang tidak diketahui. Kegagalan juga dipengaruhi oleh background objek tulisan dan juga kamus ini masih bergantung pada internet[10]. 5 2.2. PERBANDINGAN REFERENSI Pada penelitian sebelumnya tentang aplikasi Kamus Mobile Sunda menggunakan Tesseract OCR library dan dinyatakan bahwa Pengembangan aplikasi mendapati hasil dari OCR: Tabel 2.1 Data Hasil Pengujian Pada Kamus Bahasa Sunda Jumlah Gambar Sukses Gagal 71 50 (70%) 21 (30%) Berdasar pada tabel 2.1 50 dari 71 kali percobaan yang telah dilakukan didapatkan data akurasi OCR menangkap data dan berhasil sebesar 70% dan untuk melakukan penerjemahan masih memerlukan internet untuk menerjemahkan data[10]. Sedangkan aplikasi kamus Banyumas dikembangkan dengan berfokus pada penerjemahan kalimat dan mencakup fitur Augmented reality menggunakan Tesseract OCR untuk menunjang kemudahan dalam masukan penerjemahan. Dengan tujuan dari kamus sebagai media belajar Bahasa Banyumas dan sebagai penyaji Bahasa Banyumas dalam android mobile secara offline. 2.3. LANDASAN TEORI 2.3.1. Augmented Reality (AR) Augmented Reality (AR) adalah teknologi yang menggabungkan atau mencampurkan keadaan benda dari dalam maya baik teknologi 2D dan ataupun teknologi 3D ke dalam sebuah lingkungan nyata atau realita lalu memproyeksikan benda-benda maya tersebut dalam waktu nyata (real time)[11]. 2.3.1.1. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) OCR (Optical Character Recognition) adalah aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk memindai teks pada citra kemudian dijadikan text. Dengan adanya OCR, Image yang bertulisan tangan, tulisan mesin ketik atau computer text, dapat dimanipulasi. 6 Beberapa hal yang dilakukan OCR sebagai berikut: 1. Data Acquisition OCR melakukan proses pindai pada objek yang nantinya didapatkan data berupa gambar 2. Pre-processing Kegiatan ini digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari data yang didapat. Serta untuk menghilangkan noise atau semacam gangguan pada citra. 3. Segmentation Kegiatan segmentation digunakan untuk memisahkan citra data berdasar kriteria character pada data. 4. Feature extraction Disini karakter akan memiliki identitas yang akan menjadikan data tersebut menjadi character. 5. Classification Langkah ini akan melakukan ekstrasi pada langkah sebelumnya untuk di bandingkan pada data bank character untuk mengubah data sesuai dengan kriteria vector yang cocok. 6. Post-processing Tujuan dari langkah ini adalah penggabungan konteks dan bentuk informasi di semua tahapan sistem OCR. Hal ini diperlukan untuk peningkatan berarti pada tingkat recognition[12]. 7 2.3.2. Android Android adalah sebuah sistem operasi terbuka berbasis linux kernel pada platform mobile. Pengguna Ponsel Pintar 100% 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% Jul-19 Aug-19 Sep-19 Oct-19 Nov-19Dec-19 Jan-20 Feb-20 Mar- Apr-20 May- Jun-20 Jul-20 20 20 Android IOS Unknown Tizen Nokia Unknown Windows BlackBerry OS SymbianOS Gambar 2.1 Pengguna Ponsel Pintar[13] Data pengguna gawai android pada gambar 2.1 menunjukan bahwa di Indonesia pengguna sistem operasi android mencapai 92,54% dari total sistem operasi mobile yang digunakan di Indonesia[13]. 2.3.2.1. Jenis Android Android telah mengalami perkembangan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pada tiap serinya. Beberapa jenis android berdasar API Levelnya adalah sebagai berikut: Tabel 2.2 Jenis Android Berdasar API Level[14] Android’s Name API Plathform Version Code Level Version Alpha 1 Android 1.0 Base Beta 2 Android 1.1 Base_1_1 8 Cupcake 3 Android 1.5 Cupcake Donut 4 Android 1.6 Donut Eclair 5 Android 2.0 Eclair 6 Android 2.0.1 Eclair_0_1 7 Android 2.1.x Eclair_MR1 Froyo 8 Android 2.2.x Froyo Gingger Bread 9 Android 2.3 – Ginggerbread 2.3.2 10 Android 2.3.3 – Ginggerbread_MR1 2.3.4 Honey Comb 11 Android 3.0.x Honeycomb 12 Android 3.1.x Honeycomb_MR1 13 Android 3.2 Honeycomb_MR2 Ice Cream 14 Android 4.0 – Ice_Cream_Sandwich Sandwich 4.0.2 15 Android 4.0.3 – Ice_Cream_Sandwich_MR1 4.0.4 Jelly Bean 16 Android 4.1 – Jelly_Bean 4.1.1 17 Android 4.2 – Jelly_Bean_MR1 4.2.2 18 Android 4.3 Jelly_Bean_MR2 Kitkat 19 Android 4.4 Kitkat 20 Android 4.4W Kitkat_Watch Lolipop 21 Android 5.0 Lolipop 22 Android 5.1 Lolipop_MR1 9 Marshmallow 23 Android 6.0 M Nougat 24 Android 7.0 N 25 Android 7.1 – N_MR1 7.1.1 Oreo 26 Android 8.0 O 27 Android 8.1 O_MR1 Pie 28 Android 9.0 P Android 10 29 Android 10.0 Q Android 11 30 Android 11 2.3.3. Mobile Aplication Pengguna Gawai di Indonesia Januari 2019 10% 8% Ponsel Pintar Komputer Tablet 22% 60% Lain-lain. Gambar 2.2 Pengguna Mobile Device Menurut gambar 2.2 We Are Social dan Hootsuite telah melakukan penelitian pada tahun 2018 dan di publikasikan pada bulan Januari 2019 yang menyatakan bahwa penggunaan mobile phone mencapai 91% dari populasi penduduk di Indonesia[15]. 10 2.3.4. Android Studio Android Studio merupakan Integrated Development Environment (IDE) resmi untuk pengembangan aplikasi Android, berdasarkan IntelliJ IDEA. Selain code editor dan alat pengembang IntelliJ. Android Studio menawarkan lebih banyak fitur, seperti: a) Build system berbasis Gradle yang fleksibel b) Dapat mengembangkan semua piranti Android c) Apply change dimana dapat mengubah code dari aplikasi yang berjalan tanpa melakukan pemuatan ulang d) Dukungan C ++ dan NDK e) Dukungan bawaan untuk Google Cloud Platform, memudahkan integrasi Google Cloud Messaging[16]. Android SDK merupakan sebuah API (Application Programming Interface) yang diperlukan dalam pengembangan aplikasi pada platform android[17]. 11 .
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