Toroidal Pinches and Current-Driven Instabilities
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Controlled Nuclear Fusion
Controlled Nuclear Fusion HANNAH SILVER, SPENCER LUKE, PETER TING, ADAM BARRETT, TORY TILTON, GABE KARP, TIMOTHY BERWIND Nuclear Fusion Thermonuclear fusion is the process by which nuclei of low atomic weight such as hydrogen combine to form nuclei of higher atomic weight such as helium. two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (composed of a hydrogen nucleus containing one neutrons and one proton) and tritium (a hydrogen nucleus containing two neutrons and one proton), provide the most energetically favorable fusion reactants. in the fusion process, some of the mass of the original nuclei is lost and transformed to energy in the form of high-energy particles. energy from fusion reactions is the most basic form of energy in the universe; our sun and all other stars produce energy through thermonuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear Fusion Overview Two nuclei fuse together to form one larger nucleus Fusion occurs in the sun, supernovae explosion, and right after the big bang Occurs in the stars Initially, research failed Nuclear weapon research renewed interest The Science of Nuclear Fusion Fusion in stars is mostly of hydrogen (H1 & H2) Electrically charged hydrogen atoms repel each other. The heat from stars speeds up hydrogen atoms Nuclei move so fast, they push through the repulsive electric force Reaction creates radiant & thermal energy Controlled Fusion uses two main elements Deuterium is found in sea water and can be extracted using sea water Tritium can be made from lithium When the thermal energy output exceeds input, the equation is self-sustaining and called a thermonuclear reaction 1929 1939 1954 1976 1988 1993 2003 Prediction Quantitativ ZETA JET Project Japanese Princeton ITER using e=mc2, e theory Tokomak Generates that energy explaining 10 from fusion is fusion. -
Iter: Os Caminhos Da Energia De Fusão E O Brasil (2015)
ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Mauro Luiz Iecker Vieira Secretário -Geral Embaixador Sérgio França Danese FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais Diretor Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretor Embaixador Maurício E. Cortes Costa Conselho Editorial da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Membros Embaixador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Embaixador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Embaixador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Embaixador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Ministro Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Augusto Pestana ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil Brasília, 2015 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones:(61) 2030 ‑6033/6034 Fax:(61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Projeto Gráfico e Capa: Yanderson Rodrigues Programação Visual e Diagramação: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Impresso no Brasil 2015 P476 Pestana, Augusto. -
NEWSLETTER Issue No. 7 September 2017
NEWSLETTER September 2017 Issue no. 7 Nuclear Industry Group Newsletter September 2017 Contents Notes from the Chair ................................................................................... 3 IOP Group Officers Forum .......................................................................... 4 NIG Committee Elections ............................................................................ 6 Nuclear Industry Group Career Contribution Prize 2017 .......................... 7 Event – Gen IV Reactors by Richard Stainsby (NNL) ................................ 8 Event – Nuclear Security by Robert Rodger (NNL) and Graham Urwin (RWM) ......................................................................................................... 12 Event – The UK’s Nuclear Future by Dame Sue Ion ................................ 13 Event – Regulatory Challenges for Nuclear New Build by Mike Finnerty. .................................................................................................................... 15 Event – European Nuclear Young Generation Forum ............................. 18 Event – Nuclear Fusion, 60 Years on from ZETA by Chris Warrick (UKAEA), Kate Lancaster (York Plasma Institute), David Kingham (Tokamak Energy) and Ian Chapman (UKAEA) ....................................... 19 IOP Materials and Characterisation Group Meetings .............................. 25 “Brexatom” – the implications of the withdrawal for the UK from the Euratom Treaty. ........................................................................................ -
LANL Fusion Capabilities
LANL Fusion Capabilities INFUSE workshop Jan 22-23, 2019 1 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Los Alamos has a long history of fusion research James Tuck, Ivy Mike, 1952 Perhapsatron, 1953 • Today magnetic and inertial fusion work resides in the Physics Division, Theory Division, and X Division (Weapons). There are also related capabilities in detectors, radiation damage, and tritium handling. • Dr. John Kline ( [email protected] ) is the present Fusion Energy Sciences (and Inertial Fusion) program manager, and a point-of-contact. 2 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA 3 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA FRC’s were developed in Russia and Los Alamos FRC’s are high beta plasmas, with many interesting features 4 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Today FRC plasmas are still being explored 5 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Magnetized Plasma Team in P-24 Plasma Physics We do experimental plasma work for FES, APRA-E, and NNSA sponsors, with national and international partners, including small businesses. We use our knowledge of plasma diagnostics, pulsed power expertise, and HED plasmas in the areas of fusion energy, weapons support, and basic plasma science. Team Leader: Glen Wurden ([email protected]) Staff: Hsu, Weber, Langendorf, Dunn, Shimada Postdocs: Tom Byvank, Kevin Yates, John Boguski Student: Chris Roper (Summer) 6 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. -
Simultaneous Ultra-Fast Imaging and Neutron Emission from a Compact Dense Plasma Focus Fusion Device
instruments Article Simultaneous Ultra-Fast Imaging and Neutron Emission from a Compact Dense Plasma Focus Fusion Device Nathan Majernik, Seth Pree, Yusuke Sakai, Brian Naranjo, Seth Putterman and James Rosenzweig * ID Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (B.N.); [email protected] (S.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +310-206-4541 Received: 12 February 2018; Accepted: 5 April 2018; Published: 11 April 2018 Abstract: Recently, there has been intense interest in small dense plasma focus (DPF) devices for use as pulsed neutron and X-ray sources. Although DPFs have been studied for decades and scaling laws for neutron yield versus system discharge current and energy have been established (Milanese, M. et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 2003, 27, 77–81), there are notable deviations at low energies due to contributions from both thermonuclear and beam-target interactions (Schmidt, A. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 1–4). For low energy DPFs (100 s of Joules), other empirical scaling laws have been found (Bures, B.L. et al., Phys. Plasmas 2012, 112702, 1–9). Although theoretical mechanisms to explain this change have been proposed, the cause of this reduced efficiency is not well understood. A new apparatus with advanced diagnostic capabilities allows us to probe this regime, including variants in which a piston gas is employed. Several complementary diagnostics of the pinch dynamics and resulting X-ray neutron production are employed to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. -
SCIENCE and INNOVATION at Los Alamos
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION at Los Alamos Los Alamos Science Number 21 1993 1993 Number 21 Los Alamos Science 1 . Fred Reines (left) helps lower Wright Langham into a detector similar to the one used by Reines to detect neutrinos for the first time. The active medium of the detector was a liquid scintillator developed by F. Newton Hayes for assays of large biological sam- ples. The availability of liquid scintillators led to the whole-body counter, a device for monitoring the amount of certain radionu- clides in the bodies of workers exposed to radioactive materials. Wright Langham was one of the world’s experts on the metabo- lism of plutonium. Lattice-gas hydrodynamics, a discrete model for fluid flow, was invented by Brosl Hasslacher at Los Alamos with U. Frisch and Y. Pomeau. This novel formulation provides a fast, efficient, reliable method for simulating the Navier-Stokes equations and two-phase flow. A modification by Ken Eggert and coworkers is now being applied to model flow through porous media, a problem of great interest to oil companies. Norman Doggett and Judy Tesmer examine a gel at the Laboratory’s Center for Human Genome Studies. The Human Genome Project, a joint DOE-NIH effort, was largely conceived at a DOE meeting in Santa Fe in 1986. Researchers at the Los Alamos Center developed a widely used technique for fingerprinting DNA, discovered the human telomere (the se- quence at the ends of every human chromosome), are developing physical maps of several human chromosomes, and are preparing chromosome-specific libraries of clones, which are extremely useful in physical-mapping projects. -
The Economist's Free E-Mail Newsletters Twist and Shout and Alerts
Log in Register My account Subscribe Digital & mobile Newsletters RSS Jobs Help Thursday September 1st 2011 Search World politics Business & finance Economics Science & technology Culture Blogs Debate & discuss Multimedia Print edition Fusion power Be the first to comment Print Next ITERation? E-mail Reprints & permissions Generating electricity by nuclear fusion has long looked like a chimera. A reactor being built in Germany may change that Advertisement Sep 3rd 2011 | from the print edition Like 3 7 Most commented Most recommended 1. China's military power: Modernisation in sheep's clothing 2. Charlemagne: Among the dinosaurs 3. Anti-corruption protests in India: No modern-day AS THE old joke has it, fusion is the power of the future—and always will be. The sales Mahatma pitch is irresistible: the principal fuel, a heavy isotope of hydrogen called deuterium, 4. German business and politics: Goodbye to Berlin can be extracted from water. In effect, therefore, it is in limitless supply. Nor, unlike 5. Libya: The birth of free Libya fusion’s cousin, nuclear fission, does the process produce much in the way of 6. Immigration: Let them come radioactive waste. It does not release carbon dioxide, either. Which all sounds too good 7. Climate science (II): Clouds in a jar to be true. And it is. For there is the little matter of building a reactor that can run for 8. Language learning: No, she's foreign! long enough to turn out a meaningful amount of electricity. Since the first attempt to do 9. Martin Luther King: A blockheaded memorial so, a machine called Zeta that was constructed in Britain in the 1950s, no one has even 10. -
Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4
P/2488 USA Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4 By J. P. Conner, D. C. H age r m an, J. L. Honsaker, H. J. Karr, J. P. Mize, J. E. Osher, J. A. Phillips and E. J. Stovall Jr. Several investigators1"6 have reported initial success largely inductance-limited and not resistance-limited in stabilizing a pinched discharge through the utiliza- as observed in PS-3. After gas breakdown about 80% tion of an axial Bz magnetic field and conducting of the condenser voltage appears around the secondary, walls, and theoretical work,7"11 with simplifying in agreement with the ratio of source and load induct- assumptions, predicts stabilization under these con- ances. The rate of increase of gas current is at first ditions. At Los Alamos this approach has been large, ~1.3xlOn amp/sec, until the gas current examined in linear (Columbus) and toroidal (Per- contracts to cause an increase in inductance, at which hapsatron) geometries. time the gas current is a good approximation to a sine Perhapsatron S-3 (PS-3), described elsewhere,4 was curve. The gas current maximum is found to rise found to be resistance-limited in that the discharge linearly with primary voltage (Fig. 3), deviating as current did not increase significantly for primary expected at the higher voltages because of saturation vçltages over 12 kv (120 volts/cm). The minor inside of the iron core. diameter of this machine was small, 5.3 cm, and the At the discharge current maximum, the secondary onset of impurity light from wall material in the voltage is not zero, and if one assumes that there is discharge occurred early in the gas current cycle. -
1 Looking Back at Half a Century of Fusion Research Association Euratom-CEA, Centre De
Looking Back at Half a Century of Fusion Research P. STOTT Association Euratom-CEA, Centre de Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France. This article gives a short overview of the origins of nuclear fusion and of its development as a potential source of terrestrial energy. 1 Introduction A hundred years ago, at the dawn of the twentieth century, physicists did not understand the source of the Sun‘s energy. Although classical physics had made major advances during the nineteenth century and many people thought that there was little of the physical sciences left to be discovered, they could not explain how the Sun could continue to radiate energy, apparently indefinitely. The law of energy conservation required that there must be an internal energy source equal to that radiated from the Sun‘s surface but the only substantial sources of energy known at that time were wood or coal. The mass of the Sun and the rate at which it radiated energy were known and it was easy to show that if the Sun had started off as a solid lump of coal it would have burnt out in a few thousand years. It was clear that this was much too shortœœthe Sun had to be older than the Earth and, although there was much controversy about the age of the Earth, it was clear that it had to be older than a few thousand years. The realization that the source of energy in the Sun and stars is due to nuclear fusion followed three main steps in the development of science. -
Revamping Fusion Research Robert L. Hirsch
Revamping Fusion Research Robert L. Hirsch Journal of Fusion Energy ISSN 0164-0313 Volume 35 Number 2 J Fusion Energ (2016) 35:135-141 DOI 10.1007/s10894-015-0053-y 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy J Fusion Energ (2016) 35:135–141 DOI 10.1007/s10894-015-0053-y POLICY Revamping Fusion Research Robert L. Hirsch1 Published online: 28 January 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract A fundamental revamping of magnetic plasma Introduction fusion research is needed, because the current focus of world fusion research—the ITER-tokamak concept—is A practical fusion power system must be economical, virtually certain to be a commercial failure. Towards that publically acceptable, and as simple as possible from a end, a number of technological considerations are descri- regulatory standpoint. In a preceding paper [1] the ITER- bed, believed important to successful fusion research. -
Years of Fusion Research
“50” Years of Fusion Research Dale Meade Fusion Innovation Research and Energy® Princeton, NJ Independent Activities Period (IAP) January 19, 2011 MIT PSFC Cambridge, MA 02139 1 FiFusion Fi FiPre Powers th thSe Sun “We nee d to see if we can mak e f usi on work .” John Holdren @MIT, April, 2009 3 Toroidal Magg(netic Confinement (1940s-earlyy) 50s) • 1940s - first ideas on using a magnetic field to confine a hot plasma for fusion. • 1947 Sir G.P. Thomson and P. C. Thonemann began classified investigations of toroidal “pinch” RF discharge, eventually lead to ZETA, a large pinch at Harwell, England 1956. • 1949 Richter in Argentina issues Press Release proclaiming fusion, turns out to be bogus, but news piques Spitzer’s interest. • 1950 Spitzer conceives stellarator while on a ski lift, and makes ppproposal to AEC ($50k )-initiates Project Matterhorn at Princeton. • 1950s Classified US Program on Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (Project Sherwood) carried out until 1958 when magnetic fusion research was declassified. US and others unveil results at 2nd UN Atoms for Peace Conference in Geneva 1958. Fusion Leading to 1958 Geneva Meeting • A period of rapid progress in science and technology – N-weapons, N-submarine, Fission energy, Sputnik, transistor, .... • Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion had great potential – Much optimism in the early 1950s with expectation for a quick solution – Political support and pressure for quick results (but bud gets were low, $56M for 1951-1958) – Many very “innovative” approaches were put forward. – Early fusion reactor concepts - Tamm/Sakharov, Spitzer (Model D) very large. • Reality began to set in by the mid 1950s – Coll ectiv e eff ects - MHD instability ( 195 4), Bo hm d iffus io n was ubi qui tous – Meager plasma physics understanding led to trial and error approaches – A multitude of experiments were tried and ended up far from fusion conditions – Magnetic Fusion research in the U.S. -
Development of a Compact Fusion Device Based on the Flow Z-Pinch
Development of a Compact Fusion Device based on the Flow Z-Pinch 2016 ARPA-e Annual Review Seattle, WA August 9-11, 2015 Harry S. McLean for the FUZE Team H.S. McLean1, U. Shumlak2, B. A. Nelson2, R. Golingo2, E.L. Claveau2, T.R. Weber2, A. Schmidt1 D.P Higginson, K. Tummel 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2University of Washington LLNL-PRES-678157 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Outline • What are we trying to do? • Scale up an existing 50 kAmp z-pinch device to higher current and performance: [Goal = 300 kAmp of pinch current.] • This requires new electrodes, new capacitor bank, new gas injection/pumping • Understand the plasma physics involved in the scale up to improve and inform projections of performance to reactor conditions • Why is this important? • A stable pinch at 300 kA of pinch current has some exciting applications • If the concept works at >1 MA of current, a power reactor may be possible • Direct adoption of liquid walls solves critical reactor materials issues • Fundamental questions about plasmas in these regimes are unresolved. • Why now? • First attempt at scaling up by large factor. (6x in current) • First look at physics with recently developed kinetic modeling methods • First use of agile power drive and gas input (multiple cap bank modules and multiple gas valves) • Why are the major challenges? • Unknown physics as discharge current is increased