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Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4

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Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4 P/2488 USA Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4 By J. P. Conner, D. C. H age r m an, J. L. Honsaker, H. J. Karr, J. P. Mize, J. E. Osher, J. A. Phillips and E. J. Stovall Jr. Several investigators1"6 have reported initial success largely inductance-limited and not resistance-limited in stabilizing a pinched discharge through the utiliza- as observed in PS-3. After gas breakdown about 80% tion of an axial Bz magnetic field and conducting of the condenser voltage appears around the secondary, walls, and theoretical work,7"11 with simplifying in agreement with the ratio of source and load induct- assumptions, predicts stabilization under these con- ances. The rate of increase of gas current is at first ditions. At Los Alamos this approach has been large, ~1.3xlOn amp/sec, until the gas current examined in linear (Columbus) and toroidal (Per- contracts to cause an increase in inductance, at which hapsatron) geometries. time the gas current is a good approximation to a sine Perhapsatron S-3 (PS-3), described elsewhere,4 was curve. The gas current maximum is found to rise found to be resistance-limited in that the discharge linearly with primary voltage (Fig. 3), deviating as current did not increase significantly for primary expected at the higher voltages because of saturation vçltages over 12 kv (120 volts/cm). The minor inside of the iron core. diameter of this machine was small, 5.3 cm, and the At the discharge current maximum, the secondary onset of impurity light from wall material in the voltage is not zero, and if one assumes that there is discharge occurred early in the gas current cycle. It no large change of inductance, the total resistance of was tentatively concluded that in the small PS-3 the discharge (R = Vjl) is computed to be ~28 torus the flux of energy to the walls had reached an milliohms. intolerable value. The resulting evaporation or sputter- ing of wall material then contaminated the discharge EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS causing the resistance of the discharge to rise. For this reason the next in the progression of toroidal Neutron Production machines, Perhapsatron S-4 (PS-4), was constructed The total average yield of neutrons is ~4 x 106 per (see Fig. 1). discharge at 30 kv, and neutron yields as high as 7 The machine has a quartz torus of 14.0-cm minor ~10 per discharge have been recorded. No cir- inside diameter, 218-cm mean circumference and wall cumferential asymmetry in neutron yield has been thickness 0.6 cm. An aluminum primary, 1.25 cm observed. thick, surrounds the quartz torus with minimum The average yield of neutrons is found to vary with spacing, ~0.4 cm, and can be energized by 90,000 pressure as shown in Fig. 4. The maximum neutron joules, 20 kv at two feed points, permitting a maximum yield is found at a lower pressure (~ 15 fx) than with electric field of 150 volts/cm. A two-ton iron core the smaller machine, PS-3 (~30 /¿). The neutron yield (laminations 0.002 in. thick) links the primary and also is observed to decrease more rapidly with in- secondary and has a rating of 0.2 volt-sec. A solenoid, creasing pressure than for PS-3 and is reduced to 1.6 turns per cm, wound around the primary is one-half of its maximum value at a pressure of 21.5 /¿. energized by a 2400 ¡d capacitor at voltages upjtoJS kv The dependence of the average neutron yield from and produces an axial Bz magneticTfield up to~4000 PS-4 on the initial axial Bz magnetic field (Fig. 5a) gauss. A split in the aluminum primary allows rapid exhibits a striking similarity to that reported for PS-3 Bz field penetration. with an optimum value of Bz giving the maximum yield. It is also found that the optimum value of Bz ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS varies with the applied primary voltage as shown in Fig. 5b. Again a comparison with PS-3 can be made The typical behavior of gas current and secondary in that a smaller value of Bz is required in the larger voltage at 25 kv is shown in Fig. 2. The current- machine to optimize the neutron yield for a given voltage phase relation shows that the gas current is discharge current. It is of further interest to note that * Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of Cali- for the Bz field adjusted for optimum neutron yield fornia, Los Alamos, New Mexico. at various primary voltages, the yield experiences 297 298 SESSION A-10 P/2488 J. P. CONNER et al. 350 25 5.0 7.5 I0.0 Í25 15,0 17.5 'вез Primary Bank Voltage (kilovolts) Figure 3. Peak gas current as a function of primary voltage 1.0 Figure 1. Photograph of Perhapsatron S-4 showing the torus, iron cores, electrical feed points and a section of the vacuum system essentially a linear rise with increasing primary voltage. These data are summarized in Fig. 6. The average times of onset, cessation and duration of neutron emission are shown in Fig. la and 7b. As the primary voltage is increased the neutrons appear earlier in time and their duration grows shorter. The onset of neutrons at a fixed Bz field may well be associated with a critical value of discharge current (~180ka) so that the more the primary voltage is increased, with the resulting increase in the rate of rise of gas current, the earlier will this critical current be reached and neutrons emitted. The termination of the neutron burst is correlated with the appearance of radiation from wall materials. At the lower voltages (20 to 24 kv), neutron emission occurs almost sym- metrically in time about the current maximum with little or no impurity light (Si II) emitted in this time 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Deuterium Gas Pressure (microns) Figure 4. Neutron yield vs. deuterium gas pressure Primary voltage = 30 kv, axial magnetic field Bz = 1700 gauss. Each point represents the average yield of three discharges; the standard error for this average is approximately ±20% interval. At the higher voltages (>24 kv), impurity light comes in earlier with an apparent quenching of the neutrons, thus leading to shorter burst duration. Figure 2. Multiple beam oscilloscope traces of (a) secondary voltage, and (b) gas discharge current. Initial condition: primary The region of emission of neutrons in the torus has voltage = 30 kv; axial magnetic field B2 = 1700 gauss, P = 12.5 ц been measured with a large paraffin collimator used OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERHAPSATRON S-4 299 О 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 2488.5o Вг Axial Magnetic Field (gauss) Bz Axial Magnelic Field (gauss) Figure 5a. Neutron yield as a function of axial Bz magnetic field. Primary voltage = 30 kv Figure 5b. Axial Bz magnetic field for optimum neutron yield as a function of primary voltage. Deuterium gas pressure = 12.5 ¡L in conjunction with a fast phosphor and photo- multipHer detector. The results of the measurement are shown in Fig. 8. Within the experimental errors, the results for the horizontal and vertical scan across the minor diameter are the same, and it is concluded that the source is probably symmetric about the minor axis. From a knowledge of the resolution of the collimator, these data have been obtained with the aid of a 704 computing machine. The results of the calculation (Fig. 9A) show that the neutrons are produced in a hollow cylinder, ~2 cm id and ~3 cm od, with some contribution between 8- and 14-cm diameter. The data, however, are not inconsistent with neutrons being produced uniformly in a rod 3 cm in diameter with a small contribution between this rod and the torus wall, Fig. 9B. The energy distributions of the emitted neutrons have been measured in two directions tangential to the major circumference: one in the direction in which deuterons are accelerated by the induced electric field, and the other opposed. An expansion-type cloud chamber, 30 cm id, filled with CH4 at a pressure of 1.5 atmospheres placed one meter from the torus was used as the detector. A paraffin collimator between the cloud chamber and the torus limited the neutrons accepted to those emitted tangentially from the torus. To minimize X-ray background a 0.6-cm thick lead shield surrounded the cloud chamber. The high relative neutron yield from this machine has made it possible '0 8 12 I6 20 24 28 32 36 to obtain ~870 usable tracks in ~1600 expansions. 2488.6 Primary Voltage (kilovolts) The results with the machine operating at 27.6 kv, 1500 gauss B field and 12.5 [x D gas pressure, are Figure 6. Neutron yield vs. primary voltage z 2 Axial Bz magnetic field adjusted for optimum neutron yield at shown in Fig. 10 together with a calibration run made the individual data points. Deuterium pressure = 12.5 JU. 300 SESSION A-10 P/2488 J. P. CONNER et al. I I I I I I I I I I I Г •Time of cessation -22.4 kv of neutrons ью- Í9 _ v29.8kv о le I I I I I VI6 17 18 19 20 2l 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 32 33 34 35 i88 7e Primary Bank Voltage (kilovolts) 1б Figure 7a. Time, during gas current cycle, of onset and cessation of neutron emission, and time on onset of Si II 4128 Â line as a 34.0 kv function of primary voltage.
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