Magnetic Confinement Fusion
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Nuclear Weapons Databook
Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume I11 U.S. Nuclear Warhead Facility Profiles Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume I11 U.S. Nuclear Warhead Facility Profiles Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, Robert S. Morris, and Milton M. Hoenig A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. BALUNGER PUBLISHING COMPANY Cambridge, Massachusetts A Subsidiary of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Copyright a 1987 by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. International Standard Book Number: 0-88730-126-6 (CL) 0-88730-146-0 (PB) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-24376 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress CataloGng-iii-PublicationData U.S. nuclear warhead facility profiles. (Nuclear weapons databook ;v. 3) "A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc." Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nuclear weapons-United States. 2. Munitions-United States. I. Cochran, Thomas B. 11. Natural Resources Defense Council. 111. Title: US nuclear warhead facility profiles. IV. Title: United States nuclear warhead facility profiles. V. Series: Cochran, Thomas B. Nuclear weapons databook ;v. 3. U264.C6 1984 vol. 3 355.8'25119'0973 87-14552 [U264] ISBN 0-88410-172-X (v. 1) ISBN 0-88410-173-8 (pbk. : v. 1) ISBN 0-88730-124-X (v. 2) ISBN 0-88730-125-8 (pbk. : v. 2) ISBN 0-88730-126-6 (v. 3) ISBN 0-88730-146-0 (pbk. -
Development of a Compact Fusion Device Based on the Flow Z-Pinch
Development of a Compact Fusion Device based on the Flow Z-Pinch 2016 ARPA-e Annual Review Seattle, WA August 9-11, 2015 Harry S. McLean for the FUZE Team H.S. McLean1, U. Shumlak2, B. A. Nelson2, R. Golingo2, E.L. Claveau2, T.R. Weber2, A. Schmidt1 D.P Higginson, K. Tummel 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2University of Washington LLNL-PRES-678157 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Outline • What are we trying to do? • Scale up an existing 50 kAmp z-pinch device to higher current and performance: [Goal = 300 kAmp of pinch current.] • This requires new electrodes, new capacitor bank, new gas injection/pumping • Understand the plasma physics involved in the scale up to improve and inform projections of performance to reactor conditions • Why is this important? • A stable pinch at 300 kA of pinch current has some exciting applications • If the concept works at >1 MA of current, a power reactor may be possible • Direct adoption of liquid walls solves critical reactor materials issues • Fundamental questions about plasmas in these regimes are unresolved. • Why now? • First attempt at scaling up by large factor. (6x in current) • First look at physics with recently developed kinetic modeling methods • First use of agile power drive and gas input (multiple cap bank modules and multiple gas valves) • Why are the major challenges? • Unknown physics as discharge current is increased -
Sixty Years on from ZETA …
Sixty years on from ZETA … Chris Warrick The Sun … What is powering it? Coal? Lifetime 3,000 years Gravitational Energy? Lifetime 30 million years – Herman Von Helmholtz, Lord Kelvin - mid 1800s The Sun … Suggested the Earth is at least 300 million years old – confirmed by geologists studying rock formations … The Sun … Albert Einstein (Theory of Special Relativity) and Becquerel / Curie’s work on radioactivity – suggested radioactive decay may be the answer … But the Sun comprises hydrogen … The Sun … Arthur Eddington proposed that fusion of hydrogen to make helium must be powering the Sun “If, indeed, the subatomic energy is being freely used to maintain their great furnaces, it seems to bring a little nearer to fulfilment our dream of controlling this latent power for the well-being of the human race – or for its suicide” Cambridge – 1930s Cockcroft Walton accelerator, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. But huge energy losses and low collisionality Ernest Rutherford : “The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing . Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” Oxford – 1940s Peter Thonemann – Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. ‘Pinch’ experiment in glass, then copper tori. First real experiments in sustaining plasma and magnetically controlling them. Imperial College – 1940s George Thomson / Alan Ware – Imperial College London then Aldermaston. Also pinch experiments, but instabilities started to be observed – especially the rapidly growing kink instability. AERE Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) Harwell – Hangar 7 picked up fusion research. Fusion is now classified. Kurchatov visit 1956 ZETA ZETA Zero Energy Thermonuclear Apparatus Pinch experiment – but with added toroidal field to help with instabilities and pulsed DC power supplies. -
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research During Half a Century Bo Lehnert
SE0100262 TRITA-A Report ISSN 1102-2051 VETENSKAP OCH ISRN KTH/ALF/--01/4--SE IONST KTH Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research During Half a Century Bo Lehnert Research and Training programme on CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA PHYSICS (Association EURATOM/NFR) FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS ALFV N LABORATORY ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK TRITA-ALF-2001-04 ISRN KTH/ALF/--01/4--SE Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research During Half a Century Bo Lehnert VETENSKAP OCH KONST Stockholm, June 2001 The Alfven Laboratory Division of Fusion Plasma Physics Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden (Association EURATOM/NFR) Printed by Alfven Laboratory Fusion Plasma Physics Division Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION RESEARCH DURING HALF A CENTURY Bo Lehnert Alfven Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT A review is given on the historical development of research on plasma physics and controlled fusion. The potentialities are outlined for fusion of light atomic nuclei, with respect to the available energy resources and the environmental properties. Various approaches in the research on controlled fusion are further described, as well as the present state of investigation and future perspectives, being based on the use of a hot plasma in a fusion reactor. Special reference is given to the part of this work which has been conducted in Sweden, merely to identify its place within the general historical development. Considerable progress has been made in fusion research during the last decades. -
Signature Redacted %
EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM ARCHW.$ By MASS ACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Lauren A. Merriman I OF IECHNOLOLGY MAY U6 2015 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING I LIBR ARIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2015 Lauren A. Merriman. All Rights Reserved. - The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly Paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author:_ Signature redacted %. Lauren A. Merriman Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering May 22, 2014 Signature redacted Certified by:. Dennis Whyte Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering I'l f 'A Thesis Supervisor Signature redacted Accepted by: Richard K. Lester Professor and Head of the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering 1 EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM By Lauren A. Merriman Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering on May 22, 2014 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering ABSTRACT Fusion has been "forty years away", that is, forty years to implementation, ever since the idea of harnessing energy from a fusion reactor was conceived in the 1950s. In reality, however, it has yet to become a viable energy source. Fusion's promise and failure are both investigated by reviewing the history of the United States domestic fusion program and comparing technological forecasting by fusion scientists, fusion program budget plans, and fusion program budget history. -
Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror D-T Neutron Source
Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror D-T Neutron Source W. Horton∗ and J. Pratt University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies A.W. Molvik Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory R.M. Kulsrud, N.J. Fisch Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory I. OVERVIEW We propose to harness an axisymmetric tandem mirror machine to create an intense neutron source[1] [2]. Our machine would be initially based on the successful GAMMA-10 tandem mirror experiment in Tsukuba, Japan and the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) mirror experiment in Novosibirsk, Russia. In addition it would be suitable for testing of several other axisymmetric stabilization methods: kinetic stabilizers [3] [4], sloshing ions, and wall stabilization, which would enable higher-Q operation than with GDT-type stabilization. The GAMMA-10 has achieved record breaking confinement results that extrapolate to the production of fusion power in a range of fusion Q from 0.1 to 5 in the near future [5]. In this work the authors outline a linear system that could produce large neutron fluxes in a spectrum nearly identical to that of the ITER device currently being built[6]. A hydrogen prototype of a D-T mirror neutron source would allow experiments on stabilization in axisymmetric cells and expanders that would lead to an optimized fusion Q design. Optimizations are needed for fusion-fission hybrid designs versus pure fusion designs. II. ADVANTAGES OF TANDEM MIRRORS The linear axisymmetric system has major conceptual advantages over all toroidal systems. We list a few of these advantages here: (1) Simplicity of engineering with no interlinked magnetic-field coils and no volt-second transformer considerations. -
STATUS of FUSION RESEARCH and IMPLICATIONS for D-3He SYSTEMS
STATUS OF FUSION RESEARCH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR D-3He SYSTEMS George H. Miley Fusion Studies Laboratory University of Illinois 103 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 World-wide programs in both magnetic confinement and inertial confinement fusion research have made steady progress towards the experimental demonstration of energy breakeven.(*-') Both approaches are now in reach of this goal within the next few years using a D-T equivalent plasma. For magnetic confinement, this step is expected in one of the large tokamak experimental devices such as TFTR (USA), JET (EC), JT-60 (Japan), or T-15 (USSR). Upgraded versions of the Nova glass laser (USA) and CEKKO (Japan) also appear to have a good chance at this goal. The light-ion beam facility "PBFA-11" is viewed as a "dark horse" candidate. Recent physics parameters obtained in these various experiments will be briefly reviewed in this presentation. However, after breakeven is achieved, considerable time and effort must still be expended to develop a usable power plant. The time schedules envisioned by workers in the various countries involved are fairly similar.(l-J) For example, the European Community (EC) proposes to go from the physics studies in JET to an engineering test reactor (NET) which has a construction decision in 1991. This is projected to result in a demonstration reactor after 2015. Plans for inertial confinement are-currently centered on the development of a "next-step'' target facility based on an advanced 5-megajoule laser on roughly the same time scale as NET.(5) The facilities required for both magnetic and inertial confinement will be large and expensive. -
A Fusion Pioneer Talks About Fusion and How to Get There
INTERVIEW: RICHARD F. POST A Fusion Pioneer Talks About Fusion and How to Get There Dr. Post was interviewed by Managing Editor Marjorie Mazel magnetic bearing, and your flywheel idea—and anything else Hecht on June 12, 2009. you’d like to talk about. Well, fire away. Question: I’m honored to interview you Dr. Post. Reading over all your accomplishments, I think we might we need two inter- Question: We also work with a Youth Movement, and I want to views in order to ask you all the questions I have! have the youth get acquainted with some of these technolo- Our magazine, as you know, is the successor to Fusion mag- gies that have been your mission in your career. I’d like to start azine, and we have promoted fusion and advanced technolo- with fusion, and have you talk about your idea for the ATM, gies for many years now, so what I would like to cover in the the Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror fusion reactor. You’ve been interview is the fusion question, the Inductrack maglev, the working on this for a long time. How do we bring this into be- ing? In the first place, I would not call it my idea. I did come up with a way of doing it, but there are many ways to skin a cat. The basic concept, that is not what I came up with. I’d been looking at a way of making an ATM, based on theory by [Dmitri] Ryutov but as we learned, there are also many other ways to sta- bilize the MHD [magnetohy- drodynamic] instability mode of an Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror. -
The Fairy Tale of Nuclear Fusion L
The Fairy Tale of Nuclear Fusion L. J. Reinders The Fairy Tale of Nuclear Fusion 123 L. J. Reinders Panningen, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-030-64343-0 ISBN 978-3-030-64344-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64344-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland When you are studying any matter or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what are the facts and what is the truth that the facts bear out. -
Effects of a Conducting Wall on Z-Pinch Stability Sean D
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO. 6, JUNE 2014 1531 Effects of a Conducting Wall on Z-Pinch Stability Sean D. Knecht, Weston Lowrie, and Uri Shumlak Abstract— The stabilizing effect of a conducting wall on The wall stabilization techniques developed throughout Z-pinch stability has been investigated through a systematic the gas arc and arcjet research were extended in research experimental and numerical study. Numerical simulations of directed toward fusion energy to Z-pinches and theta pinches a Z-pinch with a cylindrical conducting wall are compared with a case that modeled perforations in the conducting wall. [11]–[16], and a more theoretical understanding of the phe- The conducting wall also acts as the return current path for nomenon was established. Later research in [17] using a linear these investigations. Plasma conditions with various pinch sizes stability analysis found that a close-fitting conducting wall were studied numerically to better understand the effect of around a diffuse pinch provides complete stability provided, wall stabilization in Z-pinches. A study using the ZaP Flow rw/a < 1.2, where rw is the radius of the conducting wall Z-Pinch was performed by inserting a 0.35-m perforated section of electrode that has eight longitudinal slots cut from the outer and a is the pinch radius. When the wall is moved beyond this electrode, reducing the conducting wall material by ≈70%. This threshold distance from the pinch, the wall no longer stabilizes modification prevents currents from flowing freely along the the plasma. azimuthal distance of the outer electrode required to stabilize the Wall stabilization has also been observed in tokamaks, for = , , m 1 2 3 modes, which are experimentally monitored. -
Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1984 Vol.3 TENTH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, LONDON, 12-19 SEPTEMBER 1984 Nuclear Fusion, Supplement 1985
Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1984 Vol.3 TENTH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, LONDON, 12-19 SEPTEMBER 1984 Nuclear Fusion, Supplement 1985 fj&\ VW& INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1985 ^^ m PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH 1984 VOLUME 3 The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HAITI PARAGUAY ALBANIA HOLY SEE PERU ALGERIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA ICELAND POLAND AUSTRALIA INDIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA INDONESIA QATAR BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELGIUM IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA IRELAND SENEGAL BRAZIL ISRAEL SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA ITALY SINGAPORE BURMA IVORY COAST SOUTH AFRICA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAMAICA SPAIN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JAPAN SRI LANKA CAMEROON JORDAN SUDAN CANADA KENYA SWEDEN CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SWITZERLAND CHINA KUWAIT SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LEBANON THAILAND COSTA RICA LIBERIA TUNISIA CUBA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA TURKEY CYPRUS LIECHTENSTEIN UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LUXEMBOURG UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MALAYSIA UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALI REPUBLICS DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MONACO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EGYPT MONGOLIA IRELAND EL SALVADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA TANZANIA FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY GABON NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGER VIET NAM GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA YUGOSLAVIA GHANA NORWAY ZAIRE GREECE PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GUATEMALA PANAMA The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. -
Study of the Kink Instability and Twist Distribution of Heliospheric Magnetic flux Ropes
Study of the kink instability and twist distribution of heliospheric magnetic flux ropes NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Heliophysics Science Division (HSD) Universitat Polit`ecnicade Catalunya Degree in Mathematics - Degree in Engineering Physics Marta Florido Llin`as Bachelor Thesis Degree in Mathematics - Degree in Engineering Physics Supervisor (NASA GSFC): Teresa Nieves Chinchilla Co-supervisor (UPC): Jordi Jos´ePont May 2020 Abstract Magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) are fundamental plasma structures consisting of magnetic field lines twisted around an axis. They appear in many heliospheric phenomena, including one of the main drivers of adverse space weather: coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Understanding their internal magnetic structure and dynamics is therefore essential to foretell and mitigate their potentially damaging consequences in technological systems. This work starts by providing an explanation of fundamental concepts in heliophysics and magnetohydrodynamics for the modeling and analysis of MFRs. The Circular-Cylindrical (CC) analytical model for magnetic clouds is then studied to include the phenomenon of expansion. Two different reconstruction techniques for CMEs, the Graduated Cylindrical Shell model and the CC model, are compared for a particular event detected by Parker Solar Probe on March 15, 2019, contributing to an article submitted to The Astrophysical Journal (Lario et al., in review). A numerical method has been developed to analyze the helical kink stability of MFRs with different twist profiles, and the results are discussed with the aim of shedding some light on the dynamics of MFRs and the occurrence of rotations, magnetic forces and expansion, among others. A publication with the methodology and outcomes of the stability analysis, obtained in collaboration with the supervisor at NASA GSFC, Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla, and Mark George Linton at NRL (Naval Research Laboratory), has been submitted to Solar Physics (Florido-Llinas et al., in review).