West Side Story is an American musical with a book rary musical adaptation of . He prpro-o- byby , mmususiic bbyy ,, posed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish libretto/lyrics by , and conception and Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower choreography byby ..[1] It was inspired by East Side ofof ,,[6] during the Easter–Passover 's play Romeo and Juliet .. season. The girl has survivvived the Holocaust and - The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood grated from Israel; the conflict was to be centered around in City in the mid-, an ethnic, blue- anti-Semitism of the Catholic “Jets” towards the Jewish “Emeralds” (a name that made its way into the script as collar ne neighighborhood. (In the early much of thethe [7] neineighborhood would be clecleared in anan urban renewal a reference). Eager to write his first musical, Laurents project for the Lincoln Center, changing the neighbor- immediately agreed. Bernstein wanted to present the ma- hood’s character.)[2][3] The musical explores the rivalry terial in operatic form, but Robbins and Laurents resisted between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs the suggestion. They described the project as “lyric the- of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the ater”, and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Sharks, from , are taunted by the Jets, a Story. Only after he completed it did the group realize it white gang.[4] The young protagonist, Tony, a former was little more than a musicalization of themes that had member of the Jets and best friend of the gang leader, alreadybeencoveredinin plaplaysys liklikee Abie’s Irish Rose. When he opted to drop out, the three men went their separate Riff, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the [8][9] leader of the Sharks. The dark theme, sophisticated mu- ways, and the piece was shelved for almost five years. sic, extended dance scenes, and focus on social prob- In 1955, theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working lelemsmsmarkekedd aa turturningg pointnt inin Ameriricanmusicicalal thetheateater.r. on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Ser- Bernstein’s score for the musical includes “Something’s enade, about an singer who comes to the realiza- Cominging”,”, ""Maria",", ""America",", ""Somewhere",", ""Tonight",", tion he is homosexual, and he invited Laurents to write “Jet Song”, “”, "", “One the book. Laurents accepted and suggested Bernsteinein Hand, One Heart”, “Gee, Officer Krupke”, and "Cool".". and Robbins join the creative team. Robbins felt if the The original 1957 Broadway production, directed and three were going to join forces, they should return to East choreographed byby Jerome Robbins and produced byby Side Story, and Bernstein agreed. Laurents, however, was RobertertE.E. GriffithandHarold Prince,, markeded Sondheiheim’s committed to Gabel, who introduced him to the young Broadway debut. It ran for 732 performances before go- /lyricist Stephen Sondheim. Sondhdheieim audi-di- ing on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony tiotionedbybyplaplayiyingng thescorefor ,, hihiss musicicalal Awards including Best Musical in 1957, [5] but the award that was scheduled to open in the fall. Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music. Sondheim for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson's's The Music did not care for Laurents’ opinion. Serenade ultimately Man. Robbins won the Tony for his choreography and [10] OliverSmith wowonn fforor hishissceninicc dedesisigns. Theshshowowhadanan was shelved. even longer-running London production, a number of re- Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a vivvivalsalsand internationalproductions. A 1961 musical film remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil of the same name, directed by and Robbins, forfor Ava Gardner. While in Hollylywowood, he cocontantactectedd starred Natalie Wood,, Richard Beymer,, ,, Bernstein, who was in town conducting at the Hollywood and . The film was nomi- Bowl. The two met at thee Beverly Hills Hotel, and the nated for eleven and won ten, including conversation turned toto juvenile delinquent gangs, a fairly George Chakiris for Supporting Actor,, Rita Moreno for recent social phenomenon that had received major cover- Supporting Actress, and the Best Picture.. age on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to aa Chicano turf war. Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in , but Laurents felt he 1 1 Background wasmoreffamiliariarwithPuerto Ricansand thathann hehe was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street. The two contacted Robbins, who was enthusiastic about a musical 1.1.1 Genenessisis with a Latin beat. He arrived in Hollywood to choreo- graph the dance sequences for , and he and In 1947, Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein Laurents began developing the musical while working on and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contempo-

11 2 1 BACKGROUND their respective projects, keeping in touch with Bernstein, the two works.[16] Tony and Maria’s duet, “One Hand, who had returned to New York. When the producer of One Heart”, was originally intended for Cunegonde in The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker . The music of “Gee, Officer Krupke” was pulled and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind, from the Venice scene in Candide.[17] Laurents explained he backed out of the film, freeing him to devote all his the style that the creative team finally decided on:[18] time to the stage musical.[11] Just as Tony and Maria, our Romeo and Juliet, set themselves apart from the other kids 1.2 Collaboration and development by their love, so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language, their songs, In New York, Laurents went to the opening night party their movement. Wherever possible in the for a new play by Ugo Betti, and there he met Sond- show, we have tried to heighten emotion or to heim, who had heard that East Side Story, now retitled articulate inarticulate adolescence through mu- West Side Story, was back on track. Bernstein had de- sic, song or dance. cided he needed to concentrate solely on the music, and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics, but the team opted to work on The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956, but instead. Laurents asked Sondheim if he would almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill be interested in tackling the task. Initially he resisted, other commitmentsfirst. Robbins wasinvolved withBells because he was determined to write the full score for his Are Ringing, then Bernstein with Candide, and in Jan- next project (Saturday Night hadbeen aborted),butOscar uary 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents’ latest play, Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from opened and quickly closed.[19] When a backers’ audi- the experience, and he accepted.[12] Meanwhile, Laurents tion failed to raise any money for West Side Story late had written a new draft of the book changing the charac- in the spring of 1957, only two months before the show ters’ backgrounds: Anton, once an Irish American, was wasto begin rehearsals, producerCherylCrawford pulled now of Polish and Irish descent, and the formerly Jewish out of the project.[20] Every other producer had already Maria had become a Puerto Rican.[13] turned down the show, deeming it too dark and depress- ing. Bernstein was despondent, but Sondheim convinced The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to his friend Hal Prince, who was in overseeing the Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline out-of-town tryout of the new George Abbott musical and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated New Girl in Town, to read the script. He liked it but de- early on. Later the scenes related to Juliet’s faking her cided to ask Abbott, his longtime mentor, for his opin- death and committing suicide also were deleted. Lan- ion, and Abbott advised him to turn it down. Prince, guage posed a problem; four-letter curse words were un- aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was common in the theater at the time, and slang expressions in trouble, decided to ignore him, and he and his produc- were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the ing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the production opened. Laurents ultimately invented what score.[21] In hismemoirs, Prince recalled, “Sondheim and sounded like real street talk but actually was not: “cut [14] Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music, and the frabba-jabba”, for example. Sondheim converted soon I was along with them.”[17] long passages of dialogue, and sometimes just a simple phrase like “A boy like that would kill your brother”, into lyrics. With the help of Oscar Hammerstein, Laurents 1.3 Production period convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move “One Hand, One Heart”, which he considered too pristine for the bal- Prince began cutting the budget and raising money. Rob- conyscene, to the scene set in the bridal shop, and as a re- bins then announced he did not want to choreograph the sult “Tonight” was written to replace it. Laurents felt that show, but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an thebuilding tension needed to be alleviatedin order to in- eight-week dance rehearsal period (instead of the cus- crease the impact of the play’s tragic outcome, so comic tomary four), since there was to be more dancing in West relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the Side Story than in any previous Broadway show,[17] andal- second act. He was outvoted on other issues: he felt the lowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant.[22] lyrics to "America" and “I Feel Pretty” were too witty for Originally, when considering the cast, Laurents wanted the characters singing them, but they stayed in the score James Dean for the lead role of Tony, but the actor had and proved to be audience favorites. Another song, “Kid recently died. Sondheim found and Chita Stuff”, was added and quickly removed during the Wash- Rivera, who created the roles of Tony and Anita, respec- ington, D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others tively. Getting the work on stage was still not easy. Bern- it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical mu- stein said:[23] sical comedy.[15] Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concur- Everyone told us that [West Side Story] was rently, which led to some switches of material between an impossible project ... And we were told no 3

one was going to be able to sing augmented However, Suskin states in Show Tunes that “As the writ- fourths, as with “Ma-ri-a” ... Also, they said ing progressed and the extent of Bernstein’s lyric contri- the score was too rangy for pop music ... Be- butions became less, the composer agreed to rescind his sides, who wanted to see a show in which the credit...Contrary to rumor, Sondheimdid not write music first-act curtain comes down on two dead bod- for the show; his only contribution came on “Something’s ies lying on the stage?... And then we had the Coming”, where he developed the main strain of the cho- really tough problem of casting it, because the rus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse.[29]) characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers. Ulti- mately, some of the cast were teenagers, some 2 Synopsis were 21, some were 30 but looked 16. Some were wonderful singers but couldn't dance very well, or vice versa ... and if they could do both, 2.1 Act 1 they couldn't act. Two rival teenage gangs, the Jets (White) and the Sharks (Puerto Rican), struggle for control of the neighborhood Throughout the rehearsal period, the New York newspa- somewhere in the Upper West Side of pers were filled with articles about gang warfare, keeping amidst the police (Prologue). They are warned by Lt. the show’s plot timely. Robbins kept the cast members Schrank and Officer Krupke to stop fighting on their beat. playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to dis- The police chase the Sharks off, and then the Jets plan courage them from socializing with each other and re- how they can assure their continued dominance of the minded everyone of the reality of gang violence by post- [24] street. The Jets’ leader, Riff, suggests setting up a rum- ing news stories on the bulletin board backstage. Rob- ble with the Sharks. He plans to make the challenge to bins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker- and jeans- Bernardo, the Sharks’ leader, that night at the neighbor- clad cast. He gave the ensemble more freedom than hood dance. Riff wants to convince his friend and former Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret member of the Jets, Tony, to meet the Jets at the dance. their roles, and the dancers were thrilled to betreated like [25] Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty, but Riff is actors insteadof justchoreographed bodies. Asthe re- adamant that Tony is still one of them (“Jet Song”). Riff hearsals wore on, Bernstein fought to keep his score to- meets Tony whilehe’s working at Doc’s Drugstore to per- gether, as other members of the team called on him to suade him to come. Tony initially refuses, but Riff wins cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex “op- [17] him over. Tony is convinced that something important is eratic” passages. Columbia Records initially declined round the corner (“Something’s Coming”). to record the cast , saying the score was too de- pressing and too difficult.[7] Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita, the girlfriend of her brother, Bernardo. Maria has just arrived from There were problems with Oliver Smith's designs. His Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino, a friend painted backdrops were stunning, but the sets were, for of Bernardo’s. Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in the most part, either shabby looking or too stylized. love with Chino. Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to Prince refused to spend money on new construction, and the neighborhood dance. Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it.[26] The pre-Broadway run in Washington, D.C. was a criti- cal and commercial success, although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim, listed as co-lyricist, who was over- shadowed by the better-known Bernstein. Bernstein mag- nanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics, although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid con- tributions by Bernstein. Robbins demanded and received a “Conceived by” credit, and used it to justify his mak- ing major decisions regarding changes in the show with- out consulting the others. As a result, by opening night on Broadway, none of his collaborators were talking to The Shark girls extol the virtues of “America” in Portland Center Stage's production of West Side Story in 2007. him.[27] It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying At the dance, after introductions, the teenagers begin to to fix the musical Candide, Sondheim wrote some of the dance; soon a challenge dance is called (“Dance at the music for West Side Story, and that Bernstein’s co-lyricist Gym”), during which Tony and Maria (who aren't tak- billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West ing part in the challenge dance) see each other across Side Story during the tryout, presumably as a trade-off.[28] the room and are drawn to each other. They dance to- 4 2 SYNOPSIS gether, forgetting the tension in the room, fall in love, and Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage, which in turn pro- kiss, but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends vokes an all-out fight like the fight in the Prologue. The her home. Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War sound of approaching police sirensis heard, and everyone Council at Doc’s, a drug store which is considered neu- scatters, except Tony, who stands in shock at what he has tral ground, butmeanwhile, an infatuated andhappy Tony done. The tomboy, Anybody’s, who stubbornly wishes finds Maria’s building and serenades her outside her bed- that she could become a Jet, tells Tony to flee from the room (“Maria”). She appears on her fire escape, and the scene at the last moment. Only the bodies of Riff and two profess their love for one another ("Tonight"). Mean- Bernardo remain. while, Anita, Rosalia, and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland of America, with Anita de- 2.2 Act 2 fending America, and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico ("America"). The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc’s Drug Store. Riff helps them let out their aggression (“Cool”). The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble. Tony suggests “a fair fight” (fists only), which the leaders agree to, despite the other members’ protests. Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony, but must settle for fighting Diesel, Riff’s second-in-command, instead. This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble. Tony tells Doc about Maria. Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong; he is in love.

Tony(Justin Gordon) and Maria (Erica Racz) in a Pacific Reper- Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production. tory production in 2001.

The next day, Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal Blissfully unawareofthegangs’plansforthat night, Maria shop, as she anticipates seeing Tony again. However, she daydreams about seeing Tony with her friends—Rosalia, learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dis- Consuelo, Teresita and Francisca (“I Feel Pretty”). Later, mayed. When Tony arrives, Maria asks him to stop the as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen fight altogether, which he agrees to do. Before he goes, Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble, Chino they dream of their wedding (“One Hand, One Heart”). brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo. Maria Tony, Maria, Anita, Bernardo and the Sharks, and Riff flees to her bedroom, praying that Chino is lying. Tony and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest (""). The gangs meet under the highway with rage, but she still loves him. They plan to run and, as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins, away together. As the walls of Maria’s bedroom disap- Tony arrives and tries to stop it. Though Bernardo taunts pear, they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace Tony, ridiculing his attempt to make peace and provok- ("Somewhere"). ing him in every way, Tony keeps his composure. When Two of the Jets, A-Rab and Baby John, are set on by Bernardo pushes Tony, Riff punches him in Tony’s de- Officer Krupke, but they manage to escape him. They fense. The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight meet the rest of the gang, now led by Action. To cheer (“The Rumble”). Tony attempts to intervene, inadver- themselves up, they lampoon Officer Krupke, and the tently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo. other adults who don't understand them, (“Gee Officer 5

Krupke”). Anybody’s arrives and tells the Jets she has 5 Productions been spying on thePuerto Ricans- she hasdiscoveredthat Chino is looking for Tony with a gun. The gang separates 5.1 Original Broadway production to find Tony. Action accepts Anybody’s into the Jets, and includes her in the search. After tryouts in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia be- A grieving Anita arrives at Maria’s apartment. As Tony ginning in August 1957, the original Broadway produc- leaves, he tells Maria to meet him at Doc’s so theycan run tion opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on Septem- away to the country. In spite of her attempts to conceal it, ber 26, 1957 to positive reviews. The production was di- Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria, and launches rected and choreographed by Jerome Robbins, produced an angry tirade against him, ("A Boy Like That"). Maria byRobert E. Griffith and and starred Larry counters by telling Anita how powerful love is, (“I Have a Kert as Tony, Carol Lawrence as Maria, as Love”), though, and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony Anita and David Winters as Baby John, the youngest of as much as she had loved Bernardo. She admits that thegang members. Robbinswon theTony Award for Best Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony. Choreographer, and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother’s Scenic Designer. Also nominated were Carol Lawrence, death, andAnita agreesto go to Doc’s to tell Tony to wait. as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical, Max Unfortunately, the Jets, including Anybody’s, who have Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor, and found Tony, have congregated at Doc’s, and they taunt Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design. Carol Lawrence Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape. Doc received the 1958 Theatre World Award. Lighting was arrives and stops them. Anita is furious, and in anger designed by Jean Rosenthal. The production ran for 732 spitefully delivers the wrong message, telling the Jets that performances at the Winter Garden Theatre before tour- Chino has shot Maria dead. ing and then returning to the Winter Garden Theatre in 1960 for another 253 performance engagement. Doc relates the news to Tony, who has been dream- ing of heading to the countryside to have children with The other principal or notable cast members in the orig- Maria. Feeling there is no longer anything to live for, inal production were: Anybody’s: Lee Becker, Riff: Tony leaves to find Chino, begging for him to shoot him , A-Rab: Tony Mordente, Action: Eddie as well. Just as Tony sees Maria alive, Chino arrives and Roll, Big Deal: Martin Charnin, Gee-Tar: Tommy Ab- shootsTony. TheJets,Sharks, andadults flock aroundthe bott; Velma: Carole D'Andrea, Bernardo: Ken Le Roy, lovers. Maria holds Tony in her arms (and sings a quiet, Chino: Jamie Sanchez, Nibbles: Ronnie Lee; Rosalia: brief reprise of “Somewhere”) as he dies. Angry at the , Consuelo: , Teresita: Car- death of another friend, the Jets move towards the Sharks menGutierrez, Francisca: ; Lt. Schrank: but Maria takesChino’s gun and tells everyone that “allof Arch Johnson, Doc: Art Smith, and Krupke: William [them]" killed Tony and the others because of their hate Bramley. for each other, and, “Now I can kill too, because now I Several dances from West Side Story were included in the have hate!" she yells. However, she is unable to bring her- Tony Award-winning1989Broadway production, Jerome self to fire thegunanddrops it,cryingin grief. Gradually, Robbins’ Broadway. all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony’s body, showing that the feud is over. The Jets and Sharks form a procession, and together carry Tony away, 5.2 Original London production with Maria the last one in the procession. The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester transferred to London, where it opened at Her 3 Characters Majesty’s Theatreinthe West End onDecember12, 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 perfor- mances. Robbins directed and choreographed, and it 4 Musical numbers was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro, with scenery by Oliver Smith. Featured performers were George Chakiris, who won anAcademyAward asBernardointhe Notes 1961 film version, as Riff, Marlys Watters as Maria, Don McKay as Tony, andChita Rivera reprisingher Broadway • “I Feel Pretty” was retitled "Me Siento Hermosa" in role as Anita.[30] David Holliday, who had been playing the 2009 revival Gladhand since the London opening, took over as Tony, playing opposite Roberta D'Esti's Maria, and Mary Pre- • “Dream Consuelo” was retitled “Kiddo” in the 2009 ston as Anita. revival. In February1962, theWest End(H. M. Tennent) produc- • “A Boy Like That” was retitled "Un Hombre Así" in tion launched a five-month Scandinavian tour opening in the 2009 revival Copenhagen, continuing to Oslo, Goteborg, 6 5 PRODUCTIONS and Helsinki. Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holl- tress.[41][42] The won the Grammy Award iday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria. for Best Musical Show Album.[43] In July 2010, the pro- ducers reduced the size of the orchestra, replacing five musicians with an off-stage synthesizer.[44] The produc- 5.3 1980 Broadway revival tion closed on January 2, 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews.[45] The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on on Broadway over the course of nearly two years.[46] February 14, 1980 and closed on November 30, 1980, af- ter 333 performances. It wasdirectedand choreographed by Robbins, with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreog- 5.5 Other productions raphy reproduction.[31] The original scenic, lighting, and costume designs were used. It starred Ken Marshall as Tony, Hector Jamie Mercado as Bernardo, Josie de Guz- The Light Opera pro- man as Maria, and Debbie Allen as Anita. Both de Guz- duction opened on April 8, 1964 at the New York City man and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Center and closed May 3, 1964 after a limited engage- FeaturedActress in a Musical, andthemusical was nomi- ment of 31 performances. Tony was Don McKay, Maria nated as Best Reproduction (Play or Musical). Allen won was Julia Migenes and Anita was played by Luba Lisa. It the as Outstanding Featured Actress was staged by Gerald Freedman based on Robbins’ orig- in a Musical. Other notable cast members in the revival inal concept, and the choreography was re-mounted by included Brent Barrett as Diesel, Harolyn Blackwell as Tom Abbott. Francisca, Stephen Bogardusas Mouth Piece, ReedJones The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard as Big Deal, Mark Morales as Chino, and Sammy Smith Rodgers production opened at the New York State The- as Doc. ater, Lincoln Center, on June 24, 1968 and closed on The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi September 7, 1968 after 89 performances. Direction Festival in Genoa, Italy in July 1981 with Josie de Guz- andchoreography were reproducedbyLeeTheodore, and man as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony.[32] scenery was byOliver Smith. Tonywas Kurt Petersonand Maria was Victoria Mallory. The musical has also been adapted to be performed as 5.4 2009 Broadway revival Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language, with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets.[47] In 2007, Arthur Laurents stated, “I've come up with a way ofdoing [West Side Story] that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note.”[33] He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. that ran 5.6 National tours from December 15, 2008 through January 17, 2009. The Broadway revival began previews at thePalaceTheatre on February 23, 2009 and opened on March 19, 2009.[34][35] A 1959 national tour launched on July 1, 1959. The show The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the hit Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, , De- English libretto. Thetranslations are byTony Award win- troit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, , Philadelphia, and ner Lin-Manuel Miranda. Laurents stated, “The musical Boston. This tour transferred back on Broadway Apr 27, theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to 1960 – Dec 10, 1960 at the Winter Garden Theater in impossible for the characters to have authenticity. Every New York City. member of both gangs was always a potential killer even A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony, with then. Now they actually will be. Only Tony and Maria Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed byAlan John- try to live in a different world”.[36][37][38] In August 2009, son.[48] A bus and truck (non-Equity) tour was produced some of the lyrics for “A Boy Like That” (“Un Hom- in 1998 by City Vision Theatricals. A national tour, di- bre Asi”) and “I Feel Pretty” (“Me Siento Hermosa”), rected by Alan Johnson, was produced in 2002.[49] which werepreviouslysung in Spanish intherevival, were [39] A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival be- changed back to the original English. However, the gan in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit, Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the “Tonight” (Quin- Michigan.[50] The cast features Kyle Harris as Tony, tet) remained in Spanish. Ali Ewoldt as Maria and Eric Hoffmann as Officer The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony, Josefina Krupke.[51] Aftera very successful year, thetour was sent Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita.[40] Olivo out for another year.[52][53] A Non-equity tour version of won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress, while the 2009Revival, presented byTroikaEntertainment, be- Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Ac- gan in fall 2012.[54] 7

5.7 Regional productions Christian Bautista as Tony, Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria.[59] In 2008, an adaptation played in Portugal, di- Several regional opera companies have produced West rected by FilipeLa Féria, withthename West Side Story – Side Story. Civic Light Opera (1983), Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater, in Lisbon, Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (1965, 1967, 1974, 1984, with Ricardo Soler and Rui Andrade playing the charac- 1990, 1999, 2008),[55] and Banff (1984) ter Tony and Bárbara Barradas and Cátia Tavares playing were among the first smaller regional companies to pro- Maria. Anita is portrayed by Lúcia Moniz and Anabela. duce it. Michigan Opera Theatre was the first major In 2007, the Fulton Opera House in Lancaster, Penn- American Opera Company to produce West Side Story sylvania and 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, Washington in late 1985. were the only professional theaters in the United States to In 1986 Starlight Theatre of Kansas City in Kansas City, be granted the production rights to West Side Story on the MO presented a production andin1989 North ShoreMu- 50th anniversary of its Broadway opening. To mark the sic Theatre in Beverly, MA had a very successful produc- occasion, theFultonjoinedwith theLancaster Symphony tion. Both of these productions were directed by Jack Orchestra for thefirst time to supplythemusical scoreun- Allison and choreographed by Thom Warren der the direction of Maestro Stephen Gunzenhauser. The production, during the Fulton’s 155th season, ran from September 6, 2007 to September 30, 2007.[60] 5.8 International productions An international tour (2005–2010), directed and chore- ographed byJoey McKneelyandproduced byBB Promo- In 1961, a tour of Israel, Africa and the Near East was tion played in Tokyo, Paris, Austria, Switzerland, Ger- mounted. The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also per- many, Singapore, São Paulo, France, Taiwan, China, formed the show twice. It was produced by the Moon Italy, Rotterdam and Madrid.[61][62] Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe. A Canada’s Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Can- Side Story in 1999, starring Tyley Ross as Tony and tonese lyrics, featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong Ma-Anne Dionisio as Maria, and again in 2009,[63] with as Tony. It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Chilina Kennedy as Maria and Paul Nolan as Tony. Gary Cultural Center. Griffin directed. In 1977, “Amor Sin Barreras” was produced in Mexico In June 2011, a Lima production was produced by “Pre- City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo, & Ruben Boido, Direc- ludio Asociación Cultural” with Marco Zunino as Tony, tion by Ruben Boido, presented at the Hidalgo Theater. Rossana Fernández-Maldonado as Maria, Jesús Neyra as Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony; Maria Medina Bernardo, Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Or- was Maria, other cast members were Luis Torner, Lupita begoso as Riff.[64] Sandoval, Edgar Flores, Macaria, EmaPulido, andJulieta Bracho. In December 2011, an Indonesia production was pro- duced by Nino Theatre with Manda Alaysia as Maria, From1982–1984 a tour ofSouth America, Israeland Eu- Bimo Reisnanda as Bernardo, Zara Fathy as Anita, Ton rope was mounted with talent from New York. Included Dorino as Riff. in the cast were Thom Warren, Richard Renzaneth, John Charles Kelly, Pamela Khoury, Michael McCord,and RJ In May 2012, a Belarusian production directed by Peters. The Director/Choreographers for that produc- Anastasia Grinenko (Belarus), with choreography by tion were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore, veterans of the Paul Emerson (USA) and Dmitry Yakubovich (Belarus) Original Broadway Cast. opened at the Belarus State Musical Theatre. A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony, KatieKnight Adamsas MariaandAnna- Jane Casey as Anita. The production was very well re- 6 Critical reaction ceived and transferred to London’s West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998, transferring The creators’ innovations in dance, music and theatrical to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January style resulted in strong reactions from the critics. Walter 2000. The production subsequently toured the UK for a Kerr wrote inthe New York Herald Tribune on September second time.[56] 27, 1957:[65] The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and The radioactive fallout from West Side 2004, directed by the Francesca Zambello, followed by Story must stillbe descending onBroadway this a German tour.[57] A French language adaptation, trans- morning. Director, choreographer, and idea- lated by Philippe Gobeille, opened in Montreal, Quebec manJerome Robbinshasputtogether,andthen in March 2008.[58] A Philippine version premiered on blasted apart, the most savage, restless, elec- September 5, 2008 at the Meralco Theatre. It featured trifying dance patterns we've been exposed to 8 7 SCORE

in a dozen seasons .... the show rides with West Side Story took this one step further by a catastrophic roar over the spider-web fire- combining the classic and the hip. Robbins’ escapes, the shadowed trestles, and the plain energetic choreography and Bernstein’s grand dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there score accentuated the satiric, hard-edged lyrics is fresh excitement in the next debacle, and the of Sondheim, and Laurents’ capture of the an- next. When a gang leader adviseshiscohortsto gry voice of urban youth. The play was criti- play it “Cool”, the intolerable tension between cized for glamorizing gangs, and its portrayal an effort at control and the instinctive drives of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin of these potential killers is stingingly graphic. castingwere weaknesses. Yet, thesong“Amer- When the knives come out, and bodies begin ica” shows the triumph ofthe spiritoverthe ob- to fly wildly through space under buttermilk staclesoften facedby immigrants. The musical clouds, the sheer visual excitement is breath- also made points in its description of troubled taking .... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself youth and the devastating effects of poverty a few moments of graceful, lingering melody: and racism. Juvenile delinquency is seen as an in a yearning“Maria”, in thehushedfallingline ailment of society: “No one wants a fella with a of “Tonight”, in the wistful declaration of “I social disease!" Onewritersummed up therea- Have a Love”. But for the most part he has sons for the show’s popularity in these terms: served the needs of the onstage threshing ma- “On the cusp of the 1960s, American society, chine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out still recovering from the enormous upheaval of the visionary insistence of “Something’s Com- World War II, was seeking stability and con- ing” both music and tumultuous story are given trol.” their due. Otherwise it’s the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ... 7 Score The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musi- cal theater. Typical was John Chapman's review in the 7.1 Orchestration New York Daily News on September 27, 1957, headed: “West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Drama”. Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instruc- tions from Bernstein, who then wrote revisions on their manuscript (the original, heavily annotated by Ramin, The American theatre took a venturesome Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and forwardstepwhenthe firm of Griffith & Prince Manuscripts Library at Columbia University).[68] Ramin, presented West Side Story at the Winter Gar- Kostal, and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the den last evening. This is a bold new kind of show. musical theatre – a juke-box Manhattan opera. It is, to me, extraordinarily exciting .... the The orchestra consisted of 31 players:[69] manner of telling the story is a provocative and

artful blend of music, dance and plot – and • 5 woodwinds the music and the dancing are superb. In [the score], there is the drive, the bounce, the rest- Reed I (piccolo, flute, alto saxophone, lessness and the sweetness of our town. It takes clarinet, bass clarinet) up the American musical idiom where it was Reed II (E-flat clarinet, clarinet, bass left when died. It is fasci- clarinet) natingly tricky and melodically beguiling, and Reed III (piccolo, flute, oboe, English it marks the progression of an admirable com- horn, tenor saxophone, baritone saxo- poser ... phone, clarinet, bass clarinet) Reed IV (piccolo, flute, soprano sax- Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more ophone, bass saxophone, clarinet, bass compelling than the love story and noted that the show’s clarinet) “putting choreography foremost, may prove a milestone Reed V (bassoon) in musical-drama history ...”[66][67] • 7 brass While critics speculated about the comic- tragic darkness of the musical, audiences were 2 horns in F captivated. The story appealed to society’s un- 3 trumpets in B♭ (2nd doubling trumpet dercurrent of rebellion from authority that sur- in D) faced in 1950s films like . 2 trombones 7.2 Symphonic Dances from West Side Story orchestral music suite 9

• 5 percussion • Auxiliary Percussion - Bongo, Castanets, Chimes, Clave, Conga, Cowbell, Cymbal, Finger Cym- Timpani (1 player) bal, Glockenspiel, Gourd, Guiro, Maracas, Rachet, Percussion (4 players – traps, Slide Whistle, SuspendedCymbal, Tam-Tam, Tam- vibraphone, 4 pitched drums, guiro, bourine, Timbales, Tympani, Vibraphone, Whistle, xylophone, 3 bongos, 3 cowbells, conga, Wood Block, Xylophone timbales, snare drum, police whistle, gourd, 2 suspended cymbals, castanets, maracas, finger cymbals, tambourines, 7.2 Symphonic Dances from West Side Story small maracas, glockenspiel, woodblock, orchestral music suite claves, triangle, temple blocks, chimes, tam-tam, ratchet, slide whistle) In 1961, Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show, titled Symphonic Dances from West Side • Piano/celesta Story:

• Electric /Spanish guitar/mandolin 1. Prologue (Allegro Moderato) • 12 strings 2. “Somewhere” (Adagio) Violin I-VII 3. Scherzo (Vivace e Leggiero) Cello I-IV Contrabass 4. Mambo (Meno Presto)

5. Cha-Cha ( Con Grazia) Music Theatre International, who handles licensing for amateur productions, offers two orchestrations, the orig- 6. Meeting Scene (Meno Mosso) inal and a smaller alternate: 7. “Cool”, Fugue (Allegretto)

• Violins 1, 2 & 3 8. Rumble (Molto Allegro)

• Bass 9. Finale (Adagio)

• Cello

• Guitar - Classical Guitar, Electrical Guitar 8 Recordings

• Piano - Celeste, Piano Recordings of West Side Story include:

• Synthesizer • The 1957 original Broadway cast album, with Carol • Reed1 - Alto saxophone,BbClarinet,Flute,Piccolo Lawrence as Maria, Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita. • Reed 2 - Alto Saxophone, Bb Clarinet, Eb Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo • A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn com- prised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical. • Reed 3 - Bb Clarinet, Eb Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo, Tenor Saxophone • The movie soundtrack, with singing Maria’s role (played in the film by Natalie Wood) • Reed 4 - Bb Clarinet, Baritone Saxophone, Bass and Tony (played in the film by Richard Beymer) Clarinet sung by Jimmy Bryant. It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Orig- • Reed 5 - Bassoon inal Cast from Motion Picture or Television. The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included • Trumpets 1 & 2 the “Overture”, the “End Credits” music, the com-

• Trombone plete “Dance at the Gym” and dialogue from the film. The 2004 re-release added the “Intermission” • Horn music.

• Drums - Bongo, Castanets, Cowbell, Finger Cym- • In 1961, Cal Tjader released a jazz version, ar- bal, Glockenspiel, Guiro, Kit, Suspended Cymbal, ranged by Clare Fischer, on Fantasy Records. The Tam-Tam, Tambourine, TempleBlocks, Traps, Tri- album was released again in 2002 as Cal Tjader angle, Wood Block Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story (double CD). 10 8 RECORDINGS

• In 1961, Stan Kenton recorded Kenton’s West Side • In 1985, recorded “Something’s Story (a jazz version) that received a 1962 Grammy Coming” and “Somewhere” for her #1 album The Award for Best Jazz Performance – Large Group Broadway Album. (Instrumental). • In 1991, Tuck & Patti recorded “One Hand, One

• In 1962 Shirley Bassey released a single of Heart” for their album “Dream” “Tonight”. The single reached #21/1962 in the U.K. and is the only recording of this song to chart in the • In 1993, Barbra Streisand recorded a medley of “I U.K. Have a Love” and “One Hand, One Heart” as a duet with Johnny Mathis for her #1 album "Back

• In 1962, Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz to Broadway". version, West Side Story. • A 1993 recording, the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by • In 1962, Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of Britain’s National Symphony Orchestra using cast selections from the film score on Music From West members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre Side Story. production.

• In1964 P.J.Proby released a singleof “Somewhere” • In 1994, Mandy Patinkin recorded a cover of and included it on his album, “Somewhere”. The “Something’s Coming” for his album “Experiment” single reached #06/1964 in the U.K.

• In 1996, RCA Victor released the tribute album • In 1965, P.J. Proby released a single of “Maria” and The Songs of West Side Story featuring new ver- included it on his album, “P.J. Proby....In Town”. sions of the songs from the musical sung by popu- The single reached #08/1964 in the U.K. lar music stars, including: “The Jet Song” sung by Brian Setzer, “A Boy Like That” sung by , • In 1965, Shirley Bassey recorded and released the “I feel Pretty” sung by Little Richard, two versions song “Somewhere” on her LP titled, “Shirley Stops of “Somewhere” performed by Aretha Franklin and The Shows - UK” and “Shirley Belts The Best - Phil Collins, “Tonight” sung by Wynonna Judd and USA” Kenny Loggins, “America” sung by Patti LaBelle, Natalie Cole and Sheila E., “I Have a Love” sung • In 1966, recorded “I Feel Pretty” for her album “Broadway’s Fair Julie” by Trisha Yearwood and “Rumble” performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai's Mon- sters. Proceeds from the sale of this album go to • In 1966, Buddy Rich and his big band performed an arrangement penned by Bill Reddie called West Side benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through Story Medley for many years. The Arts Fund, the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville, Tennessee.

• In 1968, Shirley Bassey recorded “Something’s • In 2002, Naxos Records released a CD with the Coming” for her album “12 Of Those Songs” Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music. The cast included Mike Eldred (Tony), Betsi Morri- • In 1969, progressive rock bandYes coveredthe song “Something’sComing” as theB-side to theirfirst sin- son (Maria), Marianne Cook (Anita), Robert Dean gle "Sweetness". (Riff), Michael San Giovanni, Joanna Chozen, and Michelle Prentice.[70][71][72]

• In 1984, Bernstein decided to re-record the musi- • A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us mark- cal, conducting his own music for the first time. ing the 50th anniversary of the show. The al- Generally known as the “operatic version” of West bum features cover versions previously recorded as Side Story, it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria, José well as a new recording of “Tonight” by Kristin Carreras as Tony, Tatiana Troyanos as Anita, Kurt Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro. Ollmann as Riff, Louise Edeiken as Rosalia, and

Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings • A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway “Somewhere”. It won a Grammy Award for Best in honor of West Side Story’s 50th anniversary. This Musical Show Album in 1985. The recording pro- album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio cess was filmed as a documentary “The Making of Grigolo as Tony. The Bernstein Foundation in New West Side Story”, which was made by the BBC for York has authorized the recording.[73] It was nomi- Unitel, ProducedbyHumphreyBurton andDirected nated for theGrammy Award for Best Show Album. by Christopher Swann. The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction, a Prix • Bernstein recordedthe Symphonic Dances suite with Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy. the in 1961, and with the It is available on YouTube. Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983. The Symphonic 11

Dances have entered the repertoire of many major and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on “Gee, Offi- world orchestras, most recently by the Simon Bo- cer Krupke”, as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band livar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel. It collaborating with Steve Vai's Monsters on “Rum- has been recorded by many orchestras, including ble”. the under the direction of . • "America" has been covered by The Tijuana Brass in an upbeat version on an early album and is also • The 2009 new Broadway cast album, with Josefina one of Trini Lopez's greatest hits; 1960s progressive Scaglione as Maria, Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and rock band, The Nice, recorded it as an instrumental Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award protest song and Keith Emerson continued to per- [43] for Best Musical Theater Album. form it in concerts with his later groups, Emerson, Lake & Palmer and 3. The song was also sam- • A live, semi–stage 2013 recording by the San Fran- pled at the beginning of the Yes cover of Paul Si- cisco Symphony under Music Director Michael mon's America and at the beginning of the Metallica Tilson Thomas, featuring Cheyenne Jackson, song “Don't Tread on Me”, from their Black Album Alexandra Silber and others, debuted at No.1 on (1991). Yes also released “Something’s Coming” both the iTunes and Billboard classical charts May as a single. ’s Jimmy Page referenced 2014. It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD “America” during the guitar/violin bow solo dur- on the SFS Media label, and was nominated for a ing “Dazed And Confused” live, on numerous oc- Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. casions.

• In Anger Management , Adam Sandler and Jack 9 Film Nicholson sing “I Feel Pretty” as a stress relief tech- nique. Main article: West Side Story (film) • AliceCooper incorporatedthe“Jet Song” into “Gut- ter Cat vs. The Jets” on their School’s Out album. On October 18, 1961, a film adaptation of the musical Prior to that, the band had titled an earlier LP “Easy was released. It received praise from critics and the pub- Action', and used lines from “Jet Song” in one of its lic, and became the second highest grossing film of the tracks. year in the United States. The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories, including Best • P. J. Proby, Len Barry, Matt Monro and Barbra Picture, as well as a special award for Robbins. The film Streisand each had hit singles with versions of the holds the distinction of being the musical film with the song "Somewhere", while Johnny Mathis, Roger most AcademyAward wins (10wins),includingBest Pic- Williams and again P. J. Proby did likewise with ture. The soundtrack album made more money than any “Maria”. Ferrante & Teicher scored a top ten hit other album before it. with “Tonight"; Eddie Fisher also scored a chart hit with the song.[74]

10 References in popular culture • Tom Waits opened his 1978 album Blue Valen- tine with “Somewhere"; and 19 years later (1997), In addition to Bernstein’s own , the British singing group Pet Shop Boys recorded their music has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band, version of the song, using elements of “I Feel which arranged and recorded “West Side Story Medley” Pretty”. During their 1997 series of concerts at the on the 1966 album Buddy Rich’s Swingin' New Big Band , Savoy Theatre, London, they used an extended ver- and The Stan Kenton Orchestra, which recorded Johnny sion of “Somewhere” that started with “One Hand, Richards’ 1961 Kenton’s West Side Story, an album of jazz One Heart”. From 1988 to 1991, performed a orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores. It won the medley of theirsongs DiscoDancer andShoutbased 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large around a suite featuring a cover of “Somewhere”. Group. A recording appears on the live 1989 album Now It Can Be Told: DEVO at the Palace and a longer Songs from the musical have been recorded by popular extended demo version appears on the compilation artists and adapted to various other performances: Recombo DNA which also incorporates the song “Social Fools” and the old Devo characters of the • In 1996, thealbum The Songs of West Side Story was Chinaman and . released. Thisalbum included such diverseartists as Selena (“A Boy Like That”), Little Richard (“I Feel • Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Pretty”), Trisha Yearwood (“I Have a Love”) and Side Story in the season seven episode “Officer Salt-n-Pepa, Def Jef, Lisa Lopes, the Jerky Boys, Krupke”.[75] 12 10 REFERENCES IN POPULAR CULTURE

• David Winters, who starred in both the original • The 50th Anniversary of West Side Story cele- Broadway production and the motion picture was bration was held at the 2011 Ventura Film Fes- greatly influenced by West Side Story and had gone tival and included lifetime achievement awards on to choreograph, direct and produce hundreds of for Academy Award Winner/Golden Globe Win- projectswith such stars asBarbra Streisand and Elvis ner George Chakiris and Golden Globe Win- Presley in music and film. The influence that West ner/Academy Award Nominee Russ Tamblyn as Side Story had on him can be seen in his choreogra- well as honoring a number of other cast mem- phy andin many of hisfuture projects. Also through bers such as Robert Banas, Maria Henly, and Gina a West Side Story production, in Los Angeles, circa Trikinos.[84] 1962, Winters met and befriended Teri Garr and • In the sitcom episode “The One With Chan- Antonia Basilotta (better known as Toni Basil), both Friends dler’s Dad” (season 7 episode 22) Chandler’s dad of whom would figure prominently in Winters’ life briefly sings the chorus of “I Feel Pretty” during his in the future as they would become two of his best cross-dressing burlesque show. The audience shouts dancers when he became a choreographer.[76][77][78] the word “!" in unison.

• In 1995, punkrock bandSchlongreleased Punk Side • In the HBO show The Newsroom (season 1 episode Story on Hopeless Records. The album was a re- 4), main character Will McAvoy compares the ri- recording of the original soundtrack done in vari- valry between day time and prime time news shows ouspunk styles, including hardcore, street punk, and as being like “Jets and the Sharks”. third wave ska. • A recording of “I Feel Pretty” has been featured in

• The song “Tonight, Tonight” was used in a 1998 North American commercials for Pampers diapers Mountain Dew commercial. since 2012 as well as a commercial for Aquafina.

• The Littlest Pet Shop episode “Dumb Dumbwaiter” • An episode of Welcome Back, Kotter , “Sweatside has a musical number based on “Jet Song”. Story”, parodies West Side Story when the Sweath- ogsengage in a rumble with students fromrivalNew • In the 2013 movie "Teen Beach Movie", two teens Utrecht High School. are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story, in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are • In an episode of That 70’s Show, Donna and Jackie competing in a turf war. reference West Side Story, and Fez’s daydream se- quence resembles a scene from it.

• Photographer Mark Seliger re-created scenes from the film for magazine Vanity Fair called West Side Story Revisited , using Camilla Belle as Maria, Ben Barnes as Tony, as Anita, Rodrigo Santoro as Bernardo and Chris Evans as Riff. Por- traying the Sharks are Minka Kelly, Jay Hernandez, Natalie Martinez, Brandon T. Jackson and Melonie Diaz. Portraying the Jets are Ashley Tisdale, Sean Faris, Shane Lynch, Robert Pattinson, Cam Gi- gandet, Trilby Glover, Brittany Snow and Drake Bell.[79]

• Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meet- ing between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3.[80] Helena Mattsson and Mohombi , 2002 cast of .

• Television series features a mash-up of “I Feel • Bring It On: In It to Win It has a plot that parallels Pretty”and TLC's "Unpretty", performed byDianna West Side Story, and makes the reference explicit to Agron and (as their characters Quinn thepoint where thetwo rival cheerleading squadsare Fabray and ), in episode 18 of season named the Jets and the Sharks. two, "Born This Way".[81] The show’s third sea- son features a school production of West Side Story, • Parodied in the Animaniacs episode “West Side Pi- with multiple songs from the production, performed geons” starring the Goodfeathers and the Sparrows. by several cast members in "I Am Uni- Their rivaly mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks. corn", episode 3 "" and "The First Squit also falls in love with Carmoota similarly to Time".[82][83] Tony and Maria. 13

• In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode “The League of [13] Gottlieb, Jack (Guide and Commentary). "'West Side Cats”, Tom’s and Jerry’s respective leagues act very Story' Fact Sheet”. WestSideStory.com, 2001, accessed similar to the Jets and the Sharks gangs. They also August 18, 2011 perform a number very similar to “Jet Song” from [14] Laurents 2000, p. 349. the musical. [15] Laurents 2000, pp. 350–51. • Beginning in 1973 in Beach segments of the musical’s songs and music, along with other mate- [16] Some of themusic Bernstein wrote forWest Side Story,but rial, were performed there and in Stockholm, Gran that was not used in the production, was later integrated Canaria and Los Angeles inan underground mimical into the . lampoon called Wild Side Story, mainly a parody of [17] Burton, Humphrey. “Leonard Bernstein by Humphrey lip synching, compiled and directed by Lars Jacob. Burton, Chapter 26” WestSideStory.com, 1994, accessed August 18, 2011. 11 Awards and nominations [18] Laurents, Arthur (August 4, 1957). “The Growth of an Idea”. New York Herald Tribune.

11.1 Original Broadway production [19] Laurents 2000, pp. 351–52. [20] Laurents 2000, pp. 326–28. 11.2 1980 Broadway revival [21] Laurents 2000, p. 354.

11.3 2008 West End revival [22] Laurents 2000, pp. 354–56.

11.4 2009 Broadway revival [23] Wenner, Jann S.; Levy, Joe (2007). “Leonard Bernstein”. The Rolling StoneInterviews . NewYork: BackBayBooks. ISBN 0-316-00526-6. 12 See also [24] Roberts, Terri (Winter 2003). “West Side Story: 'We were all very young'". The Sondheim Review 9 (3).

13 Notes [25] Laurents 2000, pp. 357–58.

[1] http://www.sondheimguide.com/wss.html [26] Laurents 2000, pp. 360–61.

[2] Sarah Waxman, “The History of the Upper West Side” [27] Laurents 2000, pp. 362–65. ny.com http://www.ny.com/articles/upperwest.html [28] Suskin, Steven (1990). Opening Night on Broadway: A [3] “About Lincoln Center”, City Realty, http://www. Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical The- cityrealty.com/nyc/ atre. New York: Schirmer Books, p. 697. ISBN 0-02- 872625-1. [4] "'West Side Story plot and production listing” guidetomu- sicaltheatre.com, accessed August 18, 2011 [29] Suskin, Steven (2010). Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway’s Major (4th ed.). [5] http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=2639 New York: Oxford University Press US, p. 206. ISBN 0-19-531407-7. [6] Long, Robert Emmet. “West Side Story” Broad- way, The Golden Years:Jerome Robbins and The Great [30] "'West Side Story' London Production, 1958” Broadway- Choreographer-Directors : 1940 to the present , Contin- world.com, accessed August 18, 2011 uum InternationalPublishing Group, 2003,ISBN 0-8264- 1462-1, p. 96 [31] “West Side Story: Opening Night Production Credits”. PlaybillVault . . Retrieved December 28, 2011. [7] Information from a Leonard Bernstein.com Archived March 25, 2012 at the Wayback Machine [32] Tedeschi, Rubens (9 July 1981). “Broadway s’addice ai «guerrieri della notte»". l'Unità. Retrieved 26 April 2014 [8] Laurents 2000, pp. 329–330. (Italian).

[9] “Excerpts from Bernstein’s West Side Log, see 1949 and [33] Riedel, Michael. “Director’s Cut – At 90, Playwright Still 1955” WestSideStory.com, originally published in 1957, Vibrant, Vicious”, New York Post , July 27, 2007, p.55 accessed August 18, 2011 [34] Gans, Andrew. “Laurents-Directed 'West Side Story' Sets [10] Laurents 2000, p. 334. Broadway Preview Date” Playbill.com, May 23, 2008

[11] Laurents 2000, pp. 336–43. [35] Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. "'West Side Story' Revival, Directed by Laurents, Sets Broadway Opening [12] Laurents 2000, pp. 346–47. Date”. Playbill.com, August 8, 2008 14 13 NOTES

[36] Jones, Kenneth. "West Side Story, This Time with Bilin- [55] “Pittsburgh CLO History of Shows”. Pittsburgh CLO web- gual Approach”. Playbill.com, July 16, 2008 site. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Re- trieved May 19, 2011. [37] Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. “Broadway-Bound 'West Side Story' Revival Launches”. Playbill.com, De- [56] albemarle-london “Archive Page, 'West Side Story'" cember 15, 2008 albemarle-london.com, accessed August 18, 2011

[38] Marks, Peter (December 14, 2008). “The Director’s [57] "'West Side Story' News, Bregenz Festival” west- Route Back To 'West Side'". The Washington Post . sidestory.com, accessed August 18, 2011

[39] Gans, Andrew. “A Song Like That: Collaborators Recon- [58] Information about the translation (in French only) west- sider Spanish Lyrics in 'West Side Story'". Playbill.com, sidestory08.com, Archived September 26, 2008 at the August 25, 2009 Wayback Machine

[40] Gans, Andrew. “Cavenaugh, Scaglione, Olivo, Green and [59] "'WestSide Story'at theMeralco Theater this September” Akram to Lead Cast of 'West Side Story' Revival”. Play- Thefilipinoweb, July 2, 2008, accessed August 18, 2011 bill.com, October 28, 2008 [60] FultonTheatrelistingFulton Theatre,accessedAugust17, [41] Jones, Kenneth. “Billy Elliot, Norman Conquests, , 2008 GodofCarnage AreTonyAwardWinners”. Playbill.com, June 8, 2009 [61] Lash, Larry (November 12, 2007). “West Side Story”. Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2008. [42] Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. “Nominations for 2009 Announced; Billy Elliot Earns 15 [62] Loveridge, Lizzie. " 'West Side Story' 50th Anniversary Nominations”. Playbill.com, May 5, 2009 Production”Curtain Up,August 1, 2008, accessed August 17, 2008 [43] Jones, Kenneth. " 'West Side Story' Cast Album Wins [63] Ouzounian, Richard (June 8, 2009). “This Story achieves Grammy Award”. Playbill.com, January 31, 2010 greatness”. The Star (Toronto). [44] Woodiel, Paul (July 10, 2010). “Gee, Officer Krupke, I [64] Marco Zunino y Rossana Fernández Maldonado protago- Need Those Violins”. . Retrieved nizanAmorsinbarrerasLa República Perú, accessedJune December 17, 2010. 1, 2011 [45] Gans, Andrew. Broadway “Revival of 'West Side Story'to [65] Kerr, Walter (September 27, 1957). "'West Side Story'". Close in January; Olivo Will Not Return”. Playbill.com, New York Herald Tribune. September 15, 2010 [66] “Theater: NewMusicalin Manhattan('WestSideStory')". [46] “Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show”. Broadway- Time Magazine, October 7, 1957 world.com, accessed August 18, 2011 [67] Gianoulis, Tina (January 29, 2002). "'West Side Story'". [47] Mark Rigney. Deaf Side Story: Deaf Sharks, Hearing Jets, St. JamesEncyclopedia of PopCulture. Retrieved August . Book description and a Classic American Musical 19, 2011.

[48] Frank, Leah (August 30, 1987). “Theater Review; 'West [68] See Simeone, Nigel (2009) “Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story': Staging At Its Best”. The New York Times . Side Story”, pp. 85–92: 'Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal: [49] Informationfrom the WestSideStory.com “2002West Side Orchestrating the Show' Story tour archives” Westsidestory.com [69] Simeone, Nigel (2009). Leonard Bernstein, West Side [50] Gans, Andrew. " 'West Side Story' National Tour to Story. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754664848. Launch in October”. Playbill, February 5, 2010 [70] http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/ [51] “Grammy Award-Winning Smash Hit 'West Side Story' Joanna-Chozen/Performer/98338-2 Launches National Tour at Detroit’s Fisher Theatre” [71] http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2003/ broadwayindetroit.com, September 16, 2010, accessed Jan03/west_side_story.html August 18, 2011 [72] http://www.allmusic.com/album/ [52] “Ross Lekites, Evy Ortiz Join Cast of WEST SIDE leonard-bernstein-west-side-story-the-original-score-mw0000631082/ STORY National Tour”. Broadwayworld.com. October credits 3, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2012. [73] Album reviews, Manchester Evening News , 2007-08-06, [53] “Photo Flash: New Cast Joins WEST SIDE STORY Na- accessed August 13, 2007 tional Tour!". Broadwayworld.com. October 28, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2012. [74] Joel Whitburn, Top Pop Singles 1955–1999 (Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, 2000). [54] “Troika Entertainment Launches National Tour of WEST SIDE STORY at Paramount Arts Center”. broadway- [75] "'Curb Your Enthusiasm', Season 7, Episode 68, 'Officer world.com. Retrieved May 15, 2014. Krupke'" HBO.com, accessed August 19, 2011 15

[76] “David Winters Credits” Internet Movie Database, ac- • Vaill, A. (2006) Somewhere: The Life of Jerome cessed August 19, 2011 Robbins Broadway Books, New York, ISBN 0- 7679-0420-6 [77] “Teri Garr Credits” Internet Movie Database, accessed August 19, 2011 • Wells, Elizabeth A. (2010) West Side Story: Cul- tural Perspectives on an American Musical Scare- [78] “Toni Basil Credits” Internet Movie Database, accessed crow Press, Lanham, Maryland, ISBN 978-0-8108- August 19, 2011 7666-8 [79] Seliger, Mark (March 17, 2009). “West Side Story Revis- • Williams, MaryE. (editor) (2001) Readings on West ited”. Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 18, 2010. Side Story Greenhaven Press, San Diego, , [80] Hartline, Aaron. “Ken meets Barbie – A Toy Side Story” ISBN 0-7377-0694-5 aaronhartline.blogspot.com (blog), accessed August 19, 2011 15 External links [81] http://voices.yahoo.com/ i-feel-pretty-unpretty-lady-gaga-episode-glee-8391755. html • Website for the newest WSS recording by the San Francisco Symphony featuring Cheyenne Jackson [82] http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/ glee-recap-west-side-story-auditions-and-the-return-of-shelby-corcoran-20110928• West Side Story at the Internet Broadway Database

[83] http://broadwayworld.com/article/ • The Official West Side Story website WORLD-PREMIERE-EXCLUSIVE-GLEE-Takes-On-WEST-SIDE-STORYs-Somethings-Coming-With-Darren-Criss-20110926# • West Side Story at the Music Theatre International [84] http://venturafilmfestival.org website

• The Official West Side Story 50thAnniversaryWorld Tour website 14 Further reading • West Side Story at The Stephen sondheim Reference Guide • Acevedo-Munoz, Ernesto R. “West Side Story” as Cinema: The Making and Impact of an American • West Side Story Detailed Character Descriptions, Masterpiece (University Press of Kansas; 2013) 232 stageagent.com pages • Twelve Jazz Versions of West Side Story at Jazz.com • Bauch, Marc A. Europäische Einflüsse im • 2002 Interview with Chita Rivera on West Side Story amerikanischen Musical , Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, 2013. ISBN 978-3-8288-3209-1 at Sondheim Review

[A , paratextual comparison between Romeo • “SONDHEIM 101: 'West Side Story'" by Leonard and Juliet and West Side Story] Jacobs from Sondheim Review, Fall 2007

• Bauch, Marc (2001) Themes and Topics of the • Website on New York City 1950s youth gangs American Musical after World War II Tectum Verlag, Marburg, Germany, ISBN 3-8288-1141-8 • (German) West Side Story, Musical described here

• Bauch, Marc (2003) The American Musical Tectum Verlag, Marburg, Germany, ISBN 3-8288-8458-X described here

• Laurents, Arthur (2009). Mainly on directing: , West Side Story, and other musicals Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-307-27088-7

• Laurents, Arthur (2000). Original story by: a memoir of Broadway and Hollywood . New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40055-9. Retrieved Decem- ber 17, 2010.

• Simeone, Nigel(2009) Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story Ashgate, Farnham, ISBN 0-7546-6484-8 16 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

16.1 Text

• West Side Story Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story?oldid=678385399 Contributors: Kpjas, The Epopt, David Parker, Espen, The Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, Manning Bartlett, Gareth Owen, Dze27, Eclecticology, Deb, SimonP, Shii, Zoe, Ubiquity, Modster, Paul Benjamin Austin, Delirium, Flamurai, Geoffrey~enwiki, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks, Lupinoid, John K, BRG,Choster, LouSander, WhisperToMe, Timc,DJ Clayworth, Markhurd, JohnRogers, Whcernan, Raul654, EldKatt, Bearcat, Gentgeen, Robbot, Bgruber, Moriori, Nilmerg, WesternActor, Modeha, JackofOz, Stay cool~enwiki, Mandel, Dina, DocWatson42, Nunh-huh, Perl, Gamaliel, Varlaam, ZeroJanvier, DO'Neil, Steggall, Neilc, Utcursch, Michaelcarraher, Antandrus, Kaldari, Emax, OwenBlacker, Ray- Birks, Ganymead, Kevin B12, PFHLai, Kaisersanders, Neutrality, Sam, Fg2, Jh51681, JavaTenor, Zondor, Lacrimosus, Imroy, Mon- grel 8, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Autiger, Bishonen, Daydream believer2, Dyl, Bender235, ESkog, Aranel, Easyer, Shanes, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Jpgordon, Thuresson, Bobo192, Stesmo, NetBot, Longhair, Robotje, Smalljim, Adraeus, John Vandenberg, Shenme, Arcadian, Juntas, Pearle, Hawke666, NickCatal, Knucmo2, Alansohn, Arthena, Philip Cross, Paleorthid, Bz2, MarkGallagher, Fwb44, RoySmith, Mailer diablo, Ljcohler, Katefan0, Snowolf, BanyanTree, ClockworkSoul, Super-Magician, Cburnett, Jheald, Ade myers, LFaraone, Ndteegarden, SteinbDJ, Djsasso, Kitch, Ceyockey, Japanese Searobin, WilliamKF, Thryduulf, Woohookitty, Xover, GVOLTT, Ben Liblit, Jason Palpatine, Skavoovee, Swiftblade21, Robert K S, Jeff3000, Pufferfish101, Zzyzx11, Wiki-vr, Aintaer, Graham87, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Kbdank71, Ketiltrout, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, JHMM13, Wahkeenah, Afterwriting, The wub, MarnetteD, FuriousFreddy, FlaBot, Old Moonraker, RexNL, RobSiddall, MichaelCaricofe, Gdrbot, Adoniscik, Gwernol, Melodia, Wasted Time R, YurikBot, RobotE, Jeffpw, NPPyzixBlan, RussBot, Hede2000, DanMS, IanManka, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Sandpiper, CambridgeBay- Weather, Rsrikanth05, GeeJo, NawlinWiki, Nahallac Silverwinds, Grafen, Rjensen, Dureo, Brandon, Inhighspeed, Djohnsto77, DGJM, EEMIV, Oakster, DeadEyeArrow, Haemo, Engineer Bob, Ballodisco, Typer 525, N. Harmonik, Acroyear, Wknight94, Avraham, Bishop^, Sandstein, Advanced, Jonks, Zzuuzz, Omtay38, ChrisGriswold, Thnidu, Nikkimaria, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, Besselfunctions, JuJube, GraemeL, Aeon1006, Peyna, Lamat~enwiki, David Biddulph, Stevouk, Allens, Katieh5584, Jungle- cat,Jonathan.s.kt,Eenu, AndyJones, Heaviestcat,Luk, KevinP,Attilios, Crystallina, SmackBot, Jamott, Ezratrumpet, CubsFan, David Ker- now, Bobet, Arches16, Joev688, Pika132, Jab843, PeeJay2K3, Yamaguchi, Gilliam, Kimmylou d, Valley2city, Miquonranger03, Gar- doma, Roscelese, Bazonka, CSWarren, Demf, Monkeycheetah, Yid613, Tamfang, Laura47~enwiki, MBlume, Avb, KevM, Azumanga1, Matchups, Rrburke, Pnkrockr, Addshore, Estrose, Seduisant, Huon, Bigturtle, J1729, Bullfrog117, Savidan, GuillaumeTell, Lord Eru, DMacks, ILike2BeAnonymous, Ligulembot, Richard0612, Bejnar, Kukini, Gmags2003, Ohconfucius, Thewiikione, Skiasaurus, Music- Maker5376, Tombadevil, Gloriamarie, Ferryca, DEmerson3, Abrazame, LWF, Jefe619, Lazylaces, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Mungobuh, Breno, Smartyllama, Goodnightmush, Weather Man, Ckatz, Voceditenore, Werdan7, Sfaustin3, Yvesnimmo, BDrischBDe- mented, Dtcomposer, Pamina, Neddyseagoon, E-Kartoffel, Omasciarotte, Bryan the Magnificent, Rpab, Phaeton23, Norm mit, Levineps, Siebrand, Poechalkdust, Borntorun74, Lottoextra, Hohprof, SaraK, StephenBuxton, Casull, RekishiEJ, Lulu288, Newyorkbrad, Mr Chuck- les, Az1568, Courcelles, Malice1982, Jontomkittredge, Tawkerbot2, Slp, Disambiguator, Timrem, Conrad.Irwin, Orangutan, Rhinox1, J Milburn, JForget, Jere7my, Wolfdog, Projectmiller, Gedcke, CmdrObot, Mattbr, Lbark, Cofax48, The Man13, Ibadibam, Eaglecorpse, ShelfSkewed, Chmee2, FlyingToaster, Shizane, Moreschi, Cassmus, Ron Oliver, Funnyfarmofdoom, Aaru Bui, Jac16888, Cydebot, Rsbas- ketball10, Aristophanes68, Mato,Vanished uservjhsduheuiui4t5hjri,Lizafreak,Rifleman82, Pierredude, Mcheisey, Jayen466, Thiel.steve, Spylab, Tkynerd, NewYorkMan2210, Memmem, Oxonian2006, DavidRF, Christian75, Chrislk02, Asenine, Ssilvers, Ward3001, Van- ished User jdksfajlasd, PamD, BetacommandBot, Epbr123, Barticus88, TonyTheTiger, GentlemanGhost, BoffoHijinx, Marek69, Куллер, Yettie0711, Thomprod, Juanacho, Erw90, CharlotteWebb, Lunamaria, Dugwiki, NICK1234, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Ozzieboy, Masamage, Quintote, F-451, Atavi, Jj137, Fayenatic london, Smatprt, Cbrodersen, RiffsVelma, Andrzejbanas, Jonathan.Bruce, JAnDbot, Dogru144, MER-C, Epeefleche, Robina Fox, Fetchcomms, Andonic, Windofkeltia, Hut 8.5, PhilKnight, Hapmt, MegX, Acrote- rion, Lawikitejana,Connormah, Mtjaws, PacificBoy, Bongwarrior, VoABot II,Nyq, JNW,Father Goose, Dsapery, Vickiez,Paul Lehninger, BBar, Wrad, Cailil, Schumi555, Cpl Syx, Cdiasoh, Glen, Airbornecasualty, Kraxler, Tony in Devon, Flami72, Maxpo, Chaos4tu, Yavoh, Brettalan, Simschoolgirl8, Dabizi~enwiki, MartinBot, Cathryn J., Adelaidely, Anaxial, Fethers, Patar knight, Wiki Raja, Paranomia, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Sdalexa, Dhmellor, Extransit, MartinSFSA, It Is Me Here, StevenDoerfler, Ncmvocalist, McSly, Ig- natzmice, Troutsneeze, Stunz2, SaliereTheFish, Mdumas43073, Bilbobee, Belovedfreak, NewEnglandYankee, Antony-22, Runt, Robert- greer, Whjayg, Nikki311, Kaihoku, Donmike10, Elbeem, Pingaware, Zighlveit, High School Musical909, Clem cowsie, Marktheshark57, Highfields, King Lopez, Nothingbutmeat, VolkovBot, Morenooso, ABF, Mudwater, Mrh30, Bovineboy2008, Mygeeklife, Katydidit, Fences and windows, Sjones23, Philip Trueman, Fran Rogers, And1987, NPrice, Wikidemon, Nrswanson, Komachi, Woodsstock, Mariatony, Mikebach, Crodari, Someguy1221, Angelic-alyssa, Monkey Bounce, Absalom89, Steven J. Anderson, Francois.lizotte, Corvus cornix, Slysplace, Pwn182, Txvoodoo, LeaveSleaves, Caitlion, Everything counts, S2grand, CO, MearsMan, Tigerfan368, Michaeldsuarez, Joseph A. Spadaro, Bruschison54, LEEEROYJEEENKINS, Softlavender, Afishymusicmachine, The Devil’s Advocate, Ceranthor, Martin19, Ma- jorMarvelVixen, Lizzybennett, TashTish, Olvaid, Sally Alice, Michel D Cloutier Roy, Horus86, StAnselm, Matt.s.wise, Jasonbres, Moon- riddengirl, Jack Merridew, Doron7, Abby621, Arbor to SJ, Jlwelsh, Wombatcat, Lazarillo~enwiki, Oxymoron83, Goustien, Lelmoussa, Tranquilled, Lightmouse, Angel David, Lucas.tej, Anaceofdiamonds, Nancy, Addaick, Jahilia, Candybag, Mygerardromance, Yebsakin, Br- wombat, Pinkadelica, Smarticle, Fairlightseven, Escape Orbit, Probableprincess, Beemer69, WordyGirl90, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, GorillaWarfare, Snrabu, Boisterous Hal, J1ra1ch1, Yzma, The Thing That Should Not Be, Gabriel mark, ExpressingYourself, Univer- salmusicals, Drmies, Mild Bill Hiccup, Pete unseth, Foofbun, Patrick Chestnut, Blanchardb, Reach for the top, Trivialist, Gamercml, Nev- erquick, Lmschmi, Excirial, Leonard^Bloom, NiciVampireHeart, Lunchscale, Arjayay, JamieS93, DeltaQuad, Curious Blue, Mcwillding, JasonAQuest, Another Believer, Unclemikejb, Thingg, Spudman123, Aitias, Laurie528, MovieMan888, Lambtron, DumZiBoT, Itsonly- time513, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, Jmont1, Gwandoya, Duncan, Gamer10166, Dthomsen8, WillOakland, Avoided, Janicekaye, Khunglongcon, Slowbobthesilent, Frood, Balphezar, Noctibus, Fleuryp, Armadillocrm, Osarius, Kbdankbot, Deafussy, Tayste, Craackup, Nwyrkgiants8690, Addbot, Proofreader77, Vanished user zdkjeirj3i46k67, Auntieflo, Tiggywinkle25, Some jerk on the Internet, Blether- ing Scot, Ronhjones, TutterMouse, Jncraton, Retired User 2a04146fc9f6b1c06a8cd80f03d78cfa5ef62cf8, Themachonachoboy, Chamal N, Simeon24601, Dannythedoink, Organic Cabbage, Tassedethe, Clerkenwell2008, Cropon, Gorekci, Tide rolls, Thomaschange, Lightbot, Pmiize, Joe kate, Danij005, Bulbakuki, Cote d'Azur, Dean43, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Manfilms, Nutfortuna, Mikebloom819, Sarrus, Amelio- rationBot, Alexkin, Rogerbart1, AnomieBOT, KrakenHammer, The Parting Glass, Jim1138, Tucoxn, Dwayne, Piano non troppo, Adjust- Shift, Giants27, Materialscientist, Limideen, Citation bot, Song bird247, Krobertj, Giovannii84, 45Factoid44, LiteraryMaven, Clark89, LilHelpa, A1superstar, Cureden, IsleofPlan, Romanfall, Capricorn42, Bihco, MichaelSterlingSF, Nikofeelan, Jkhbgcdijkhbnomkj, Bc- workz, Feliciomendes, MrD2k8, Fishhater, Mouthger24, Kittenvc, Shadowjams, Erik9, Cgersten, Pikne, Kamran28, Facherty, FrescoBot, Pepper, Tj2691, Motopera, Gatville, Alawson88264, Madonnarama, MindTheSG, Glass spiders, Pinethicket, ArcticNight, Chris Donaghy, 10metreh, Jonesey95, Glowfishpdx, Hamtechperson, Neb989, Bmclaughlin9, Pikiwyn, Yutsi, Asaraullo05, Primaler, Hearfourmewesique, 16.2 Images 17

Quirkily ice cream III, SergeWoodzing, SkyMachine, Dutchmonkey9000, Orenburg1, Jedi94, Lotje, Theo10011, PleaseStand, Minimac, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, Deagle AP, The Universe Is Cool, S.S. Miami, Whywhenwhohow, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Obamafan70, 06s23, Ghostofnemo, Gfoley4, Shining.Star, Dewritech, AJona1992, TherasTa- neel, GoingBatty, Klantry01, Solarra, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, K6ka, We hope, Mz7, Wieralee, Jack Sebastian, Zaher kadour, SporkBot, Twinsfan133, Bnosnhoj, Δ, IGeMiNix, 11 Arlington, Newconnections~enwiki, AbsoluteGleek92, Jcooper1, Sailsbystars, Puffin, 456wert, Kathrowe, Matthewrbowker, Shonkonfi, Seanpatrickdoyle, Annecron, ClueBot NG, Aileron Spades, Kevon2121, TehGrauniad, IJVin, Smogling, HectorAE, The Master of Mayhem, Patapsco913, Widr, Anthony1gethers, MuffBuff212, Helpful Pixie Bot, Reedman- wiki, Curb Chain, Kazembe1, HesioneHushabye, Murry1975, Sandwriter, Twindaduk, Lenny626, Westsidestory98, Robert Paul Davis, MusikAnimal, Theaterguy51, Patricia Antonina, Mark Arsten, Xxx breanna xxx, Jazpawni, Negrohater3, ProudIrishAspie, Trailspark, Joeymore, SingerWriter5000, Pratyya Ghosh, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, Screamoking69, Rivoli157, DXterminator017, JYBot, Symphonic Spenguin, Dexbot, Mogism, SBareSSomErMig, DavidESpeed, Lugia2453, BDE1982, Dragonfire1017, Jelwrite2, Jamesx12345, Rachel- lains, Epicgenius, Melonkelon, Chouinard1198, NYBrook098, DavidLeighEllis, CodySoulTrainCruise, Cprb26, Ibase1001, Jjoey80, Jian- hui67, Fleur-de-farine, Pokeninja123, Jaaron95, OccultZone, AdamRC98, PeterKlein77, Jonjon889933, Writers Bond, Monkbot, Never- World26, Loued007, Violetjennings, Peter7Klein7, Filmfann, EvyJones, Jimbo543, Anus meat 23, Osutho112, Danny Jacks, Weegeerun- ner, Metsjake47, Datwikiguy200, HAPPYBUDDYHAPPYHAPPYHAPPY, KasparBot, 2 4heads and Anonymous: 1497

16.2 Images

• File:Ballerina-icon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Snowdance.jpg Original artist: Snowdance.jpg: Rick Dikeman

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Helena_Mattsson_&_Mohombi_Moupondo_2002_(crop).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/ Helena_Mattsson_%26_Mohombi_Moupondo_2002_%28crop%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image comes from the Southerly Clubs of Stockholm, , a non-profit society which owns image publication rights to the archives of Lars Jacob Prod, Mim- ical Productions, F.U.S.I.A., CabarEng, Ristesson Ent and FamSAC. Southerly Clubs donated this picture to the Public Domain. Deputy Chairman Emil Eikner for the Board of Directors, Hallowe'en 2008. Original artist: Lars Jacob for F.U.S.I.A.

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007

• File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

• File:The_Rumble_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/The_Rumble_ from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: Photo by Fred Fehl

• File:The_Shark_girls_extol_the_virtues_of_America.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/The_Shark_girls_ extol_the_virtues_of_America.jpg License: PD Contributors: http://www.nea.gov/about/NEARTS/16-2007vol2/16p6musical.html Original artist: Photo by Owen Carey.

• File:Tony&MariaWestSideStory.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Tony%26MariaWestSideStory. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Smatprt

• File:West_Side_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/West_Side_001.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Copied from Columbia records website, and intellectual property owned by Columbia records. Original artist: ?

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

16.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0