Museum of Vernacular Architecture of Western Serbia
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MUSEUM OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN SERBIA Review article Economics of Agriculture 1/2017 UDC: 338.483.12:069(497.11-15) MUSEUM OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN SERBIA - Representative curtilages of the area surrounding middle course of the river Drina and Podgorina Duško Kuzović1 Abstract The Museum of vernacular architecture of western Serbia will consist of four representative curtilages and four different entities. This paper presents two curtilages representing the area of the middle course of the river Drina, and the area of Podgorina. The buildings typically located in the curtilage are: house, magaza (plural: magaze) - food storage shed, kačara (plural: kačare) - cask shed, vajat (plural: vajati) - cottage for newly-wed couples, granary, maize granary, bread oven, ox cart shed. The buildings are presented by drawings and photographs. The text describes curtilage organization; this comprises buildings position, organization and structure. Key words: Vernacular architecture of Serbia, western Serbia, Museum of vernacular architecture, vernacular architecture, traditional architecture. JEL: O13, O22, O44, Q19. Introduction Vernacular architecture of western Serbia must be protected as soon as possible so that the rare specimens of surviving buildings could be properly presented. It is necessary to gather the valuable specimens on one place, into a museum which would consist of several curtilages representing the characteristic spatial entities of western Serbia. The curtilages would include buildings such as houses, vajati, magaze, kačare, stables, granaries and maize granaries, Stojan Obradović (Obradovic, 1858), Felix Kanitz (Kanic, 1985), wrote about the northern part of Užička Crna Gora and Sokolska nahija (district) in the second half of the 19th century, while Ljuba Pavlović (Павловић, 1925), Jovan Cvijić (Цвијић, 1931) and Dragiša Pantelić (Пантелић, 1936) wrote about them in the beginning of 20th century. During the mid-20th century, Branislav Kojić (Kojić, 1949; Kojić, 1941), Aleksandar Deroko (Deroko, 1968; Deroko, 1964), Jovan Krunić (Krunić, 1983), Ranko Findrik (Findrik, 1995; Findrik, 1998), Božidar Krstanović (Krstanović, 2000), Blagota Pešić (Pešić, 1991; Pešić, 1 Duško Kuzović Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, TRN Cyprus, E-mail: [email protected] EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) 239 Duško Kuzović 1988), etc., published on this topic as well. Milan Karanović (Karanović, 1927), Muhamed Kadić (Kadić, 1967), Špiro Soldo (Soldo, 1932) and Hamdija Kreševljaković (Kreševljaković, 1957) wrote about vernacular architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is very similar to that of western Serbia. The task of this paper is to propose the elements and concepts for a representative curtilage in middle course of the river Drina area and Valjevo Podgorina within the Museum of vernacular architecture of western Serbia. The goal of this paper is to identify the zones featuring characteristic building methods, define the contents of the curtilage and describe the typical outbuildings within a representative curtilage in the Museum. The basic material for this paper is the material collected in the field in the 1996- 2000 period and published in national and international scientific publications on the fundamentals of traditional architecture (Kuzović, 1996/1997; Kuzović, 1996), curtilage (Kuzović, 2014), houses (Kuzović, 2013; Kuzović, Крсмановић, 2013), vajati [cottages for newly-weds couples] (Kuzović, 2016), magaze [food storage sheds] (Kuzović, 2013), granaries (Kuzović, 2012), maize granaries (Kuzović, 2013), summer abodes (Kuzović, Stojnić, 2015), watermills and fulling mills (Kuzović, Stojnić, 2015), structural designs (Kuzović, 2012b; Kuzović, 2012a), elements of aesthetics and philosophy (Kuzović, Stojnić, 2014; Kuzović, Stojnić, 2013) and protection of vernacular architectonic heritage (Kuzović, 2013; Kuzović, 2015a; Kuzović, 2015b). CONCEPT OF THE MUSEUM AND COMPOSITION OF THE CURTILAGES Concept of the museum The Museum presents Vernacular architecture of the central part area of western Serbia, bounded on the north by the river Sava valley, on the east by Suvobor mountain, on the south by the rivers Skrapež and Zapadna Morava, and on the west by the river Drina. The museum will be composed of the central complex and four independent entities: summer abodes, watermills, buildings featuring specific designs, economy buildings and old crafts display. [Table 01] This paper will analyze the material and the proposal for the curtilages characteristic for the middle course of the river Drina area and for the villages of the Valjevo Podgorina region. It is an area bounded on the north by the town of Loznica valley, and on the south by the town of Bajina Bašta valley, on the west by Povlen mountain and on the east by the river Drina valley. [Figure 01] 240 EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) MUSEUM OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN SERBIA Table 1. Concept of the Museum CENTRAL EXIBITION Curtilage in the area of Povlen mountain Curtilage in the rivers Skrapež and Lužnica valley areas Curtilage in the middle course area of the river Drina Curtilage in the area of Podgorina ENTITY 4 ENTITY 1 ENTITY 2 ENTITY 3 Economy buildings and Summer abodes Watermills Specific structural designs old crafts Source: Work of author Figure 1. Western Serbia. Area represented by the Museum (dotted line) and the space presented in the paper (continuous line) Source: Work of author Village curtilage of the Drina middle course area The curtilage consists of the house, two vajati [cottages small house for newly-wed couples], magaza [food storage shed], kačara [cask shed], ambar [granary], koš za kukuruz [maize granary], furuna [bread oven] and štala [stable], enclosed by a fence made of upright stakes and horizontal branches having several gates. [Figure 02] EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) 241 Duško Kuzović Figure 2. Curtilage organization layout, extending parallel to the contour lines. Source: Work of author House according to the organization, consists of three parts. It contains a “house” and two rooms. The house is built on a basement made of dressed stone bonded with limestone mortar, with a room in it, with the entrance door on the front side and with one window at the middle of each of the lateral sides; the floor is made of rammed earth or of fired bricks laid on their wide side, while the post which supports the beam is rested on the foundation footing made of hewn stone. The walls of the building are constructed as post-and-pan structure, with an infill of adobe covered with mortar on both sides. The double windows consist of two parts, and the doors are divided in panels. The flooring in the rooms is wooden. The ceiling is made of reed covered with limestone mortar. The roof is hipped, covered with regularly laid stone slabs. [Figure 03] 242 EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) MUSEUM OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN SERBIA Figure 3. Adobe house on the basement, covered with stone slabs, village of Godečevo Source: Work of author Magaza is represented by two types of structures: with or without a basement. The first exampleis the building made on the hewn stone foundations, of approximately square layout, with the walls of hewn planks joined at the corners by double notched joints. One of the building sides, owing to its length, includes a post in its middle, over which the wall consisting of wooden planks connected by tenon-and-mortise joint is made. The roof is hipped, and the cover is made of stone slabs. [Figure 04] The second example has the main structure with a cellar whose wall is made of the hewn stone bonded with limestone mortar. The floor of the cellar is made of rammed earth, and the door has two wings. The walls of the building are made of a wooden frame with a horizontal bracing frame. The walls are infilled with hewn planks connected to the columns by mortise and tenon joints. The door has one wing, and it is positioned on the middle of the facade. The roof is hipped and the roof cover is made of irregularly laid stone slabs. One of the eaves is longer than the others, so as to provide cover for the shelf with the „vrškara“ type beehives. [Figure 05] EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) 243 Duško Kuzović Figure 4. Magaza, village of Godečevo. Source: Work of author Figure 5. Magaza, village of Godečevo Source: Work of author Kačara is a building used to store casks and kegs with brandy, and it is made entirely of timber, on the strip foundations made of hewn stone bonded by limestone mortar. The walls of the building are made of timber, connected at the corners by double notched joints. At the middle of the span, there is a wooden post with a mortise which connects two sides of the structure with hewn planks into one facade plane. The doors have two wings and a wooden lock, and they are located on the middle of the longer façade. The roof is hipped, covered by regularly laid stone slabs. [Figure 06] 244 EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) MUSEUM OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN SERBIA Figure 6. Kačara, selo Godečevo Source: Work of author Vajat – there are two types of vajati in curtilages. Type one is made in a frame, filled with vertical šašovac„ “ elements - wooden strips. It is supported on the strips foundations of hewn stone bonded by limestone mortar. The roof is hipped, covered by irregularly laid stone slabs. [Figure 07] Type two is made of a frame, filled by two kinds of infill: the bottom part is made of hewn horizontal boards, and the upper part (up to the top plate) is filled in by wooden strips. Vajat is supported by stone footings. The roof is hipped, covered by shingles. [Figure 08] Figure 7. Vajat with a frame and infill “na šašovce” (wooden strips) Source: Work of author EP 2017 (64) 1 (239-257) 245 Duško Kuzović Figure 8. Vajat with a frame and (“na unizu”) tenon and mortise joints and wooden stips infill (“na šašovce”) Source: Work of author Maize granary consists of two horizontal planks, connected with four pairs of posts.