GIULIA GALASSO a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of Birmingham City University for the Degree Of
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THE MASS COLLECTION OCTO MISSAE (1663) BY FRANCESCO FOGGIA (1603-1688): AN ANALYTICAL STUDY AND CRITICAL EDITION GIULIA GALASSO A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Birmingham City University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2017 Royal Birmingham Conservatoire, The Faculty of Arts, Design and Media, Birmingham City University ABSTRACT Francesco Foggia (1603-1688) was one of the most prominent maestri di cappella of seventeenth-century Rome and an important mass composer. Historically, he has been regarded as one of the last heirs of Palestrina, largely due to the writings of Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni (1657-1743) and Giovanni Battista Martini (1706-1784). More recently, scholars have reassessed his style in his motets, psalms and oratorios. However, his mass style has received little rigorous scholarly attention. This is partly because of the scarcity of critical editions of his works. The present study presents critical editions of five of the masses from his Octo missae (Rome: Giacomo Fei, 1663). In conjunction with the three masses included in Stephen R. Miller‟s recent edition (2017), the entire volume is now available in full score. This enables an informed reassessment of Foggia‟s mass style. The present study analyses his use of features, such as time signatures, full choir and stile concertato, textures, thematic treatment and borrowing procedures. It compares Foggia‟s mass style with those of his predecessors, mainly Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c.1525-1594), Ruggero Giovannelli (c.1560-1625), near predecessor Gregorio Allegri (1582-1652) and contemporaries, Bonifatio Gratiani (1604/5-1664), Orazio Benevoli (1605-1672). It argues that Foggia blended the influences of his predecessors and the Roman mass tradition with those of his contemporaries to produce an individual mass style that is very much of his style. To my nephews and niece, Michele, Gabriele, Lorenzo and Marta ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire (part of Birmingham City University), which generously provided a scholarship to fund my PhD, and my supervisors, Dr Carrie Churnside, Dr Shirley Thompson and Professor Graham Sadler, for their help and support throughout my doctoral study. Particular thanks go to Francis Firth and his colleagues at Royal Birmingham Conservatoire Library, who have been very helpful in supporting my research. Professor Stephen R. Miller‟s help was crucial, as he allowed me access to his study material prior to publication and his guidance helped me to shape the structure of the whole thesis. My great thanks go to Jeffrey Skidmore, who conducted the Chamber Choir of Royal Birmingham Conservatoire and Ex Cathedra Consort in the first modern performances of sections of Foggia‟s masses from my edition. Finally, I owe a depth of gratitude to Tiziana Mauro, Cecilia Salacone, Luana Liberatore, Wal Warmington, Paul Grant, Elena Piana and last, but not least, my parents. Their warm support throughout my studies has helped me significantly throughout this journey. ABBREVIATIONS Library and Archival Sigla A-Wgm: Vienna, Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien, Archiv A-Wnh: Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Sammlung Anthony van Hoboken CZ-Pkřiž: Prague, Rytířský řád křižovníků s červenou hvězdou, hudební sbírka D-B: Berlin, Statsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Musicabteilung D-Müs Sant: Münster, Santini-Bibliothek, Diözesanbibliothek I-Ac: Assisi, Biblioteca Comunale, Fondo Antico I-Bc: Bologna, Museo Internazionale e Biblioteca della Musica di Bologna I-Bsp: Bologna, Archivio Musicale della Basilica di San Petronio I-Fc: Florence, Conservatorio di Musica Luigi Cherubini, Biblioteca I-Fm: Florence, Biblioteca Marucelliana I-Rsg: Rome, Archivio Musicale della Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano I-Rsgf: Rome, Archivio dell‟Arciconfraternita di San Giovanni dei Fiorentini I-Rsmt: Rome, Archivio Capitolare della Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere I-Rvat: Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana I-Rvic: Rome, Archivio del Vicariato I-Ls: Lucca, Biblioteca diocesana Mons. Giuliano Agresti I-Pia: Pisa, Archivio di Stato PL-Kj: Cracow, Biblioteka Jagiellońska PL-Wu: Warsaw, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka Part Abbreviations C: Cantus (in the four-voice M. Venite gentes) CI: Cantus I (either first Cantus or Cantus of Choir I in the five- and eight-voice masses respectively) C1I: first Cantus of Choir I in the nine-voice M. Tu es Petrus C2I: second Cantus of Choir I in the nine-voice M. Tu es Petrus CII: Cantus II (either second Cantus or the Cantus of Choir II in the five- and eight-voice masses respectively) Q: Quintus in the Motet Tu es Petrus A: Altus (in the few-voice masses) AI: Altus I (Altus of Choir I in the eight-voice masses) AII: Altus II (Altus of Choir II in the eight-voice masses) T: Tenor (in the few-voice masses) TI: Tenor I (Tenor of Choir I in the eight-voice masses) TII: Tenor II (Tenor of Choir II in the eight-voice masses) S: Sextus in the Motet Tu es Petrus B: Bassus (in the few-voice masses) BI: Bassus I (Bassus of Choir I in the eight-voice masses) BII: Bassus II (Bassus of Choir II in the eight-voice masses) Org: Organum (for all masses) Other Abbreviations M.: Missa vv: voices Op. : Opus CONTENTS VOLUME I ANALYTICAL STUDY CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The Demands of the Liturgy 1 Northern Italian and Roman Stylistic Tendencies in the Seventeenth Century 6 Foggia’s Life 14 Octo missae 22 Octo missae and Music Printing 22 Octo missae and Music Notation 33 Critical Reception 40 Secondary Literature 51 Foggia 51 The Mass in Seventeenth-Century Rome and the North 56 Sacred Music in Seventeenth-Century Rome 58 Sixteenth-Century Mass in Rome and Palestrina 62 Aspects of Performance Practice and Notation 65 Transposition 65 Vocal Range 69 Pitch 74 Who Sang Foggia‟s Cantus Parts? 75 Number of Singers per Part 79 Proportional Time Signatures 85 Methodology 92 Overview of the Thesis 96 CHAPTER 2 98 MASS STRUCTURE 98 Scoring 99 Movement Divisions 100 Inner Divisions 101 Mass Text 103 Relative Lengths of the Movements 105 Time Signatures 114 Use of Time Signatures in Other Composers 120 CHAPTER 3 130 SONORITY AND TEXTURE 130 Sonority 131 Terminology 131 Full Choir 134 Reduced Scoring 136 Rapid Movement 138 Soloistic Writing 142 Soloistic Passages and Rapid Movement in Other Composers 147 Textural Types and Text Declamation 153 Homorhythm and Homophony 153 Free Polyphony 156 Near-homophony with Hints of Imitation 157 Textual Patterns 160 Imitative Types and Elements of Manipulation of Melodic and Rhythmic Material 162 Imitation for Four and Eight Voices 162 Paired Imitation 166 Imitative Types in Other Composers 173 Treatment of the Cantus Firmus 175 Hints of Cantus Firmus Accompanying Parallel Thirds 175 Short Cantus Firmus as Part of the Imitation 177 Longer Cantus Firmi 177 Even Longer Cantus Firmus with Voices in Unison – The „Mula‟ Technique 179 Conclusions on the Case Studies 185 CHAPTER 4 194 TREATMENT OF THEMATIC MATERIAL 194 Foggia’s Imitation Masses 195 Analysis of the Themes in the Openings of the Movements 196 Musical Material in the Openings by Other Composers 203 Identical Musical Material at the Same Text-unit within the Movement 204 Other Composers‟ Approach at the Text-unit „Et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam‟ 208 Identical Musical Material across Movements 208 The Use of Identical Musical Material across Movements by Other Composers 212 Elaborations across Movements 213 Complex Reworkings of the Thematic Material across Movements 224 Comparisons with Other Composers 237 CHAPTER 5 241 THE IMITATION MASS TU ES PETRUS 241 Introduction 241 Terminology 247 Parallels between Motet and Mass Text 250 Direct Textual References 250 Indirect Textual References 252 More Indirect Reference to Text Meaning 252 Borrowings according to Verbal Accentuation 252 Comparisons with Benevoli 255 Openings and Endings of the Movements 255 Comparison of the Openings and Endings with Benevoli 261 Borrowing Procedure According to Palestrina’s Techniques of Early Imitation Masses 262 Clear Quotations, Almost Exact Borrowings 263 Clear Quotations, More Varied 267 Clear quotations, Even More Varied 269 Comparisons with Benevoli 271 Borrowing Procedure According to Palestrina’s Late Imitation Masses 272 Musical Material Newly Composed According to Specific Text-units 272 Transposed Themes 275 Soprano-bass Polarity and Tonal Setting 279 Comparisons with Benevoli 282 CONCLUSIONS 285 APPENDIX 291 CASE STUDIES 291 Case study 1: M. Tre pastorelli (Gloria) 293 Case study 2: M. Iste est Ioannes (Credo) 305 VOLUME II CRITICAL EDITION CRITICAL APPARATUS SECTION 1 SOURCE SITUATION 324 SECTION 2 EDITORIAL METHOD 348 SECTION 3 CRITICAL COMMENTARY 359 M. Venite gentes 359 M. La battaglia 362 M. Tre pastorelli 366 M. O quam gloriosum est 372 M. Iste est Ioannes 380 SCORES M. Venite gentes 385 Kyrie 385 Gloria 388 Credo 394 Sanctus 406 Agnus Dei 409 M. La battaglia 412 Kyrie 412 Gloria 418 Credo 433 Sanctus 455 Agnus Dei 460 M. Tre pastorelli 463 Kyrie 463 Gloria 470 Credo 481 Sanctus 503 Agnus Dei 507 M. O quam gloriosum est 509 Kyrie 509 Gloria 522 Credo 544 Sanctus 576 Agnus Dei 582 M. Iste est Ioannes 588 Kyrie 588 Gloria 604 Credo 625 Sanctus 664 Agnus Dei 673 APPENDIX Annotated Scores, Case Studies 681 M. Tre pastorelli, Gloria 681 M. Iste est Ioannes, Credo 689 Annotated Scores, Thematic Entries 706 M. Tre pastorelli, Kyrie I 706 M. Tre pastorelli, Kyrie II 708 M. Tre pastorelli, Gloria, „in gloria Dei Patris. Amen‟ 710 M. Tre pastorelli, Credo, „Et vitam...Amen‟ 711 M. Tre pastorelli, Sanctus, Hosanna 713 M. Tu es Petrus, Christe 715 M. Tu es Petrus, Kyrie II 716 M. Tu es Petrus, Credo, „Amen‟ 720 Palestrina’s Motet Tu es Petrus, Transcription 724 BIBLIOGRAPHY 731 VOLUME I ANALYTICAL STUDY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Francesco Foggia (1603-1688) was one of the most prominent composers of sacred music in Rome in the seventeenth century.