World History Unit 4

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

World History Unit 4 SECTION 3 Alexander the Great What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas RhnZk^Zlhe]b^kbgma^fhlmihp^k_neZkfrbgma^phke]'Bgcnlm 1. Macedonia conquered ^b`amr^Zkl%rhnZg]rhnk_^eehplhe]b^klaZo^\hgjn^k^]Zg Greece in the 300s BC. ^ghkfhnl^fibk^'Ghprhnk`^g^kZepZgmlmhinla_Zkma^kbgmh 2. Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of ngdghpgeZg]lbgl^Zk\ah_`k^Zm^k`ehkr';nmrhnÍk^mahnlZg]lh_ Europe, Asia, and Egypt. fbe^l_khfahf^%Zg]rhnaZo^gÍml^^grhnk_Zfberbgr^Zkl' 3. The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s Do you agree to go on fi ghting? Why or why not? empire blended Greek and other cultures. The Big Idea Alexander the Great built a ;NBE=BG@;:<D@KHNG= The world’s most powerful army in the huge empire and helped spread 300s BC was from Macedonia, a kingdom just north of Greece. The Greek culture into Egypt and Greeks had long dismissed the Macedonians as unimportant. They Asia. thought of the Macedonians as barbarians because they lived in small villages and spoke a strange form of the Greek language. But Key Terms and People the Greeks underestimated the Macedonians, barbarians or not. Philip II, p. 272 phalanx, p. 273 Alexander the Great, p. 274 Hellenistic, p. 275 BVXZYdc^V8dcfjZgh<gZZXZ In 359 BC E]^a^e>> became king of Macedonia. Philip spent the fi rst year of his rule fi ghting off invaders who wanted to take over his kingdom. Once he defeated the invaders, Use the graphic organizer online to he was ready to launch invasions of his own. take notes on Alexander the Great Philip’s main target was Greece. The leaders and how he spread Greek culture. of Athens, knowing they were the target of Philip’s powerful army, called for all Greeks to join together. Few people responded. 272 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S3.indd 272 5/11/10 12:40:38 PM DRAW CONCLUSIONS: After Athens and Thebes were defeated by Phillip, why did the rest of Greece agree to make Phillip their leader? As a result, the armies of Athens and its After conquering Greece, Philip turned RECALL: Phillip wanted to chief ally Thebes were easily defeated by his attention to Persia. He planned to march conquer the Persian the Macedonians. Having witnessed this east and conquer the Persian Empire, but he Empire. Was he defeat, the rest of the Greeks agreed to never made it. He was murdered in 336 BC successful? Why or why not? make Philip their leader. while celebrating his daughter’s wedding. When Philip died, his throne—and his E]^a^e»hB^a^iVgnHigZc\i] plans—passed to his son, Alexander. Philip defeated the Greeks because he was a brilliant military leader. He borrowed Å Summarizing How was and improved many of the strategies Greek Philip II able to conquer Greece? DEFINE: In your own armies used in battle. For example, Philip’s words, define the soldiers, like the Greeks, fought as a pha- term phalanx. 6aZmVcYZg7j^aYhVc:be^gZ lanx (FAY-langks). A e]VaVcm was a group of warriors who stood close together in a When Philip died, the people in the Greek square. Each soldier held a spear pointed city of Thebes rebelled. They thought that outward to fi ght off enemies. As soldiers in the Macedonians would not have a lead- the front lines were killed, others stepped er strong enough to keep the kingdom up from behind to fi ll their spots. together. They were wrong. Philip improved upon the Greeks’ idea. He gave his soldiers spears that were much 8dcigdaa^c\i]Z<gZZ`h longer than those of his opponents. This Although he was only 20 years old, Philip’s allowed his army to attack effectively in son Alexander was as strong a leader as any battle. Philip also sent cavalry and his father had been. He immediately went archers into battle to support the phalanx. south to end the revolt in Thebes. The Phalanx With men holding 16-foot-long spears, a phalanx marches into battle. Why were the soldiers’ spears so long? THE GREEK WORLD 273 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S3.indd 273 5/4/10 10:00:18 AM Within a year, Alexander had destroyed D D a a n n Thebes and enslaved the Theban people. u u b b e e He used Thebes as an example to other Ri Ri ver ver Greeks of what would happen if they Ja Ja EXPLAIN: xa xa Aral Aral ( rt( rt turned against him. Then, confi dent that NIA NIA Sy eSsy es Why is Alexander DO DO Sea Sea r D Rr D R E E a i a i AC AC B l B l r v r v a c a c y e y e called “the Great”? the Greeks would not rebel again, he set M M k k a a S S r r e e CAUCASUSCAUCASUS ) ) Pella Pella a a out to build an empire. MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS C C O O AlexandriaAlexandria AegeanAegean a a x x Alexander’s efforts to build an empire s s u u EskhataEskhata (A s( A s ThebesThebes GranicusGranicus p p m Rm R i i u ivu iv made him one of the greatest conquerors AthensAthens 334 BC334 BCGordiumGordium a a D e D e a a n n r r Sea Sea ry ry BACTRIABACTRIA a a in history. These efforts earned him the SardisSardis ) ) SpartaSparta S S name 6aZmVcYZgi]Z<gZVi. e e a a ASIAASIA Issus Issus Crete Crete 333 BC333 BC MINORMINOR AlexandriaAlexandria on onHINDUHINDU 7j^aY^c\VCZl:be^gZ the Caucasusthe CaucasusKUSHKUSH AlexandropolisAlexandropolis AlexandriaAlexandria KabulKabul NicaeaNicaea Like his father, Alexander was a brilliant CyreneCyreneM M GaugamelaGaugamela AlexandriaAlexandria e d e d T T BucephalaBucephala i i i 331i BC331 BC commander. In 334 BC he attacked the Per- t e t e g g r r r r r r A A i i a a r r n n CyprusCyprus I I s s PARTHIAPARTHIA e e e e a a v sians, whose army was much larger than n n R R R R v i i S S i i EcbatanaEcbatana R e e Y Y v v R a a S S e e AlexandriaAlexandria his own. But Alexander’s troops were well r r Areia Areia PERSIANPERSIAN AlexandriaAlexandria AlexandriaAlexandria trained and ready for battle. They defeated Susa Susa E E ArachotonArachoton Alexandria Alexandria u u EMPIREEMPIRE s s p p (Kandahar)(Kandahar)u Opianau Opiana the Persians time after time. h Babylonh Babylon d d N N r r n n MemphisMemphis at at I I According to legend, Alexander vis- es es W W River River E E PasargadaePasargadae ited a town called Gordium in Asia Minor AlexandriaAlexandriaPersepolisPersepolis INDIAINDIA S S EGYPTEGYPT N N AlexandriaAlexandria while he was fi ghting the Persians. There i i le le CarmanaCarmana R R P P AlexandriaAlexandria i i e e he heard an ancient tale about a knot tied v v Red Sea Red Sea ArabianArabian r r e e s s r r i a i a PattalaPattala by an ancient king. The tale said that who- Alexander’s empire n n PeninsulaPeninsula G u G u ever untied the knot would rule all of Asia. Major battle site l f l f MA>BFI:<M According to the legend, Alexander pulled Route of Alexander ArabianArabian Sea Sea MH=:R and his armies out his sword and cut right through the 0 150 300 Miles We still use the 0150300 Kilometers phrase “cutting knot. Taking this as a good sign, he and his the Gordian knot” army set out again. to mean solving a If you look at the map, you can follow difficult problem easily. the route Alexander took on his conquests. BVgX]^c\=dbZ After defeating the Persians near the town Still intent on building his empire, Alexan- of Issus, Alexander went to Egypt, which der led his army through Central Asia. In was part of the Persian Empire. The Persian 327 BC Alexander crossed the Indus River SUMMARIZE: Using the information on this governor had heard of his skill in battle. and wanted to push deeper into India. But page and in the map of He surrendered without a fi ght in 332 BC his exhausted soldiers refused to go any Alexander’s empire, and crowned Alexander pharaoh. farther. Disappointed, Alexander began summarize Alexander’s efforts to conquer the world. After a short stay in Egypt, Alexander the long march home. set out again. Near the town of Gaugamela Alexander left India in 325 BC, but he (gaw-guh-MEE-luh), he defeated the Per- never made it back to Greece. In 323 BC, sian army for the last time. After the battle, on his way back, Alexander visited the city the Persian king fl ed. The king soon died, of Babylon and got sick. He died a few days killed by one of his nobles. With the king’s later at age 33. After he died, Alexander’s death, Alexander became the ruler of what body was taken to Egypt and buried in a had been the Persian Empire. golden coffi n. HRW HRWWorld World History History wh06as_c10map013aaHRWwh06as_c10map013aa World History 274 CHAPTER 9 AlexanderAlexander the Great's thewh06as_c10map013aa Great's Empire, Empire, c. 323 c. BC 323 BC Alexander the Great'sAPPROVED(3) Empire,APPROVED(3) c. 10/28/04 323 BC10/28/04 Legend FINAL 8/11/04 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S3.indd 274 5/4/10 10:02:34 AM Alexander the Great’s Empire, c.
Recommended publications
  • T C K a P R (E F C Bc): C P R
    ELECTRUM * Vol. 23 (2016): 25–49 doi: 10.4467/20800909EL.16.002.5821 www.ejournals.eu/electrum T C K A P R (E F C BC): C P R S1 Christian Körner Universität Bern For Andreas Mehl, with deep gratitude Abstract: At the end of the eighth century, Cyprus came under Assyrian control. For the follow- ing four centuries, the Cypriot monarchs were confronted with the power of the Near Eastern empires. This essay focuses on the relations between the Cypriot kings and the Near Eastern Great Kings from the eighth to the fourth century BC. To understand these relations, two theoretical concepts are applied: the centre-periphery model and the concept of suzerainty. From the central perspective of the Assyrian and Persian empires, Cyprus was situated on the western periphery. Therefore, the local governing traditions were respected by the Assyrian and Persian masters, as long as the petty kings fulfi lled their duties by paying tributes and providing military support when requested to do so. The personal relationship between the Cypriot kings and their masters can best be described as one of suzerainty, where the rulers submitted to a superior ruler, but still retained some autonomy. This relationship was far from being stable, which could lead to manifold mis- understandings between centre and periphery. In this essay, the ways in which suzerainty worked are discussed using several examples of the relations between Cypriot kings and their masters. Key words: Assyria, Persia, Cyprus, Cypriot kings. At the end of the fourth century BC, all the Cypriot kingdoms vanished during the wars of Alexander’s successors Ptolemy and Antigonus, who struggled for control of the is- land.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 9 Hellenistic Kingdoms Chronology
    Lecture 9 Hellenistic Kingdoms Chronology: Please see the timeline and browse this website: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht.htm Star Terms: Geog. Terms: Ptolemy II Philadelphos Alexandria (Egypt) Apollonius of Rhodes Pergamon (Pergamum) The Museon of Alexandria Antioch The Pharos Lighthouse Red Sea Idylls of Theocritus A. Altar of Zeus (Pergamon, Turkey), c. 175 BCE Attalos I and the Gauls/ gigantomachy/ Pergamon in Asia Minor/high relief/ violent movement Numismatics/ “In the Great Altar of Zeus erected at Pergamon, the Hellenistic taste for emotion, energetic movement, and exaggerated musculature is translated into relief sculpture. The two friezes on the altar celebrated the city and its superiority over the Gauls, who were a constant threat to the Pergamenes. Inside the structure, a small frieze depicted the legendary founding of Pergamon. In 181 BCE Eumenes II had the enormous altar “built on a hill above the city to commemorate the victory of Rome and her allies over Antiochos III the Great of Syria at the Battle of Magnesia (189 BCE) a victory that had given Eumenes much of the Seleucid Empire. A large part of the sculptural decoration has been recovered, and the entire west front of the monument, with the great flight of stairs leading to its entrance, has been reconstructed in Berlin, speaking to the colonial trend of archaeological imperialism of the late 19th century. Lecture 9 Hellenistic Kingdoms B. Dying Gaul, Roman copy of a bronze original from Pergamon, c. 230-220 BCE, marble theatrical moving, and noble representations of an enemy/ pathos/ physical depiction of Celts/Gauls This sculpture is from a monument commemorating the victory in 230 BCE of Attalos I (ruled 241-197 BCE) over the Gauls, a Celtic people who invaded from the north.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Hoplites and Their Origins
    Ancient Greek Hoplites and their Origins By Jordan Wilde Senior Seminar (HST 499W) June 6, 2008 Primary Reader: Dr. Benedict Lowe Secondary Reader: Dr. Lorie Carlson Course Instructor: Dr. David Doellinger History Department Western Oregon University 1 The ancient Greek hoplites were heavily armed infantry soldiers, known for wearing extensive armor, carrying a large rounded shield, spears, and a sword. By looking at armor, weapons, tactics, and vases recovered from archaeological digs, along with literature of the time, such as Homer’s Iliad (ca. 700 B.C.)1 and Hesiod’s Shield of Heracles (ca. end of the late 8th century B.C)2, who and what a hoplite was can be defined. The scholarly consensus has been that eighth century B.C. is crucial in exploring the origins of hoplites. The eighth century sees a dramatic increase in population leading to the rise of city-states and hoplites. In this paper I am going to consider the evidence for the existence of hoplites during the eighth century B.C. and whether or not there is any evidence for their existence before this. When examining evidence for defining when hoplites first appeared, it’s important to understand what makes a hoplite unique, specifically his equipment, weapons, and tactics. In the article “Hoplites and Heresies,” A.J. Holladay looks at the overall view of the hoplite on the battlefield and some forms of military tactics the Greeks might have had. Holladay examines what is typically assumed as hoplite customs, fighting in a close pack, with their shields in their left hand protecting themselves and their neighbors as well as carrying a spear in their right hand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Empire
    4 Alexander’s Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES EMPIRE BUILDING Alexander the Alexander’s empire extended • Philip II •Alexander Great conquered Persia and Egypt across an area that today consists •Macedonia the Great and extended his empire to the of many nations and diverse • Darius III Indus River in northwest India. cultures. SETTING THE STAGE The Peloponnesian War severely weakened several Greek city-states. This caused a rapid decline in their military and economic power. In the nearby kingdom of Macedonia, King Philip II took note. Philip dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C. TAKING NOTES Philip Builds Macedonian Power Outlining Use an outline to organize main ideas The kingdom of Macedonia, located just north of Greece, about the growth of had rough terrain and a cold climate. The Macedonians were Alexander's empire. a hardy people who lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. Most Macedonian nobles thought of themselves Alexander's Empire as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on the I. Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great A. philosophers, sculptors, or writers. The Macedonians did have one very B. important resource—their shrewd and fearless kings. II. Alexander Conquers Persia Philip’s Army In 359 B.C., Philip II became king of Macedonia. Though only 23 years old, he quickly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politician. Philip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a well-trained professional army.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LOGISTICS of the FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wester
    FEEDING VICTORY: THE LOGISTICS OF THE FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 A Thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By William Donald O’Dell, Jr. Director: Dr. Vicki Szabo Associate Professor of Ancient and Medieval History History Department Committee Members: Dr. David Dorondo, History Dr. Robert Ferguson, History October, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members and director for their assistance and encouragements. In particular, Dr. Vicki Szabo, without whose guidance and feedback this thesis would not exist, Dr. David Dorondo, whose guidance on the roles of logistics in cavalry warfare have helped shaped this thesis’ handling of such considerations and Dr. Robert Ferguson whose advice and recommendations for environmental historiography helped shaped my understanding on how such considerations influence every aspect of history, especially military logistics. I also offer my warmest regards and thanks to my parents, brothers, and extended family for their continued support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021
    GREECE • CRETE • TURKEY MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 Tour Hosts: Dr. Scott Moore Dr. Jason Whitlark organized by GREECE - CRETE - TURKEY / May 28 - June 22, 2021 May 31 Mon ATHENS - CORINTH CANAL - CORINTH – ACROCORINTH - NAFPLION At 8:30a.m. depart from Athens and drive along the coastal highway of Saronic Gulf. Arrive at the Corinth Canal for a brief stop and then continue on to the Acropolis of Corinth. Acro-corinth is the citadel of Corinth. It is situated to the southwest of the ancient city and rises to an elevation of 1883 ft. [574 m.]. Today it is surrounded by walls that are about 1.85 mi. [3 km.] long. The foundations of the fortifications are ancient—going back to the Hellenistic Period. The current walls were built and rebuilt by the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. Climb up and visit the fortress. Then proceed to the Ancient city of Corinth. It was to this megalopolis where the apostle Paul came and worked, established a thriving church, subsequently sending two of his epistles now part of the New Testament. Here, we see all of the sites associated with his ministry: the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, the Roman Odeon, the Bema and Gallio’s Seat. The small local archaeological museum here is an absolute must! In Romans 16:23 Paul mentions his friend Erastus and • • we will see an inscription to him at the site. In the afternoon we will drive to GREECE CRETE TURKEY Nafplion for check-in at hotel followed by dinner and overnight. (B,D) MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 June 1 Tue EPIDAURAUS - MYCENAE - NAFPLION Morning visit to Mycenae where we see the remains of the prehistoric citadel Parthenon, fortified with the Cyclopean Walls, the Lionesses’ Gate, the remains of the Athens Mycenaean Palace and the Tomb of King Agamemnon in which we will actually enter.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexandria, Egypt, Before Alexander the Great: a Multidisciplinary Approach Yields Rich Discoveries
    Alexandria, Egypt, before Alexander the Great: A multidisciplinary approach yields rich discoveries Jean-Daniel Stanley*, Geoarchaeology Program, Rm. E-206, drilling, photography, and television, along with refinement of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of applicable high-resolution seismic methodologies and surveys Natural History (NMNH), Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, by research submarine and remote operated vehicle. Coastal USA; Richard W. Carlson*, Carnegie Institution of Washing- geoarchaeology reached a subdiscipline threshold ~25 years ton, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Washington, D.C. ago, at the time of publication of the multi-authored volume on 20015, USA; Gus Van Beek*, Anthropology, Smithsonian Insti- Quaternary coastlines and marine archaeology edited by Mas- tution NMNH, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA; Thomas F. ters and Flemming (1983). Since then, the number of studies Jorstad*, Geoarchaeology Program, Rm. E-206, Paleobiology, that emphasize integration of varied geological and archaeo- Smithsonian Institution NMNH, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, logical approaches in the marine realm has progressively risen. USA; Elizabeth A. Landau*, Geological Sciences, San Diego Of special note is the increased use of a classic geological State University, San Diego, California 92182-1020, USA methodology, sediment coring, to help resolve archaeological problems at sites that presently lie beneath the waves. This sub- ABSTRACT bottom technology has been applied with successful results in Historic records refer to Rhakotis as a settlement on Egypt’s most world oceans, especially in the Mediterranean (Morhange Mediterranean coast before Alexander the Great founded the et al., 2005; Marriner and Morhange, 2007; Stanley, 2007). famous Mediterranean port city of Alexandria in B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion
    Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae 66 (2012) 482-502 brill.com/vc Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion Mark Edwards Christ Church, Oxford, OX1 1DP, United Kingdom: [email protected] Abstract This paper responds to recent publications which play down the role of Bishop Alex- ander of Alexandria in securing the adoption of the term homoousion at the Nicene Council of 325. It argues that, while the term is not employed in any surviving work from his hand, there is some reason to believe that he sanctioned the use of it by his colleagues. There is no doubt that before the Council he had already declared the Son to be “from the Father’s essence”, and it is all but certain that when this phrase was challenged, together with the homoousion at Nicaea, it was he who produced a concil- iatory exegesis of both innovations, relying on the theology that had already been expounded in his letters Philostorgius’ story that he and Hosius of Cordoba had con- certed a plan to introduce the homoousion is not implausible, and it should not be assumed that the author of an anonymous life of Constantine, which corroborates this narrative, is merely paraphrasing Philostorgius. Their testimony is consistent with that of Ambrose of Milan, who can be shown to have been acquainted both with docu- ments and with witnesses of the proceedings at the Council. Keywords Nicaea, Alexander of Alexandria, homoousion, creed, Trinity, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arius To whom do we owe the presence in the Nicene Creed of the adjective homoousios? There was a time when everyone would have held the opinion, lately endorsed again by Henry Chadwick, that “anti-Arian leaders” had already resolved to press it upon the Council of 325 before its opening.1 The parties to this compact were always assumed to have been Alexander 1) H.
    [Show full text]
  • A. the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
    www.HistoryAtOurHouse.Com Junior High Class Notes III. The Decline and Fall of Greece (431-146 BC) A. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) 1. The main reasons Sparta and Athens went to war were that they had opposite forms of government and that they were rivals for the leadership of Greece. 2. Even though they had agreed to the “Thirty Years Peace,” the war began in 431 BC when Athens agreed to help its ally Corcyra defend itself against Corinth, an ally of Sparta. Corinth claimed this broke the terms of the peace, and Sparta's allies clamored for war. 3. This war was made especially famous by the writing of one of the first great historians, named Thucydides. His History of the Peloponnesian War became a celebrated example of how to write history and had been studied by historians ever since. 4. In our time, however, the details of the war discussed by Thucydides cannot concern us if we are not professional historians. What matters is its impact on Greece. 5. The first key impact of the war was the defeat of Athens by Sparta, and its effect on Athenian democracy. As Athens started to lose, the aristocrats of Athens temporarily took charge. Worse, at the end, the Spartans chose thirty of them to be the “Thirty Tyrants” to force the city to follow Sparta’s lead. 6. When the democrats of Athens took over again, they sought to punish anyone connected to the tyrants. The philosopher Socrates was among those critical of democracy, and he was persecuted.
    [Show full text]