Brochure Séminaire MC2L.2019-2020
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MASTER 1 The representation of slavery in Britain and the United States Anne-Claire Faucquez 2019-2020 This seminar will explore the various ways in which the Atlantic Slave Trade and the institution of slavery are remembered, taught, and memorialized in Britain and the United States (and to a lesser extent in France). We will first analyze what collective memory is and question who rightfully defines the events, images, symbols, rituals, and beliefs that constitute the knowledge of the past. What responsibilities do public custodians of collective heritage—historians, novelists, filmmakers, museum curators, archivists, artists— have to the truth and to the communities in which they function? What is public history? Who are public historians and what is their role? Taking Britain and the United States as examples of contemporary societies, we will contrast how these two countries deal with public history and the collective memory of slavery. If Britain was a major participant in the slave trade, it never experienced slavery on its soil, contrary to the United States, which can explain a different approach to the memorialization of slavery. So we will contrast the differences in the representations of slavery in these two societies. How is slavery both remembered and silenced? What is commemorated: slavery, the slave trade or the abolition of slavery and why does it matter? How do British and American public authorities fashion their own collective memory of slavery? How do the countries as a whole embrace or perhaps deny what some deem a stain in their history? What do those choices tell about the way the two nations envision their past? We will be looking at the various ways used to represent and materialize the memory of slavery, be it through contemporary art, museum exhibits, historical tours, monuments, memorials, or commemorative occasions and anniversaries. For each event or artistic form, we will question its origin/source, we will describe its content and try to assess its impact on each society. What was the intention of the author, artist, architect, curator etc.? To what extent did the sources of funding influence the events? How did the authors use history vs memory? How did they manage to transmit the bleak details of slavery? Did they try to reveal the blunt truth of the history of slavery or did they try to embellish it for artistic and aesthetical purposes? Students will be looking at and comparing American and British works of art, architectural projects like monuments and memorials (the African Burial Ground Memorial in New York vs the City of London Memorial to the Abolition of the Slave Trade) ; they will question the absence/existence of museums dedicated to the history of slavery (The National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington vs the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool), as well as the absence/existence of national holidays celebrating the abolition of slavery (Black History Month vs Slavery Remembrance Day). The materials used in the seminar will range from scholarly and press articles, artists’ interviews, pictures of works of art, documentaries, or websites (blogs, forums, museum websites, interactive tours). As for the assignment, students will have to conduct a research project on a site/work of art/event of their own choice. 2 SEMESTER 2019-2020 17 Sept : INTRODUCTION : History and memory 24 Sept : Commemorating slavery 1 Oct : Patrimonial Memory: Monuments, Memorials (I) 8 Oct : CANCELLED 15 Oct : Patrimonial Memory: Monuments, Memorials (II) 22 Oct/29 Oct : BREAK 5 Nov : Museums and Historic sites (I) 12 Nov: Museums and Historic Sites (II) 19 Nov : Slavery, Memory and Art (I) 26 Nov : Slavery, Memory and Art (II) FRIDAY 29 Nov: Journée d’études “Objets et enjeux de la commémoration de l’esclavage” 3 Dec : Slavery on Screen (I) : Hollywood 10 Dec : Slavery on Screen (II) : TV series 17 Dec : END-OF-THE SEMESTER EXAM Continual assessment: - Oral presentation + research paper = 50% - Conference report = 20% - End-of the-semester exam = 30% List of subjects you can choose from for your oral presentation: - City of London Memorial to the Abolition of the Slave Trade - African Burial Ground Memorial in New York - The Ark of Return in New York (UNO) - Alabama Memorial for Lynching and/or LeGacy Museum and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice, MontGomory, Alabama - The National Museum of African American History and Culture in WashinGton - The International Slavery Museum in Liverpool - Captured Africans, Lancaster, EnGland - Gilt of Cain, London - The Memorial for the Abolition of Slavery in Nantes - The Musée d’Aquitaine in Bordeaux - Whitney Plantation Museum (Louisiana) - Black History Month vs Slavery Remembrance Day - Movies: Birth of a Nation (1917), Gone with the Wind (1939), Amistad (1997), Beloved (1998), Django Unchained (2012), 12 Year a Slave (2013), The Birth of a Nation (2016) - TV Series: Roots (1977), The Book of Negroes (2015), “Black Museum” Episode, Black Mirror series 3 1 - Teaching Slavery : Why History Matters? © 2018 TEACHING TOLERANCE 6-12 Test your knowledge about the history of American slavery. Review each question and select the best answer (even if you’re not sure). 1. How was indentured servitude different from enslavement of Africans in the British North American colonies? a. Indentured servants were freed at the end of a set number of years. b. Children born during an indentured servant’s term had to serve until adulthood. c. Only men could be indentured. d. Indentured servants came from the West Indies. 2. Which of the following was NOT true of chattel slavery as it developed in the British colonies? a. Enslaved people were considered personal property. b. Enslaved people had no human rights. c. Enslaved people could be bought, sold or inherited. d. Enslaved people inherited the status of their father. 3. Which was NOT a common form of resistance among enslaved people? a. Violent armed rebellion b. Running away c. Feigning illness d. Breaking tools and slowing the pace of work 4. In the Declaration of Independence, what percentage of enslaved people were included in the line “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100% 5. Which was NOT a condition of life for enslaved people? a. Hard work, even for women and children b. Isolation, subjugation and fear of punishment c. The ability to always keep families intact d. The ability to hunt, fish and grow gardens to supplement their diets 6. Which formally ended slavery in the United States? a. 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution b. Emancipation Proclamation c. Treaty ending the Civil War d. Civil Rights Act of 1968 7. Which was the reason the South seceded from the Union? 4 a. To preserve states’ rights b. To preserve slavery c. To protest taxes on imported goods d. To avoid rapid industrialization 8. Communities of enslaved people created music to... a. Entertain enslavers in the Big House b. Pass the time c. Express dreams and frustrations d. Influence popular culture 9. People enslaved by colonists in North America included all of the following except: a. Irish people b. Muslims c. West Africans d. Native Americans 10. Just before the Civil War, what was true of the North? a. Most people there opposed slavery. b. Northern banks, industries and shipping pro ted from slavery. c. It was separate from the South, with few economic or social ties. d. Free black people could vote and had other civil rights there. 11. Why did slavery grow in the United States after the importation of enslaved people was banned in 1808? a. The international slave trade continued unabated despite the law. b. A large number of free black people were captured and sold into slavery. c. High birth rates (enslavers treated women as “breeders”) led to natural increase in the population. d. Enslaved people were smuggled into the country from Canada. 12. Enslaved people had all the following connections to American colleges except: a. Their labor built parts of the University of Virginia. b. Their sale secured the nancial future of Georgetown. c. Pro ts from the slave trade helped fund Harvard, Yale and Brown. d. Princeton set aside spaces for men who had escaped slavery beginning in 1845. Doc 1: Jason Silverstein, “The Persistence of Whitewashing: How can Americans have such different memories of slavery?”, May 31, 2018 In early April, Southern Charm—a reality show about Charleston’s aristocracy—invited viewers for a fifth season inside “the gates of their centuries-old plantation homes.” It is a disturbing thought for anyone who stops to consider the experiences of the men and women who were enslaved there. Yet this form of nostalgia remains surprisingly common. Until recently, you could rent Southern Charm star Thomas Ravenel’s manicured Brookland Plantation, whose slave cabins were abandoned during “the War Between the States,” according to the architect who renovated it. You can still “add a little southern elegance” to the happiest day of your life with a plantation wedding, at a venue such as Boone Plantation, where parts of The Notebook were filmed and nine slave cabins (of 27) still stand. The plantation is the Rorschach test for America’s soul: You either see moonlight and magnolias or a crime scene. How can Americans have such different memories of slavery? That is the driving question in historians Ethan Kytle and Blain Roberts’s book Denmark Vesey’s Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy, a work that, for the first time, maps competing memories of slavery from abolition to the very recent struggle to rename or remove Confederate symbols across the country.