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UNIVERZITA KARLOVA – FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ANGLOFONNÍCH LITERATUR A KULTUR ―Am I not a Man and a Brother?‖ Representations of Slavery in the West Indies and Abolitionist Rhetoric on the Road to Emancipation ―Cožpak nejsem člověk a bratr?‖ Reprezentace otroctví v Západní Indii a abolicionistická rétorika na cestě k emancipaci DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Vedoucí diplomové práce (supervisor): Zpracovala (author): PhDr. Soňa Nováková, CSc., M.A. Bc. Nikola Bartová Studijní obor (subject): Praha, Září 2015 Anglofonní literatury a kultury Studia britského společenství Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze dne 7.8.2015 ____________________________ Poděkování Především bych chtěla poděkovat PhDr. Soně Novákové, CSc., M.A. za její ochotu a pomoc při výběru práce, za pomoc s literaturou nebo jakýmkoli dotazem a v neposlední řadě za její trpělivost a podporu, kterou mi během psaní práce poskytla. Souhlasím se zapůjčením diplomové práce ke studijním účelům. ____________________________ Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá literaturou spojenou se zrušením otroctví v britských koloniích. Práce se zabývá tématem abolicionistického hnutí ze společenské, kulturní a literárně historické perspektivy od počátku až do zrušení otroctví v britských koloniích v Karibiku v roce 1833 Zákonem o ukončení otroctví. Práce je zaměřená na diskurz rasy a otroctví. Vybraní autoři reprezentují rozdílné názory a perspektivy, jelikož práce obsahuje jak představitele sentimentální poezie, tak cestopisy i autobiografie otroků. Hlavním cílem je určit a vymezit strategie abolicionistického diskurzu a rétorické postupy, které byly používány, a to zejména při utváření obrazu Afričanů a jak hegemonický diskurz sentimentalismu ovlivnil jejich psaní. První část práce se zabývá utvořením teoretického základu a definováním literárních tradic a zvyků z osmnáctého století, definice sentimentálního diskurzu a filosofie osvícenství. To bude dáno do kontextu s definicí „orientalismu― Edwarda Saida a také teorie „černého Atlantiku― od Paula Gilroye, která umožní definovat prostor mezi Británií, Afrikou a Karibikem, kde se historie otroctví v Británii odehrála. Teoretický základ bude doplněn historickým přehledem otroctví a jeho zrušení v Británii a jejích koloniích. Následující kapitoly se zabývají literární odpovědí na otroctví v osmnáctém a začátkem devatenáctého století. Práce se nezabývá polemickými spisy jako jsou kázání, články a pamflety, které napsali ti nejvýznamnější abolicionisté, například William Wilberforce, ale s těmi více literárními a kreativními, tedy poezií, cestopisy a autobiografiemi atd. Debata o poezii je založena na rozebrání básní od následujících básníků – Thomas Day, William Cowper, Hannah More a William Blake. Každých z těchto básníků ukazuje svůj přístup k tématu otroctví, obchodu s otroky a zrušení otroctví díky metaforám, tropám a diskurzu kterých využívali. To bude porovnáno s kapitolou o cestopisech o koloniálních střetech od Jamese Ramsayho a Johna Stedmana. Nejen že tyto texty ukazují rozdílný přístup k již zmíněným tématům, ale také různých názorů na zrušení otroctví těmi, kteří na vlastní kůži zažili situaci v Karibiku, na rozdíl od výše uvedených básníků. Poslední kapitola týkající se literatury se zabývá žánrem autobiografií otroků, které představují Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Ottobah Cugoano a Olaudah Equiano stejně jako dopisy od Ignatia Sancha. Tato kapitola bude sloužit k ukázce toho, jak se tito černošští autoři stali součástí abolicionistického diskurzu, líčili sami sebe a začali tvořit černošskou britskou identitu v diaspoře Britského impéria. Práce bude zkoumat složitý vztah mezi abolicionismem a příslušným diskurzem, přístupem a také problémy, které populární sentimentální diskurz znamenal pro vytvoření černošské identity v britské literatuře za účelem toho, aby se Afričané stali součástí tohoto diskurzu a tím pádem rovnocennými členy společnosti. Abstract This thesis is concerned with literature connected with the abolition of slavery in British colonies. The thesis will treat the topic of the abolitionist movement from the perspective of social, cultural and literary history from the beginnings until the abolition of slavery in British colonies in the Caribbean in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. The thesis will focus on the discourse of race and slavery. The chosen authors represent different opinions and perspectives as the discussion will focus on sentimental poetry, travel writings as well as slave narratives. The chief aim is to identify and define the strategies of abolitionist discourse and the rhetorical practices which it employed especially in shaping the image of Africans and how the hegemonic discourse of sentimentalism influenced their writing. The first part of the thesis is concerned with establishing a theoretical background and the establishing of the literary traditions and customs of the eighteenth century, definition of the sentimental discourse and philosophies of the Enlightenment. This will be framed by a definition of Edward Said's ―Orientalism‖ as well as Paul Gilroy's theory of the ―Black Atlantic,‖ which will enable us to define the space between Britain, Africa and the Caribbean, where the history of slavery of Britain happened. The theoretical background will be supplemented with a historical overview of slavery and its abolition in Britain and its colonies. The following chapters deal with the literary response to slavery in the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. The thesis does not deal with polemical writings such as sermons, articles and pamphlets written by the most prominent abolitionists, e.g. William Wilberforce, but with more literary and creative ones, in the sense of poetry, travel narratives and autobiographies etc. The discussion of poetry is based on examination of several poems by Thomas Day, William Cowper, Hannah More and William Blake. Each of these poets shows their approach to the topic of slavery, slave trade and abolition via the metaphors, tropes and discourse they relied on. This will be contrasted with a chapter on travel writings about colonial encounters written by James Ramsay and John Stedman. Not only will they show the difference in approach to the fore mentioned topics but also to the different opinions about the abolition of slavery by those who have experienced the situation in the West Indies, unlike the above mentioned poets. The last literary chapter is concerned with the genre of slave narratives with representatives such as Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano as well as letters by Ignatius Sancho. This chapter will serve to illustrate how these black authors became part of the abolitionist discourse, portrayed themselves and how they began to establish Black British identity in the place of the diaspora of the British Empire. The thesis will examine the difficult relationship between abolition and an adequate discourse, approach and also the problems that the popular sentimental discourse meant for the creation of the black identity in British literature in order for Africans to become part of the discourse, therefore equal members of society. Klíčová slova britská literatura, Západní Indie, britské impérium, orientalismu, otroctví, abolicionismus, sentimentalismus, diskurz, osvícenství, autobiografie otroků Key Words British Literature, the West Indies, the British Empire, Orientalism, slavery, abolitionism, sentimentalism, discourse, Enlightenment, slave narratives Obsah: 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…...1 2. Historical Background……………………………………………………………...…...10 3. The Literary Response to the Abolitionist Movement……………………………...…24 4. Travel Narratives of Colonial Encounters…………………………………………...…43 4.1 James Ramsay and his Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies. Published in 1784 ……………………………………............43 4.2 John Gabriel Stedman and his Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America; From the Year 1772, to 1777. Published in 1796...........................................................................47 4.2.1 Blake's Engravings in Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam…………………………………………………………………….51 5. Slave Narratives………………………………………………………………………….55 5.1 Ukawsaw Gronniosaw´s Narrative of the Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, An African Prince, related by himself. Published in 1772…………………………………………………………………………………….58 5.2 Ottobah Cugoano´s Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species. Published in 1787………………….63 5.3 Ignatius Sancho´s Letters of Ignatius Sancho………………………………………....68 5.4 Olaudah Equaino´s Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Publishes in 1789…………………………………………………72 6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………79 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….....83 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………....90 1. Introduction 12 Years a Slave was quite likely the most talked about film of 2013. It received great media and critical attention. Furthermore, it raised questions about the history of slavery, the possible arguments and counter arguments as well as the topic of correct and appropriate representation. Not everyone
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  • The British Transatlantic Slave Trade

    The British Transatlantic Slave Trade

    Memory, Myth and Forgetting: the British Transatlantic Slave Trade Lucy Ball The thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth September 2013 Abstract Based on Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Connerton’s notion of collective forgetting, this thesis contends that the history of the British transatlantic slave trade has been deliberately omitted from British collective remembrance, replaced by a stylised image of the campaign for its abolition, in the interests of maintaining a consistent national identity built around notions of humanitarian and philanthropic concern. This thesis examines the way that this collective amnesia was addressed during the bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act in 2007 in museological display and the media, alongside its interrogation in novels published during the last seventeen years. The exploration of the bicentennial commemoration provided a unique opportunity to examine the way in which the nation presented its own history to the British public and the international community, and the divergent perspectives at play. Analysis of the artefacts and panel text featured at the International Slavery Museum, the Uncomfortable Truths exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Chasing Freedom exhibition at the Royal Naval Museum reveals an emerging desire amongst curators to reduce attention garnered on the previously-lionised British abolitionists in favour of an increased representation of the experiences of the enslaved, including instances of their resistance and rebellion. Examination of neo-slave narratives scrutinises the way that postcolonial novelists draw attention to the process by which eighteenth-century slave narratives came to be published, demonstrating their unsuitability to be considered historical texts.