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Kuala Terengganu Community Ecology of Polychaeta (Annelida) in Soft Bottom Macrobenthos of Southern South China Sea Noor Shahida Rosli Zainudin Bachok Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, MALAYSIA. ● Presence in various marine habitats (Frid, 2011). ● Constitutes more to the total macrobenthic animals:- - abundance - biomass - number of species - number of individuals 1 8 2 Bashi Strait ● Semi-enclosed body of water. 7 ● Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) - 3 high biodiversity (Liu, 2013). Balabac Strait ● Critical world trade routes (Morton and Blackmore, 2001). 6 Southern South 4 China Sea 5 Malaysia Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Karimata Strait (Image modified from EIA, 2013) Java Sea Bashi Strait 661 species 54 families (Paxton and Chou, 2000) Species richnessMajority and speciesspecies are belong to number - ↑thefromIndonorth-Malayan to subregion south (Al-Hakim and Glasby, 2004) (Huang et al., 2010; Liu, 2013). Balabac Strait Karimata Strait Java Sea ● Offshore Bashi Strait polychaete study: SEAFDEC Expedition (1997- 2000) ● Previous studies: Gholizadeh et Ibrahim et al., al., 2011 -estuary 2006 (Nakao et al., 1989) -reef Balabac Strait (Ibrahim et al., 2006) Nakao et al., -coastal 1989 (Gholizadeh et al., 2012) Karimata Strait Java Sea Determination of the relationship between polychaetes community structures with sediment parameters in southern South China Sea VIETNAM Gulf of Thailand PHILIPPINES THAILAND Spratly Southern Island Kudat-Balambangan Sulu South China Island Sea Perlis Sea Kedah Pulau Pinang Sabah Kelantan Terengganu Kuala Terengganu BRUNEI Perak Natuna Pekan-Dungun Archipelago (INDONESIA) Selangor Pahang Kuala Lumpur Anabas Archipelago Celebes Sea Negeri Sembilan (INDONESIA) Sarawak Melaka Johor INDONESIA SINGAPORE INDONESIA Depth (m) No. of station 20 – 59 13 60 - 79 30 12,477 47 families, individuals 217 genera Percentage abundance (%) 10 15 20 0 5 17.70 7.47 6.31 6.08 5.75 5.46 5.02 4.78 4.50 3.98 3.40 2.91 2.80 2.25 2.13 1.64 1.63 1.52 1.50 1.23 1.13 0.96 Family 0.93 0.86 0.84 0.75 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.62 0.55 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.25 0.19 0.18 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 100 80 60 40 No. of species of No. 20 0 Pekan-Dungun Kuala Terengganu Kudat-Balambangan Island Area ● Number of species: (p<0.05) among areas ● Lowest: Kuala Terengganu 1000 ) 2 800 600 400 200 Density Density (No. of individuals/m 0 Pekan-Dungun Kuala Terengganu Kudat-Balambangan Island Area ● Total density: (p<0.05) among areas ● Lowest: Kuala Terengganu (420±167 individuals/m2) 7 6 ') H 5 4 3 2 Diversity ( index Diversity 1 0 Pekan-Dungun Kuala Terengganu Kudat-Balambangan Island Area ● Diversity: (p<0.05) among areas (3.88 to 5.65) 0.94 0.92 ') J 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 Evenness index ( index Evenness 0.78 0.76 Pekan-Dungun Kuala Terengganu Kudat-Balambangan Island Area ● Evenness: (p>0.05) among areas ● Lowest: Kudat-Balambangan Island 90 Pekan-Dungun 80 Kuala Terengganu 70 Kudat-Balambangan Island 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) Percentage 20 10 0 Sand Silt Clay Sediment texture ● Sediment types (%): sand, silt and clay ● Sand < silt & clay (p<0.05) Sediment No. of texture stations Silty-clay 11 Silty-clay-loam 14 Silt-loam 10 Silt 1 Clay 3 Clay-loam 1 Loam 1 Sandy-loam 1 ● Offshore sediments → compounded and complicated. ● Compounded → mixture of various sediments (silty-clay, silty-clay-loam, silt- loam and sandy-loam). ● Complicated → patchy distribution. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Organic carbon (%) carbon Organic 0.2 0.1 0 Pekan-Dungun Kuala Terengganu Kudat-Balambangan Island Area ● Highest: Kuala Terengganu (p<0.05) Abundance in each group (individuals/m2) Kudat- Group of sediment Pekan- Kuala Balambangan Mean Dungun Terengganu Island Silty-clay 523 308 534 1364.5 Silty-clay-loam 654 569 382 1604.8 Silt-loam 616 397 676 1688.9 Silt - 398 - 398 Clay - - 861 861.3 Clay-loam - - 528 528 Loam - - 574 574 Sandy-loam - - 638 638 Density No. Location References (No. of ind/m2) 1 Offshore Malaysia 567 Present study North and South Vietnamese 2 31.5 Trong et al., 2000 water East Coast Peninsular 3 107 Piamthipmanus, 1999 Malaysia & Gulf of Thailand East Coast of Peninsular 4 106 Yasin and Razak, 1999 Malaysia & Gulf of Thailand Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah and 5 113 Piamthipmanus, 1998 Sarawak) ● High species diversity and evenness. ● Kuala Terengganu lowest in species number and abundance: - small area. - far from mainland. ● Sediment type is the main factor on diversity and distribution of polychaetes. ● Southern South China Sea - high polychaete diversity . ● Polychaete in southern South China Sea mainly found in silty-clay, silty-clay-loam and silt-loam. ● Significant baseline information – sustainable marine management ecosystem of southern South China Sea. ● Potential bio-indicator for mineral resources. • Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainudin Bachok Scholarship • Dr. Izwandy Idris • Dr. Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim Sponsor • FOS LEO vessel & Sealink VANESSA 7 ship staffs • INOS staffs • Postgraduate friends Terima kasih, thank you, diolch, merci, syukran! .
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