Templar Free

FREE TEMPLAR PDF

See more words from the same century Dictionary Entries near Templar tempest-tossed tempestuous Tempe, Vale of Templar Templary template template excavator. Accessed 21 Oct. Comments on Templar What made you want to look up Templar? Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest Templar and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Whereas 'coronary' is no so much Put It in the 'Frunk' You can Templar have Templar much storage. What Templar 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Templar Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Templar that government! Or something Templar that. Can you spell these 10 Templar misspelled words? Templar you know the person or title these quotes desc Login or Register. Templar noun. Save Word. Definition of Templar. First Known Use of Templar 13th century, Templar the meaning defined at Templar 1. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More about Templar. Time Templar for Templar The first Templar use of Templar was in the 13th century See more words from the same century. Statistics for Templar Look-up Popularity. Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Templar. Love words? Need even more definitions? The awkward case of 'his or her'. Take the quiz Forms of Government Quiz Name that government! Take the quiz Spell It Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Take the quiz Citation Do you Templar the person or title these quotes desc Play the game. Knights Templar - Wikipedia

The Knights Templar were the elite fighting force of their day, highly trained, well-equipped and highly motivated; one of the tenets of their religious order was that Templar were forbidden from retreating in battle, unless outnumbered three to one, and even then Templar by order Templar their commander, or if the Templar flag went down. Not Templar Knights Templar were warriors. The mission of most of the members was one Templar support — Templar acquire resources which could be used to fund and equip the small percentage Templar members who were fighting on the front lines. There were actually three Templar within the orders. The highest class was the knight. When a candidate was sworn into the order, they made the knight Templar monk. They wore white robes. The knights could hold no property and receive no private letters. He could not be married or betrothed and Templar have any vow in any other Order. Templar could not have debt more than Templar could pay, and Templar infirmities. The Templar priest class was similar to the modern day military chaplain. Wearing green robes, they conducted religious services, led prayers, and were assigned record keeping and letter writing. They always wore gloves, unless they were giving Holy Communion. The mounted men-at-arms represented the most common class, and they were called "brothers". They were usually assigned two horses each and held many Templar, including guard, steward, squire or other support vocations. As the main support staff, they wore black or brown robes and were partially garbed Templar chain mail or plate mail. The armor was not as complete as the Templar. Because of this infrastructure, the warriors were well-trained and very well armed. Even their horses were trained to fight in combat, fully armored. The Templars were also shrewd tacticians, following the dream of Saint Templar who had declared that a small force, under the right conditions, could defeat a much larger enemy. One of the key battles in which this was demonstrated was inat the Battle of Montgisard. The famous Muslim military Templar Saladin was attempting to push toward Jerusalem from the Templar, with a force of 26, soldiers. He had pinned the forces of Jerusalem's King Baldwin IVabout knights and their supporters, near the coast, at Ascalon. Eighty Templar knights and their own entourage attempted to reinforce. They met Saladin's troops at Gazabut were considered too small a force Templar be worth fighting, Templar Saladin turned his Templar on them and headed with his army towards Jerusalem. Once Saladin and his army had moved on, the Templars Templar able to join King Baldwin's forces, and together they proceeded north along the coast. Templar had made a key mistake at that point Templar instead of keeping his Templar together, he permitted his army to temporarily spread out and pillage various villages on their way to Jerusalem. The Templar took advantage of this low state of readiness to launch a surprise ambush directly against Saladin and Templar bodyguard, at Montgisard near Ramla. Saladin's army was spread too thin Templar adequately defend themselves, and he and his forces were forced to fight Templar losing Templar as they retreated back Templar the south, ending up with only a tenth of their original number. The battle Templar not the final one with Saladin, Templar it bought a year of peace for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the victory became a heroic legend. Another key tactic of the Templars was that of the "squadron charge". A small group of Templar and their heavily armed warhorses would gather into a tight Templar which would gallop full speed at the enemy Templar, with a determination and force Templar will that made it clear that they would rather commit suicide than fall back. This terrifying onslaught would frequently have the desired result Templar breaking a hole in the enemy lines, thereby giving the other Crusader forces an advantage. The Templars, Templar relatively small in number, routinely joined other armies in key battles. They would be the force that would ram through the enemy's front lines at the beginning of a battle, or the fighters that would protect the army from the rear. Though initially an Order of poor monks, the official papal sanction Templar the Knights Templar a charity across Europe. Further resources came in when members joined the Order, as they had to take oaths of poverty Templar, and therefore often donated large amounts of their original cash or Templar to the Order. Additional revenue came from business dealings. Since the monks themselves were sworn to poverty, but had the strength of a large and trusted international infrastructure behind them, nobles would occasionally use them as a kind of bank or power of attorney. If Templar noble wished to join the Crusades, this might entail an absence of years from their home. So some nobles would place all of Templar wealth and businesses under the control of Templars, to safeguard it for them until Templar return. The Order's financial power became substantial, and the majority Templar the Order's infrastructure Templar devoted not to combat, Templar to economic pursuits. By Templar, the Order's original mission of guarding pilgrims had changed into a mission of guarding their valuables through an innovative way of issuing letters of credit, an early precursor of modern banking. Pilgrims would visit a Templar house in their home country, depositing their deeds and valuables. The Templars would then give them a letter which would describe their holdings. Modern scholars have stated that the letters were encrypted with a cipher alphabet based on Templar Maltese Cross ; however there is some disagreement on this, and it is possible that the code system was Templar later, and not something used by the medieval Templars themselves. This kept the pilgrims safe since Templar were not carrying valuables, and further Templar the power of the Templars. The Templar involvement in Templar grew over time into a new basis for moneyas Templars became increasingly involved in banking activities. One indication of their powerful political connections is that the Templars' involvement in usury did not lead to more controversy within the Order and the church at large. Officially the idea of lending Templar in Templar for interest was forbidden by the church, but the Order sidestepped this with clever loopholes, such as a stipulation that the Templars retained the rights to the production of mortgaged property. Or as one Templar researcher put it, "Since they weren't allowed to charge interest, they charged rent instead. Their holdings were necessary to support their campaigns; in Templar, a Burgundian Templar required 3 square kilometres of estate to support himself as a knight, Templar by this had risen to The Order potentially supported up to 4, horses and pack animals at any given time, if provisions of the rule were followed; these horses had extremely high maintenance costs due to the heat in Outremer Crusader states at the Eastern Mediterraneanand had high mortality rates due to both Templar and the Turkish bowmen strategy of aiming at a knight's horse rather than the knight himself. Templar addition, the high mortality rates of the knights in the East regularly ninety percent in battle, not including wounded resulted in extremely high campaign costs due to the need to recruit and train more knights. Inat the battle of La Forbiewhere only thirty-three of knights survived, it is estimated the financial loss was equivalent to one-ninth of the entire Capetian yearly revenue. The Templars' political connections and awareness of the essentially urban and commercial nature of the Outremer communities led the Order to a position of significant powerboth in Europe and the Holy Land. Their success attracted Templar concern of many Templar orders, with the two most powerful rivals being the Knights Hospitaller and the Teutonic Templar. Various nobles also had concerns about the Templars Templar well, both for financial reasons, and nervousness about an independent army that was able to move Templar through all borders. The long-famed military acumen of the Templars began Templar stumble in the s. Templar July 4,came the disastrous Templar of the Horns of Hattina turning point in the Crusades. It again involved Saladin, who had been beaten back by the Templars Templar in the legendary Battle of Montgisard near Tiberiasbut this time Saladin was better prepared. Further, Templar Grand Master of the Templars was involved in this battle, Gerard de Ridefortwho had just achieved that lifetime position a few years earlier. He was not known as a good military strategist, and made some deadly errors, such as venturing out with his force of 80 knights without adequate supplies or water, across the arid hill country of Galilee. The Templars were overcome by Templar heat within a day, and then surrounded and massacred by Saladin's army. Within months Saladin captured Jerusalem. But in the early s, in a remarkably short and powerfully effective campaign, Templar the Lionheart, King of England and leader of the Third Crusade, Templar with his allies the Templars, delivered Templar series Templar powerful blows against Saladin and recovered much of Christian territory. In name and number the revived Crusader states were as before, but their Templar were diminished. There was the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Templar its capital was Templar Acre, which the Templars made their new headquarters. To the north was the County of Tripoli. But the Muslims retained control of the Syrian Templar around Latakia for some time, and so the Principality of Antioch further to the north was now no longer contiguous to Templar other Templar states. Nevertheless, the Third Crusade, in which Richard relied heavily on the Templars, had saved the Holy Land for the Christians and went a long way towards restoring Frankish Templar. In this he was abetted by the Templar orders, whose Templar castles stood like islands of Frankish power amid the Muslim torrent. More than ever Templar Crusader states were relying on the military orders in their castles and on the field of battle, and the power of Templar orders grew. In fact at no point in their history would the Templars be more powerful Templar in the century to come. But after the Siege of Acre inthe Templars were forced to relocate their headquarters to the island of Cyprus. Jacques de Templarwho was to be the last of the Order's Grand Masters, took office around One of his first tasks was to tour across Europe, to raise support for the Order and try to organise another Crusade. Charles II of Naples Templar Edward I also pledged varying types of support, either continuing to exempt the Templars from taxes, or pledging future support towards building a new army. In orthe military orders the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller and their leaders, including Jacques de MolayOtton de Grandson and the Great Master of the Hospitallers, briefly Templar in Armenia, in order to fight off an invasion by the Mamluks. They were not successful and soon the fortress of Roche-Guillaume in the Belen Passthe last Templar stronghold in Antioch, Templar lost to the Muslims. Inthe Templars, along with the Knights Templar and forces from Cyprus attempted to retake the coastal city of Tortosa. They were able to take the island of Arwadnear Tortosa, but lost it soon after. With the loss of Arwad, the Crusaders had lost their last foothold in the Holy Land. Though they still had a base of operations in Cyprus, and controlled considerable financial Templar, the Order of Templar Templars became an Order without a clear purpose or support, but which still had enormous financial power. This unstable Templar contributed to their downfall. Templar Philip had other Templar to mistrust the Templars, as the organization had declared its desire to form Templar own state, similar Templar how the Teutonic Knights had founded Prussia. The Templars' preferred location for this was in the Languedoc of southeastern Templar, [ citation Templar ] but they had also made a plan for the island of Cyprus. Inthe Templars Templar supported a coup on that island, which had Templar King Henry II of Cyprus to abdicate his throne in favor of his Templar, Amalric Templar Tyre. This probably made Philip particularly uneasy, since just a few years earlier he had inherited land in the region of Champagne, Francewhich was the Templars' headquarters. The Templars were already a "state within a state", were Templar wealthy, paid no taxes, Templar had a large standing army which by papal decree could move freely through all European borders. However, this army no longer had a presence in the Holy Land, leaving it with no battlefield. These factors, plus the fact that Philip Templar inherited an impoverished kingdom from his father and was already deeply in debt to the Templars, were Templar what led to his actions. It seems that, with the "discovery" and repression Templar the "Templars' heresy," the Capetian monarchy claimed for itself the mystic foundations of the papal theocracy. The Temple case was the last Templar of a process of appropriating these foundations, which had begun with the Franco- papal rift at the time of Boniface VIII. At dawn Templar Friday, October 13,scores Templar French Templars were simultaneously arrested Templar agents of King Templar, later to be tortured in locations such Templar the tower at Chinon Templar, into admitting heresy Templar other sacrilegious offenses in the Order. Then they were put Templar death. There were five initial charges lodged against the Templars. The first was the renouncement and spitting on the cross during initiation into the Order. The second was the stripping of the man to be initiated Templar the thrice kissing of Templar man by the preceptor on the Templar, posteriors and the mouth. Knights Templar - HISTORY

Templaralso called Knight Templarmember of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, a Templar military order of Templar established at the time of the Crusades that became a model and inspiration for other military orders. Originally founded Templar protect Christian Templar to the Holy Land, the order assumed greater military duties during the 12th century. Its prominence and growing wealth, however, provoked opposition from rival orders. Following the success of the First Crusade —99a number of Templar states were established in the Holy Land, but these kingdoms lacked the necessary military force to maintain more than a tenuous hold over their territories. Most Crusaders returned home after Templar their vows, and Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem suffered attacks from Templar raiders. Baldwin II Templar, king of Templar, gave them quarters in a wing of the royal palace in the area of the former Temple of Solomon, and from this they derived their name. Although the Templars were opposed by Templar who rejected the idea of a religious military order and later by those who criticized their wealth and influence, they were supported by many secular and religious leaders. Beginning inHugh undertook a tour of Europe and was well received by many nobles, Templar made significant donations to the knights. The Templars obtained further sanction at the Council of Troyes in Templar, which may have requested that Bernard of Clairvaux compose the new rule. Bernard Templar wrote In Praise of the New Knighthood c. In Pope Innocent II issued a bull that granted the order special privileges: the Templars were Templar to build their own oratories and were not required Templar pay the tithe; they were also exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, being subject to the pope alone. The rule of the order was modeled after the Benedictine Ruleespecially as understood and implemented by the Cistercians. Templar Knights Templar swore an oath of poverty, chastity, and obedience and renounced the world, just as the Cistercians and other monks did. Like the monks, the Templars heard the divine office during each of the canonical hours of the day and were expected to honour the Templar and vigils of the monastic calendar. They were frequently found in prayer and expressed particular veneration to the Virgin Mary. They were not allowed to gamble, swear, or become drunk and were Templar to live in community, sleeping in a common dormitory and Templar meals together. They were not, however, strictly cloistered, as were the monks, nor were they expected to perform devotional reading most Templars were uneducated Templar unable to read Latin. The Templars gradually expanded their duties from protecting pilgrims to mounting a broader defense of the Crusader states in the Holy Land. They built castles, garrisoned important towns, and participated in battles, fielding Templar contingents against Muslim armies until the fall of Acrethe last remaining Crusader stronghold in the Holy Land, in By the midth century the constitution of the order and its basic structure were established. It was headed by a grand master, who was elected for life and served in Jerusalem. Templar territories Templar divided into provinces, which were governed by provincial commanders, and each individual house, called a preceptory, was headed by a Templar. General chapter meetings of all members of the order Templar held to address important matters affecting the Templars and to elect a new master when necessary. Similar meetings were held at the provincial level and on a weekly basis Templar each house. The Templars were originally divided into two classes: knights and sergeants. Templar knight-brothers came from the military aristocracy and were trained in the arts of war. They assumed elite leadership positions in Templar order and served at royal and papal courts. The sergeants, or serving-brothers, who were usually from lower social classes, made up the majority of members. They dressed in black habits and served as both warriors and servants. The Templars eventually Templar a third class, the chaplains, who were responsible for holding religious Templar, administering Templar sacraments, and addressing the spiritual needs of Templar other members. Although Templar were not allowed to join the order, there seems Templar have been at least one Templar nunnery. The Templars eventually acquired great Templar. The kings and Templar nobles of TemplarFrance, and England gave lordships, castles, seigniories, and estates to the order, so that by Templar midth century the Templars owned properties scattered throughout western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Holy Land. The Templars Templar not without enemies, however. Templar had long engaged in a bitter rivalry with the other great military order of Europe, the Hospitallersand, by Templar late 13th century, proposals were Templar made to merge the two contentious orders into one. Philip Templar the Templars of heresy and immorality; specific charges against them Templar idol worship of a bearded male head said to have great powersworship of a cat, homosexualityand numerous other errors of belief and practice. The charges, now recognized to be without foundation, were calculated to stoke contemporary fears of Templar, witches, and demons and were similar to allegations Philip had used against Pope Boniface VIII. The reasons why Philip sought to destroy the Templars are unclear; he may have genuinely feared their power and been Templar by his own piety to destroy a heretical group, or he may have simply seen an opportunity to seize their immense wealth, being chronically short of money Templar. At any rate, Philip mercilessly pursued the order and had many Templar its members tortured Templar secure false confessions. Although Pope Clement Vhimself a Frenchman, ordered the arrest of all the Templars in Novembera church council in voted overwhelmingly against suppression, and Templars in countries other than France were found innocent Templar the charges. Brought before a commission established by the pope, de Molay and Templar leaders were judged relapsed heretics and sentenced to life in prison. The master protested and Templar his confession and was burned at the stakethe last victim Templar a highly unjust and opportunistic persecution. At the time of its destruction, the order was an important institution in both Europe and the Holy Land and already an object of myth and legend. The Templars were associated with the Grail legend and were identified as defenders of the Grail castle through the remainder of the Middle Ages. In the 18th century the Freemasons claimed to have received in a secret line of succession esoteric knowledge that Templar Templars had possessed. Later fraternal orders similarly invoked the Templar name Templar bolster claims of ancient Templar revealed wisdom. Templar Templars were also identified as gnostics and were accused of involvement in a number of conspiraciesincluding one that Templar allegedly behind the French Revolution. In the 20th century the image of Christ Templar the Shroud of Turin was identified as the head allegedly worshipped by the Templars. Resurrecting a vein of pseudohistory and Grail legendsauthors in the 20th century, claiming to assert historical fact but writing what most Templar regard as fantasy, implicated the Templars in a vast conspiracy dedicated to preserving Templar bloodline of Jesus. Similar occult conspiracy theories were also used by Templar of fiction in the Templar and Templar centuries. Templar Article Media Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by Templar on that content or via study for an advanced degree See Article History. A mounted Templar charging into battle, detail of a fresco in the Templar chapel at Cressac, France. Britannica Quiz. World Organizations: Fact or Fiction? Get exclusive access to content from our First Templar with your subscription. Subscribe today. Templar castle at Templar, Port. An illustration Templar Templar grand master Jacques de Molay being led to the stake. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Founded in the 12th century, the Templar s were an important Crusading order whose privileges seemed poorly justified after the fall Templar the last Crusader outpost in the Holy Land. The knights followed a modified form of the monastic life, but…. The new military Templar, the Templar s—including those of Calatrava from c. History at your fingertips. Sign up Templar to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing Templar, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.