DOCSLIB.ORG

Epithelium 2 : Glandular Epithelium Histology Laboratory -­‐ Year 1, Fall Term Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Epithelium 2 : Glandular Epithelium Histology Laboratory -­‐ Year 1, Fall Term Dr. Heather Yule ([email protected]) October 21, 2014 Slides for study: 75 (Salivary Gland), 355 (Pancreas Tail), 48 (Atrophic Mammary Gland), 49 (Active Mammary Gland) and 50 (Resting Mammary Gland) Electron micrographs for : study EM: Serous acinus in parotid gland EM: Mucous acinus in mixed salivary gland EM: Pancreatic acinar cell Main Objective: Understand key histological features of glandular epithelium and relate structure to function. Specific Objectives: 1. Describe key histological differences between endocrine and exocrine glands including their development. 2. Compare three modes of secretion in glands; holocrine, apocrine and merocrine. 3. Explain the functional significance of polarization of glandular epithelial cells. 4. Define the terms parenchyma, stroma, mucous acinus, serous acinus and serous a demilune and be able to them identify in glandular tissue. 5. Distinguish exocrine and endocrine pancreas. 6. Compare the histology of resting, lactating and postmenopausal mammary glands. Keywords: endocrine gland, exocrine gland, holocrine, apocrine, merocrine, polarity, parenchyma, stroma, acinus, myoepithelial cell, mucous gland, serous gland, mixed or seromucous gland, serous demilune, exocrine pancreas, endocrine pancreas (pancreatic islets), resting mammary gland, lactating mammary gland, postmenopausal mammary gland “This copy is made solely for your personal use for research, private study, education, parody, satire, criticism, or review only. Further reproduction, fixation, distribution, transmission, dissemination, communication, or any other uses, may be an infringement of copyright if done without securing the permission of the copyright owner. You may not distribute, e-mail, or otherwise communicate these materials to any other person.” (Full statement from http://copyright.ubc.ca/faq/digital-classroom/) Development of Glands: Endocrine and exocrine glands develop from surface epithelium where cells proliferate, penetrate underlying connective tissue and differentiate into secretory cells. Endocrine glands lose their connection to the surface (“ductless”) and release their product into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands retain their connection to the surface and release their product into a duct or lumen. For more information on glandular development please see a histology text (i.e. Netter’s Essential Histology 1st Edition p.42 or Gartner and Hiatt 3rd Edition p.103). Modes of Secretion: In holocrine glands (i.e. sebaceous gland), secretory cells disintegrate and release their product. New cells are continuously replacing lost secretory cells. In apocrine glands (i.e. mammary gland – lipid secretion), a small portion of the apical cytoplasm is released along with the secretion. In merocrine glands i.e. ( salivary gland, pancreas, mammary gland – protein secretion), their product is released by exocytosis. Can you label the modes of secretion shown here? Which mechanism is the most common? Color Textbook of Histology, Gartner & Hiatt, Fig.5-­‐19. Used with permission. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Cell Polarization: Secretory cells exhibit polarity meaning they have distinct cellular domains. Examine an EM of a serous (protein secreting) cell and identify organelles found in the basal and apical domains of the cell. Try the EM: “Serous acinus in parotid gland”. What organelles can you identify in the: basal domain? _______________________________________________ apical domain? ______________________________________________ Why are these cells polarized? How does polarization relate to function? Are mucous cells also polarized? Hint: Examine the EM: “Mucous acinus in mixed salivary gland”. Netter’s Essential Histology, Ovalle & Nahirney, Fig.2.15, 2.16. Used with permission. Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 75 – Mixed Salivary Gland (H&E): (UBC, CPS Virtual Slidebox, Slide #75) This slide illustrates many key histological features of exocrine glands. Parenchyma versus Stroma Glandular parenchyma (epithelial component) is the functional portion of a gland in that epithelial cells produce a glandular product. Conversely, glandular stroma (connective tissue component) is the supportive portion of a gland and often divides the gland into compartments called lobules. Can you identify parenchyma and stroma in slide 75? Are these terms used for endocrine glands too? Structure of Exocrine Glands Secretions are produced by epithelial cells (cuboidal, columnar or pyramidal shaped) located in the dilated ends of . the gland They often form rounded clusters called acini (singular acinus) that are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells and an outer basement membrane. Myoepithelial cells are difficult to identify in slide 75 so please do NOT spend time trying to find them, just be aware of their presence. From acini, secretions drain into an excretory duct system; small ducts within lobules merge into larger ducts seen between lobules. You will learn more about the duct system (intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts) Color Textbook of Histology, Gartner -­‐ & Hiatt, Fig.5 24. Used in second year. with permission. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Exocrine Gland Classification -­‐ Mucous, Serous or Mixed/Seromucous Glands • Mucous cells produce ucus m (mucin proteins + water = a viscous, lubricating substance) which is lost in preparation, thus mucous cells appear washed out. Glands composed entirely of mucous acini are classified as mucous glands. • Serous cells produce a protein-­‐rich product (often an enzyme) which takes up stain well, thus serous cells appear eosinophilic. Glands composed entirely of serous acini are classified as serous glands. • Many glands contain mucous both acini and serous acini and are called mixed or seromucous glands. Additionally, in mixed glands, some mucous acini are capped with serous cells called a serous demilune. In slide 75, a mixed salivary gland, can you identify mucous acini, serous acini and a serous demilune? What is the main protein product secreted from serous cells in slide 75? Slide 355 – Pancreas Tail (H&E): (UBC, CPS Virtual Slidebox, Slide #355) The pancreas, an accessory digestive organ, is a good example of a gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions. 99% of the pancreas is an exocrine gland secreting digestive enzymes in to the duodenum. The structure of the exocrine pancreas is similar to the salivary gland with rounded secretory acini emptying into a duct system. In slide 355, can you identify pyramidal shaped pancreatic acinar cells? In the EM “Pancreatic Acinar Cell” (EM on Medicol and found in ‘Netter’s Essential Histology, Ovalle and Nahirney, Fig .2.5’ Used with permission. Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.), can you see the polarization and apical secretory vesicles within the pancreatic acinar cells? An unusual feature observed in some sections of pancreatic acini are centroacinar cells bulging into the acinar lumen. These pale staining cells are the first part of the duct system and they secrete a bicarbonate-­‐rich fluid. Can you find a pancreatic centroacinar cell in slide 355? Why is bicarbonate-­‐rich fluid required from these cells? The remaining 1% of the pancreas functions as an endocrine gland. Islands of pale staining cells within the exocrine pancreas are called pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans. Pancreatic islets produce different types of hormones involved in regulating blood glucose. You will learn more about the histology of the pancreas in second year. Can you distinguish the exocrine pancreas from the endocrine pancreas? Slides 48 (Atrophic), 49 (Active) and – 50 (Resting) Mammary Gland (all H&E): (UBC, CPS Virtual Slidebox, Slides #48, 49 and 50) The mammary gland undergoes substantial change throughout life and is a good example of what glandular epithelium is capable of. In females, the mammary gland develops at puberty under the influence of ovarian hormones yet it remains inactive until pregnancy. During pregnancy, changes in hormones stimulate further development of the mammary gland and eventually production milk from mammary epithelial cells following birth. With infant suckling, myoepithelial cells contract, causing mammary epithelial cells to expel milk. Mammary Gland Structure The mammary gland is a compound tubuloalveolar (or tubuloacinar) . gland Each gland is made up -­‐ of 15 20 lobes drained by a duct system ending with a lactiferous duct and sinus which drain into the nipple. For an illustration of mammary gland structure, please see a histology text (i.e. Netter’s Essential Histology 1st Edition p.46, Gartner and Hiatt 3rd Edition p.486, Ross and Pawlina 6th Edition p.864). Glandular parenchyma is divided into secretory and ductal portions. Cuboidal secretory cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells and a basement membrane comprise the alveoli in active or lactating mammary glands. Note: Secretory alveoli are only present in lactating mammary glands! The smallest ducts are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium which becomes stratified cuboidal in larger ducts and stratified squamous near the nipple. Glandular stroma supports and divides the mammary gland into lobes and smaller lobules. Within lobules, loose connective tissue is abundant whereas surrounding the lobules dense irregular connective tissue and adipose are more common. The amount and type of stroma depends upon physiological stage and age. Slide 50 is
Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii

    Te2, Part Iii

    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
  • Skates and Rays Diversity, Exploration and Conservation – Case-Study of the Thornback Ray, Raja Clavata

    Skates and Rays Diversity, Exploration and Conservation – Case-Study of the Thornback Ray, Raja Clavata

    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SKATES AND RAYS DIVERSITY, EXPLORATION AND CONSERVATION – CASE-STUDY OF THE THORNBACK RAY, RAJA CLAVATA Bárbara Marques Serra Pereira Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SKATES AND RAYS DIVERSITY, EXPLORATION AND CONSERVATION – CASE-STUDY OF THE THORNBACK RAY, RAJA CLAVATA Bárbara Marques Serra Pereira Tese orientada por Professor Auxiliar com Agregação Leonel Serrano Gordo e Investigadora Auxiliar Ivone Figueiredo Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar 2010 The research reported in this thesis was carried out at the Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR - INRB), Unidade de Recursos Marinhos e Sustentabilidade. This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/23777/2005) and the research project EU Data Collection/DCR (PNAB). Skates and rays diversity, exploration and conservation | Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. viii Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria

    Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria

    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
  • Embryology and Development of Salivary Gland 1

    Embryology and Development of Salivary Gland 1

    European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020 Embryology and development of salivary gland 1. Dr. Sangeetha Priya.P,Dr.N.Anitha, Dr.E.Rajesh, Dr.K.M.K.Masthan Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research ABSTRACT: Saliva is the mixed glandular secretion which constantly bathes the teeth and the oral mucosa. It is constituted by the secretions of the three paired major salivary glands; the parotid, submandibular and sublingual . Salivary glands are complex in nature. They could be either tubulo acinar, merocrine or exocrine glands secreting mainly saliva. Salivary gland is one of the main soft tissue structures in the maxillofacial area. This review article illustrates the processes that lead to the development,embryology of the salivary glands and how this relates to the adult anatomy. KEY WORDS: salivary gland embryology, salivary gland development, salivary gland anatomy INTRODUCTION: A gland consists of specialized type of cells, wherein they produce products which are used elsewhere in the body. Salivary glands are complex, tubulo acinar, exocrine or merocrine glands secreting mainly saliva. Saliva is the product of the major and minor salivary gland dispersed throughout the oral cavity. It is a complex mixture of organic, inorganic components and water, carrying out several functions. There are three pairs of major salivary glands namely parotid, sub mandibular and sublingual glands in addition to numerous minor salivary glands in the oral cavity1. Together these glands produce saliva, which contains digestive enzymes, antibodies, growth factors, and coating substances essential for eating, speaking, tasting, and oral hygiene2,3.
  • Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions

    Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions

    Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b.
  • An Analysis of Benign Human Prostate Offers Insights Into the Mechanism

    An Analysis of Benign Human Prostate Offers Insights Into the Mechanism

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An analysis of benign human prostate ofers insights into the mechanism of apocrine secretion Received: 12 March 2018 Accepted: 22 February 2019 and the origin of prostasomes Published: xx xx xxxx Nigel J. Fullwood 1, Alan J. Lawlor2, Pierre L. Martin-Hirsch3, Shyam S. Matanhelia3 & Francis L. Martin 4 The structure and function of normal human prostate is still not fully understood. Herein, we concentrate on the diferent cell types present in normal prostate, describing some previously unreported types and provide evidence that prostasomes are primarily produced by apocrine secretion. Patients (n = 10) undergoing TURP were prospectively consented based on their having a low risk of harbouring CaP. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was used to characterise cell types and modes of secretion. Zinc levels were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Although merocrine secretory cells were noted, the majority of secretory cells appear to be apocrine; for the frst time, we clearly show high-resolution images of the stages of aposome secretion in human prostate. We also report a previously undescribed type of epithelial cell and the frst ultrastructural image of wrapping cells in human prostate stroma. The zinc levels in the tissues examined were uniformly high and X-ray microanalysis detected zinc in merocrine cells but not in prostasomes. We conclude that a signifcant proportion of prostasomes, possibly the majority, are generated via apocrine secretion. This fnding provides an explanation as to why so many large proteins, without a signal peptide sequence, are present in the prostatic fuid. Tere are many complications associated with the prostate from middle age onwards, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).
  • Oral Cavity Histology Histology > Digestive System > Digestive System

    Oral Cavity Histology Histology > Digestive System > Digestive System

    Oral Cavity Histology Histology > Digestive System > Digestive System Oral Cavity LINGUAL PAPILLAE OF THE TONGUE Lingual papillae cover 2/3rds of its anterior surface; lingual tonsils cover its posterior surface. There are three types of lingual papillae: - Filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate; a 4th type, called foliate papillae, are rudimentary in humans. - Surface comprises stratified squamous epithelia - Core comprises lamina propria (connective tissue and vasculature) - Skeletal muscle lies deep to submucosa; skeletal muscle fibers run in multiple directions, allowing the tongue to move freely. - Taste buds lie within furrows or clefts between papillae; each taste bud comprises precursor, immature, and mature taste receptor cells and opens to the furrow via a taste pore. Distinguishing Features: Filiform papillae • Most numerous papillae • Their role is to provide a rough surface that aids in chewing via their keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia, which forms characteristic spikes. • They do not have taste buds. Fungiform papillae • "Fungi" refers to its rounded, mushroom-like surface, which is covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Circumvallate papillae • Are also rounded, but much larger and more bulbous. • On either side of the circumvallate papillae are wide clefts, aka, furrows or trenches; though not visible in our sample, serous Ebner's glands open into these spaces. DENTITION Comprise layers of calcified tissues surrounding a cavity that houses neurovascular structures. Key Features Regions 1 / 3 • The crown, which lies above the gums • The neck, the constricted area • The root, which lies within the alveoli (aka, sockets) of the jaw bones. • Pulp cavity lies in the center of the tooth, and extends into the root as the root canal.
  • Epithelium and Glands

    Epithelium and Glands

    EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS OBJECTIVES: After completing this exercise, students should be able to do the following: 1. Identify glands. 2. Classify glands based on secretory type. ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY'S LABORATORY GLASS SLIDES SL 111 (Trachea) cilia and unicellular glands (goblet cells) SL 019 (Jejunum, PAS) unicellular glands SL 092 (Submandibular gland) serous, mucous and demilune secretory units SL 093 (Sublingual gland) mucous secretory units POSTED ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS # 7 Organelles # 11 Desmosomes # 12 Epithelium # 13 Freeze-fracture Lab 5 Posted EMs; Lab 5 Posted EMs with some yellow labels SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: SUPPLEMENTARY ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS Rhodin, J. A.G., An Atlas of Histology. Glands pp. 46 - 52 Copies of this text are on reserve in the HSL. Glandular epithelium is specialized for the production and secretion of products. The cells that form glands are usually cuboidal or columnar in shape. In this exercise we are emphasizing morphological differences in glands with respect to secretory products. A. UNICELLULAR GLANDS: SL 111 (low, high), (Trachea, H&E); SL 019 (oil), (Jejunum, PAS), for review. Goblet cells may be few or numerous and are found in epithelia of the respiratory and alimentary systems. The secretory product is emptied into the lumen of the organ rather than into ducts (J. Fig. 4-18, 15-24; R. 5.38, Plate 60) B. MULTICELLULAR GLANDS: In general these glands are formed by invagination, proliferation, and differentiation of the epithelium from which they are derived. Glands that maintain a connection with the surface epithelium through ducts are termed exocrine glands, whereas glands that have lost this connection, and secrete instead to blood vessels, are called endocrine glands (see J.
  • Epithelial Tissue

    Epithelial Tissue

    Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Tissues - Introduction · a group of similar cells specialized to carry on a particular function · tissue = cells + extracellular matrix nonliving portion of a tissue that supports cells · 4 types epithelial - protection, secretion, absorption connective - support soft body parts and bind structures together muscle - movement nervous - conducts impulses used to help control and coordinate body activities Epithelial Tissues Characteristics Epithelial Classifications · free surface open to the outside or an open · classified based on shape and # of cell layers internal space (apical surface) · shape · basement membrane anchors epithelium to squamous - thin, flat cells underlying connective tissue cuboidal - cube-shaped cells columnar - tall, elongated cells · lack blood vessels · number · readily divide (ex. skin healing) simple - single layer · tightly packed with little extracellular space stratified - 2 or more layers Epithelial Locations Simple Squamous Epithelium · a single layer of thin, flattened cells · cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, and compose glands looks like a fried egg · easily damaged skin cells, cells that line the stomach and small intestine, inside your mouth · common at sites of filtration, diffusion, osmosis; cover surfaces · air sacs of the lungs, walls of capillaries, linings cheek cells of blood and lymph vessels intestines skin Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium · single layer of cube-shaped cells · single layer of cells
  • Exocrine Glands  Ccasslassified Da Acco Rd Ing to

    Exocrine Glands  Ccasslassified Da Acco Rd Ing to

    Glandular tissues Danil Hammoudi.MD A gland is an organ that synthesizes a substance for relfbthlease of substances such •as hormones • breast milk, •often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) • into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). Myoepithelial Cells • These are contractile cells that lie within the basal lamina in the secretory ppgortion of glands and intercalated ducts, which form the initial portion of the duct system. • They are instrumental in moving the secretions toward the excretory duct. Histologically, glands are described using some standard vocabulary, with which you should be familiar. exocrine / endocrine Destination of product: Nature of product: serous / mucous / mixed Location of gland: mucosal / submucosal Arrangement of secretory cells: acinus / tubule / cord Number of interconnected units: simple / compound intercalated / striated Duct function: secret/tory / excre tory Duct location: intralobular / interlobular / interlobar Tissue composition: parenchyma / stroma The endocrine system of humans Pineal gland Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Heart Liver Stomach and small intestine Pancreas Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Kidney Skin Silverthorn, Human Gonads Physiology, 3rd edition Figure 7-2 Duussgadsapoduoosctless glands that produce hormones Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids Endocrine Glands More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
  • Anatomy of the G.I Part 1 Upper Gi

    Anatomy of the G.I Part 1 Upper Gi

    4/14/2009 Four Quadrants: •Midsagittal Plane: Vertical line going through the middle of the abdomen. •Transumbilical Plane: Horizontal line going through the umbilicus. ANATOMY OF •Four Quadrants based on those planes: •Right Upper Quadrant: RUQ •Right Lower Quadrant: RLQ •Left Upper Quadrant: LUQ THE G.I PART 1 •Left Lower Quadrant: LLQ Nine Regions: •Vertical lines of division: Left and Right Mid-Clavicular Lines UPPER GI •Horizontal lines of division: •Transpyloric Plane: Sometimes used. It is halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic bone. •Subcostal Plane: Upper plane, passing through the inferior-most margin of the ribs. •Transtubercular Plane: The line transversing the pubic tubercle. •Divisions: •Upper: Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac •Middle: Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar •Lower: Right Inguinal, Hypogastric (Suprapubic), Left Inguinal D.HAMMOUDI.MD Abdominal quadrants Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Liver right lobe Liver left lobe Gallbladder, stomach, pylorus, doudenum, Spleen, stomach, jejunum, prox ileum, Pancreas head, R suprarenal gland , R kidney , pancreas body and tail , left kidney, L R colic flexure, Ascending colon superior part, suprarenal, left colic flexure, Transverse colon Transvrse colon R half. left part, descending colon superior part. Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant Cecum, Appendix, Ileum, Asc. Colon, R ovary, Sigmoid colon, Desc. Colon, L ovary, L uterine R uterine tube, R ureter, R spermatic cord, tube, L ureter, L spermatic cord, Uterus Uterus, Urinary bladder (full) enlarge, Urinary bladder ( full). 1 4/14/2009 Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat 8 Mouth: lips non-keratinized therefore Oral Cavity (mouth) evaporation occurs, must lick lips Entrance to the GI tract.
  • Respiratory System 2015

    Respiratory System 2015

    Microscopic Anatomy 2015 The Respiratory System Introduction and Overview During a 24-hour period, more than 9000 liters of air enter the interior of the body to participate in gas exchange. This air must be warmed, cleansed, humidified and conducted to the respiratory surface. In the lung, gas traverses a very thin epithelium and connective tissue space to reach capillaries carrying oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide-laden blood from the right ventricle. The ventilatory mechanism consists of diaphragmatic, intercostal, and abdominal musculature as well as elastic tissue within the lung. This mechanism alternately pulls air into (inspiration) or drives air from (expiration) the lung. The lungs are capable of undergoing wide variations in size. In maximum inspiration, the lungs may hold up to 7 liters of air, and with forced expiration may hold as little as 1 liter. The respiratory system contains a proximal conducting portion that connects the exterior of the body with the distal respiratory portion where exchange of gases between air and blood occurs. The conducting portion, which consists of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and paired main bronchi, delivers air to structures within the lung where gas exchange takes place. Cellular specializations are readily apparent as one follows the flow of air from the nose to the respiratory surface. Although the lung’s primary function is gas exchange, studies over the past several decades have detailed a variety of important metabolic functions of the lung. The respiratory system represents a classic example of the relationship of structure to function. In the case of the lung’s alveoli, if the only pertinent information one had prior to viewing a histological slide was that blood carried oxygen and that the alveolus was the site of gas exchange, one could easily deduce that diffusion is the mechanism of gas exchange.