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Praying About Forgiveness in Japanese, English, and Beyond

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Praying About Forgiveness in Japanese, English, and Beyond Digital Commons @ George Fox University Doctor of Ministry Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2017 Praying about Forgiveness in Japanese, English, and beyond Words: Bilingualism as an Underexplored Resource for Christian Spiritual Formation Andrea Lundquist Johnson George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Doctor of Ministry (DMin) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Johnson, Andrea Lundquist, "Praying about Forgiveness in Japanese, English, and beyond Words: Bilingualism as an Underexplored Resource for Christian Spiritual Formation" (2017). Doctor of Ministry. 226. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/dmin/226 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Ministry by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEORGE FOX UNIVERSITY PRAYING ABOUT FORGIVENESS IN JAPANESE, ENGLISH, AND BEYOND WORDS: BILINGUALISM AS AN UNDEREXPLORED RESOURCE FOR CHRISTIAN SPIRITUAL FORMATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MINISTRY BY ANDREA LUNDQUIST JOHNSON PORTLAND, OREGON FEBRUARY 2017 George Fox Evangelical Seminary George Fox University Portland, Oregon CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ________________________________ DMin Dissertation ________________________________ This is to certify that the DMin Dissertation of Andrea Lundquist Johnson has been approved by the Dissertation Committee on February 10, 2017 for the degree of Doctor of Ministry in Leadership and Spiritual Formation. Dissertation Committee: Primary Advisor: Donna Wallace, DMin Secondary Advisor: Dianne Zemke, PhD Copyright © 2017 Andrea Lundquist Johnson All Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations are from the NIV® Bible (The Holy Bible, New International Version®), copyright © 2011 by Biblica, Inc™. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ii For Jesus, the author and perfector of our faith, who shows us how to take “a long, loving look at the real.”1 1 Walter Burghardt, “Contemplation: A Long Loving Look at the Real,” Church (Winter 1989): 14. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Forgiveness, Bilingualism, and Christian Spiritual Formation ........................ 1 Larger Context of Research Question ............................................................................. 3 Problem: Monolingual Forgiveness in Bilingual Lives .................................................. 5 Vignettes: Forgiveness for Bilinguals Can Be More Complex .................................. 5 Forgiveness is Difficult and Multi-Dimensional ........................................................ 9 Why Is This a Problem? ............................................................................................ 10 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 13 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................................... 14 Delimitations ............................................................................................................. 14 Multi-method Approach, Assumptions and Hypotheses .......................................... 15 Christian Spiritual Formation ....................................................................................... 17 Universality and Cultural Specificity of Christian Spiritual Formation ................... 18 Units, Goals, and Processes ...................................................................................... 22 “Telos”: Christian Spiritual Formation as Growth in Love ...................................... 23 Jesus’ Words and Life ............................................................................................... 24 The Capacity to Love Related to the Experience of Forgiveness ............................. 26 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: Forgiveness .................................................................................................... 30 A Psychological Look ................................................................................................... 31 Point of View: Offender, Victim, Onlooker ............................................................. 32 A Socio-Cultural Look .................................................................................................. 46 Construal of Forgiveness in Collectivist and Individualistic Cultures ..................... 46 Forgiveness and Conflict .......................................................................................... 47 Differing Views of Conflict ...................................................................................... 49 Different Conflict Management Strategies ............................................................... 51 Forgiveness and Social Identity Complexity Theory ................................................ 53 A Theological Look ...................................................................................................... 54 Forgivers ................................................................................................................... 54 Forgiveness as Identity Reconstruction in Christ ..................................................... 60 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 61 iv Chapter 3: The Japanese Concept and Practice of Forgiveness ....................................... 63 Socio-Cultural Context ................................................................................................. 64 Historical Religious Influences ................................................................................. 64 Other Salient Influences ............................................................................................ 73 Factors Relating to Forgiveness in Japanese ................................................................ 81 Language ................................................................................................................... 81 Shame, Guilt, and “Face” .......................................................................................... 83 Whose Problem Is It? ................................................................................................ 85 Other Assumptions About Conflict that Pertain to Forgiveness ............................... 86 What is Forgiveness in the Japanese Context? ............................................................. 86 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 4: Bilingualism and the Relational Spirituality Paradigm .................................. 97 Bilingualism: Language and Identity, Memory, Emotion, and Behavior ..................... 98 Varieties of Bilingualism .......................................................................................... 98 Language and Identity ............................................................................................. 100 Language, Memory, and Emotion .......................................................................... 104 Language, Emotion, Thought, and Behavior .......................................................... 108 Relational Spirituality Paradigm ................................................................................. 109 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 118 Chapter 5: Praying about Forgiveness for Bilinguals .................................................... 120 Prayer as Communication-in-Relationship ................................................................. 120 Attachment Styles and Prayer Shape ...................................................................... 122 Classical Spiritual Formation Trajectory of Prayer ................................................ 122 Praying About Forgiveness ......................................................................................... 125 God Images ............................................................................................................. 125 Prayer and Emotion Management ........................................................................... 127 Language and Praying About Forgiveness ................................................................. 128 Japanese/English Bilinguals Praying About Forgiveness ........................................... 130 Two Templates ........................................................................................................ 131 Image of God, Sense of Self, and Other ................................................................. 132 Self-Forgiveness ..................................................................................................... 135 Construct of Forgiveness .......................................................................................
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