DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxila Inscription of the Year 136

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxila Inscription of the Year 136 Taxila Inscription of the year 136 BY RAMAPRASAD CHANDA OIR JOHN" MARSHALL'S interpretation of ayasa in the Taxila silver scroll inscription of the year 136 as " of Azes " has been the subject of adverse criticism by some of the most eminent antiquarians since the publication of the record in 1914. The latest is by Professor Sten Konow in the Epigraphia Indica, xiv, p. 286. Professor Konow revives two of the objections to Sir John's explanation : (1) "the word (ayasa) could hardly be the name of a king, because no royal title is used " ; (2) " if ayasa were really the name of a king, it would place the inscription in the reign of this king, who would then most likely have to be identified with the Khushana mentioned in 1. 3. " I hope to show in this note that these objections are not a§ insuperable as they are supposed to be. (1) Professor Konow says : " The absence of every royal designation is so extraordinary that I think we must abandon Sir John's explanation of the word ayasa altogether." If the assumption on which the second objection is based were correct, if the explanation of ayasa in the sense of "of Azes " would place the inscription in the reign of Azes himself, the absence of the royal designation could justify the total rejection of Sir John's explanation. But if ayasa may mean " of (the era of) Azes " and not " (during the reign) of Azes ", why should the omission of royal designation in the year 136 of the era of Azes, so long after his death, and probably some time after the destruction of the Saka-Parthian dynasty by the Kushans, be considered " so extraordinary " ? In the inscriptions dated in the Gupta and Saka eras the usual practice, of course, is the addition of a royal title with the terms Gupta and Saka. But the omission of such title is not also uncommon (see Kielhorn's Northern List, appended to Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 25 May 2018 at 16:05:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00148191 320 TAXILA INSCRIPTION OF THE YEAR 136 Ep. Ind., v, and Southern List, appended to Ep. Ind., viij and also inscriptions published after the compilation of the Lists). It may be argued that the terms Gupta and 6aka as applied to the eras denote dynasties and not individual kings, and the absence of a royal title with dynastic names cannot be considered as serious an omission as the absence of such title with the names of individual kings. But from epigraphic records we know of an Indian era connected with the name of a real king in the mention of which the royal designation is omitted. (1) Bodh-Gaya inscription of Asokachalla : srlmal', = Laksmanasenasy = atita rajye sam 51 Bkddra dine 29 (Ep. Ind., xii, p. 29). (2) Bodh-Gaya inscrip- tion of the time of Asokachalla : srlmal = Lalcsmanasenadeva- •padatiam = at.ita-rajye sam 74 VaiSakha-vadi 12 Gurau 11 (Ep. Ind., xii, p. 30). (3) Janibigha inscription of Jayasena : Lakvmatiasenasy = atlta-rdjye sam 83 Karttikasudi 15 (Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Eesearch Society, 1918, p. 279). I propose to translate No. 3 as, " After the extinction of the dominion of Laksmanasena, (in) the year 83, on the 15th day of the bright half of Karttika."J When the Malava 1 Mr. Panday reads "rdjya. But the sign of e-kara before jy is clear on the heliozincograph. Mr. Panday's translation, " (on) the 15th day of the bright half of Karttika, LakshmanasSna samvat 83 expired" (JBORS. 1918, p. 280), is wrong ; atlta goes with rajye and nob with farhvat. Kielhorn, on the assumption that the Laksmanasena-sarhvat began with the beginning of the reign of Laksmanasena in A.D. 1119, translates No. 2 as "on the 12th of the dark half of Vaisakha of the year 74 since the (commencement of the) reign, (now) passed, of the illustrious Lakshmanasenadeva, on a Thursday" {Ind. Ant. xix, p. 2). But in his synchronistic table for Northern India, A.D. 400-1400 (appended to Ep. Ind. viii), column 7, Kielhorn shows Ballalasena, father of Laksmanasena, reigning in A.D. 1169, evidently in accordance with the date of the compilation of the Danasdgara of Ballalasena as given in the manuscripts of that work (Eggeling's Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the India Office Library, p. 545). Sir R. G. Bhandarkar notices a manuscript of the Adbhutasdgara which, according to the introductory stanzas of the work, was begun by Ballalasena in Saka year 1090 = A.D. 1168, and was finished after his death by his son Laksmanasena {Report on the Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts during 1887-88 and 1890-91, p. lxxxv). In the printed edition of the Adbhuta- sdgara (Benares, 1905) the date of the commencement of the work is- Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 25 May 2018 at 16:05:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00148191 TAXILA INSCRIPTION OF THE YEAR 136 321 (or Krtya) and Saka eras came to be known after Vikramaditya and S'alivahana respectively who were believed to be real Icings, the royal title was not always added to the names of these kings in recording dates (Kielhorn's Northern List, Nos. 61, 72, etc., Southern List, Nos. 370, 379, etc.). So the absence of the royal designation before ayasa cannot necessarily vitiate Sir John Marshall's explanation. (2) In answer to the second objection Sir John Marshall has already drawn attention to the significant fact, that in the Taxila inscription of the year 136, as in the Taxila plate of Patika of the year 78, " the year of the era in which they are dated comes first, then the name of the king, and lastly the month and day," whereas in other inscriptions the name of the king comes first, and then the year and the month (JRAS. 1915, p. 195). Though Professor Konow admits, " I do not know of any other old inscription where we find a similar addition between the mention of the year and the month," he does not recognize the necessity of explaining the date portion of these two epigraphs in a different way, but adds, " If, however, Ayasa is the name of a ruler, the inscription must, aa urged by Messrs. Thomas and Fleet, be dated during the reign of the King." No explanation of this " must" is either expressed or implied, except the analogy of the prevailing explanation of the date portion of the Taxila plate of Patika. It runs :— Samvatsaraye athasatatitamae 20 20 20 10 4 4 Maharayasa Mahamtasa Mogasa, " in the seventy-eighth year 78, (during the reign) of the Maharaja the great Moga " (Konow). In his article on the Ara inscription of Kaniska II, Professor Konow has collected in a very convenient form the date given as Saka year 1089 = A.D. 1167 (p. 4), and on p. 203 it is stated that the first year of the reign of Ballalasena fell in the Saka year 1082=t A.D. 1160. So the tradition recorded by Abul Fazl in his Akbarnama and relied on by Keilhorn that the era of Laksmanasena is counted from that king's accession in A.D. 1119 is without historical basis, and we need not twist the meaning of expressions like Laksmanasenasy = dtita-rajye sarii[vat] in the light of that tradition. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 25 May 2018 at 16:05:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00148191 322 TAXILA INSCRIPTION OF THE YEAR 136 portions of all the dated inscriptions of the Saka-Parthian and Kushan periods (Ep. Ind., xiv, pp. 135-139). To this list may be added Nos. 906, 922, 962, 963, 965, 964a (1452) of Liider's List of Brdhmi Inscriptions. It will be seen from the extracts in these lists that the usual way of dating is, first the name of the king with royal titles, then the year of the unspecified era, then the month and the day. There are only four exceptions to this rule. Two of these are the two Taxila inscriptions under consideration, and the two others are the Manikiala stone inscription and the Panjtar inscription. All the authorities — Senart, Liiders, Pargiter—who have recently dealt with the former record, hold very divergent views regarding the reading of the date portion. So it is not yet possible to arrive at any definite conclusion regarding the meaning of the passage that may command general acceptance. The date of the Panjtar inscription runs thus :— Sam 1100 201 lSravanasa masasa di pradhame 1 Maharayasa Gusariasa rajami, " anno 122, on the first, 1, day of the month Sravana, during the reign of the Maharaja the Gushana." Here the addition of rajami, " during the reign," renders the meaning clear. In the Gupta period the inscriptions are also dated on the same plan ; first the name of the reigning king, then the year of the Gupta era (not specified), then the month and day. For examples see Kielhorn's Northern List, Nos. 437, 439, 440, 442, 447, 449, 450. Deviation from this rule is found in one instance (excluding inscriptions the date of which is embodied in verse),1 in the Mankuwar Buddhist 1 Kielhorn's Northern List, No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
    - ON THE <)|{I<; IN <>F TIIK INDIAN BRAHMA ALPHABET GEORG BtfHLKi; SECOND REVISED EDITION OF INDIAN STUDIES, NO III. TOGETHER WITH TWO APPENDICES ON THE OKU; IN OF THE KHAROSTHI ALPHABET AND OF THK SO-CALLED LETTER-NUMERALS OF THE BRAHMI. WITH TIIKKK PLATES. STRASSBUKi-. K A K 1. I. 1 1M I: \ I I; 1898. I'lintccl liy Adolf Ilcil/.haiisi'ii, Vicniiii. Preface to the Second Edition. .As the few separate copies of the Indian Studies No. Ill, struck off in 1895, were sold very soon and rather numerous requests for additional ones were addressed both to me and to the bookseller of the Imperial Academy, Messrs. Carl Gerold's Sohn, I asked the Academy for permission to issue a second edition, which Mr. Karl J. Trlibner had consented to publish. My petition was readily granted. In addition Messrs, von Holder, the publishers of the Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, kindly allowed me to reprint my article on the origin of the Kharosthi, which had appeared in vol. IX of that Journal and is now given in Appendix I. To these two sections I have added, in Appendix II, a brief review of the arguments for Dr. Burnell's hypothesis, which derives the so-called letter- numerals or numerical symbols of the Brahma alphabet from the ancient Egyptian numeral signs, together with a third com- parative table, in order to include in this volume all those points, which require fuller discussion, and in order to make it a serviceable companion to the palaeography of the Grund- riss.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism : from Winternitz, Sylvain Levi
    LITERARY HISTORY OF Sanskrit Buddhism (From Winternitz, Syivain Levi, Huser) Ze G. K. NARIMAN ( Author of Religion of the Iranion Proples Sranian Influence on Muslim Literature ) Second Impremion. May 1923. Bombay: INDIAN BOOK DEPOT, 55, MEADOW STREET. FORT Linotyped and Printed by Mr. lhanythoy osabhoy at The Commercial Printing Press, (of The Tata Publicity Corporation, Limited,) 11, Cowasii Patell Strect, Fort, Jombay, and published by Indian Book lepot, 55, Meadow Street, Fort, Bonibay, LITERARY HISTORY OF SANSKRIT BUDDHISM (From Winternrrz, Syivain Tkevi, Huger) (Author of Religion of the Iranian Lranian May 1923. BOMBar: INDIAN BOOK DEPOT, G8, MEADOW STREET. FORT. OFFERED AS A TRIBUTE OF APPRECIATION TO Sir RABINDRANATH TAGORE THE POET SCHOLAR OF AWAKENING ORIENT. CONTENTS. FOREWORD, Paar, Introductory aes ‘sai aoe oe we CHAPTER I. ‘The two schools of Buddhism wee Essence of Mahayana... a eee «CHAPTER IL Sanskrit Buddhist canon oo ae on on . CHAPTER IIL. Mahavastu =... oe on ae oo on i Importance of Mahavastu ... ee tae so 18 Its Jatakas aes ove oe ove rE) Mabavastu and Puranas on on is More Mahayana affinities... one . 7 Antiquity of Mahavastu oo ae we on Ww CHAPTER Iv. Lalitavistara 4. oo oe o os 19 Extravagant imagery ... ae oo ae 20 Conception and Birth of Buddha... ase 20 Sin of unbelief - ne we oo te 22 Pali and Sanskrit. go back to an oldcr source 28 The Buddha at school aes oo 28 Acts of the Buddha ... oe oy 24 Component elements of Lalitavistara et Translation into Chinese and Tibetan “ee 25 Relation to Buddhist art ae - on 28 No image in primitve Buddhism ww 26 General estimate of Lalitavistara o “ 27 CHAPTER V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heritage of India Series
    THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES T The Right Reverend V. S. AZARIAH, t [ of Dornakal. E-J-J j Bishop I J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.). Already published. The Heart of Buddhism. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Asoka. J. M. MACPHAIL, M.A., M.D. Indian Painting. PRINCIPAL PERCY BROWN, Calcutta. Kanarese Literature, 2nd ed. E. P. RICE, B.A. The Samkhya System. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Psalms of Maratha Saints. NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., D.Litt. A History of Hindi Literature. F. E. KEAY, M.A., D.Litt. The Karma-MImamsa. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints. F. KINGSBURY, B.A., and G. E. PHILLIPS, M.A. Rabindranath Tagore. E. J. THOMPSON, B.A., M.C. Hymns from the Rigveda. A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D., Hon. LL.D. Gotama Buddha. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Subjects proposed and volumes under Preparation. SANSKRIT AND PALI LITERATURE. Anthology of Mahayana Literature. Selections from the Upanishads. Scenes from the Ramayana. Selections from the Mahabharata. THE PHILOSOPHIES. An Introduction to Hindu Philosophy. J. N FARQUHAR and PRINCIPAL JOHN MCKENZIE, Bombay. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Sankara's Vedanta. A. K. SHARMA, M.A., Patiala. Ramanuja's Vedanta. The Buddhist System. FINE ART AND MUSIC. Indian Architecture. R. L. EWING, B.A., Madras. Indian Sculpture. Insein, Burma. BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT INDIANS. Calcutta. V. SLACK, M.A., Tulsi Das. VERNACULAR LITERATURE. and K. T. PAUL, The Kurral. H. A. POPLBY, B.A., Madras, T> A Calcutta M. of the Alvars.
    [Show full text]
  • Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature
    YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Studia Orientalia 116 YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Helsinki 2015 Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Klaus Karttunen Studia Orientalia, vol. 116 Copyright © 2015 by the Finnish Oriental Society Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editor Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-88-9 Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................... XV PART I: REFERENCES IN TEXTS A. EPIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT ..................................................................... 3 1. Epics ....................................................................................................................3 Mahābhārata .........................................................................................................3 Rāmāyaṇa ............................................................................................................25
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coins
    • Classical Numismatic Group Sale 32 Wednesday· December 7, 1994 • 2 PM in conjunction with the NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL A Public & Mail Bid Sale of AV Greek' Roman Republican • Roman Imperial' Byzantine' World' British Also incll/ding a mail bid only section of books featl/ring tIle Numismatic Library of Dr. Frank J. Novak OUR CURRENT LIST' XIX, 4 • OUT October 24, 1994 Tlw Classical Numismatic Review Featuring over 500 coins at fixed prices Holiday edition of our Book List also available Write for a complimentary copy of both Catalogue with prices realized $15/£10. Contact either our U.s. or U.K office. Seaby Coins Eric J. McFadden, Senior Director 14 Old Bond Street London WIX 4JL, United Kingdom (0171) 495-1888, Fax (0171) 499-5916 Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Victor England, Senior Director Post Office Box 479 (j) Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608-0479 (j). (717) 390-9194, Fax (717) 390-9978 • INSIDE THE CELATOR... Vol. 8, No. 11 FEATURES November 1994 6 Astrological omens commemorated The CeitlToJ( on Roman coins: The Ides of March Incorporating Roman Coins and Culture by Michael R . Molnar Publisner/Senior Editor Wayne G. Sayles 16 Sasanian bronze coins Editor minted in Alexandria Steven A. Sayles Page 6 by Ed Dobbins Office M anager The Ides of March by Michael R. Molnar Stephanie Schultz 34 The case of the curious coin of Production Ass t. Caligula: A provincial bronze Nick Popp restruck with legend-only dies M I Parnell Nelson by Thomas P. McKenna The Cefator (ISSN 1# 10480986) is an 45 The sword of peace independent journal by Norman A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Point in Palaeography
    1041 MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS. A POINT IN PALAEOGRAPHY. My recognition of the letter H'with the value ^instead of M, m, on the coins of a certain ruler in Northern India (see page 1029 above), has removed the difficulty in the way of finding identically the same name on both the obverse and the reverse of the coins. The Indian legend in KharoshthI characters on the reverse gives the name as Kharaosta; as also do the inscriptions A. and E. oil the1 Mathura lion-capital (page 1025 f.). The Greek legend on the obverse had been taken as giving the name Kharamostis (Cunningham), Kharamosta (Buhler and B.apson)j or Charamostis (V. Smith): and, the question of identity, both of name and of person, had been argued on both sides,— the chief difficulty being the supposed M. That question is now settled by my reading, XAPAHLJCTEly in the place of the previously accepted XAPAMLUCTEI. This gives us,; against Kharaosta as the native form of the name,1 a Greek form, Kharahostes, which exactly matches it except for the h, which was probably inserted because, otherwise, the alpha and omega, coming together, might be pronounced as- au, aw. • ' :..; .....',.' There is no room for doubt about this matter.; On the coin presented by Rapson in this Journal, 1905. 814, plate, fig. 9, the word is XAf AHU/CTEt • There is no question of reading a given M as meaning H —h in order to serve a purpose: we simply take asi H = h an undeniable H which 1 The third syllable seems to be distinctly o, not ho, both in the inscriptions and on the coins.
    [Show full text]
  • Sculpture of Mathura During the Reign of •Oîàsa (Ca
    CHAPTER SIX SCULPTURE OF MATHURA DURING THE REIGN OF •OÎÀSA (CA. 15 CE) Introduction: The Time of •o∂àsa The works of art discussed in this chapter were produced when Mathura was governed by a ruler whose name is actually known—a rare circumstance for the early periods cov- ered in this book. The ruler’s name is •o∂àsa, and he stands out as exceptional in the list of names of post-Mauryan, pre-Kußà»a potentates of Mathura, most of whom are known exclusively from local, faceless coinage. Unlike rulers such as Bràhmamitra, Ràmadatta, Hagàna, and Hagàmaßa who populate the murky political history of early Mathura, the name of •o∂àsa is found in several epigraphs, some of which accompany sculpture, as well as in coin legends. In one instance his name is even carved in stone with a date, the Year Seventy-Two, on the Amohini àyavati (Fig. 148), and in the Mathura lion cap- ital inscription (Figs. 213–215) his name appears along with the names of other individ- uals whose dates are known from other sources. This is far more information than we have about any of the other political leaders of Mathura before the Kußà»a emperor Kanißka. All of the evidence combines to uphold ca. 15 CE for the date of •o∂àsa, as most scholars have agreed over the years, in which case we have what is coveted by most historians of early Indian art: a benchmark date. Although the duration of •o∂àsa’s reign is not known for certain, we can be confident that he was in full power over Mathura in 15 CE and that his reign began sometime between 6 CE and 15 CE.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (17MB)
    STUDIES IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF NORTHERN AND WESTERN INDIA, c. 200 B.C. - A.D.300. By GoBindalal Adhya THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON May 1962 ProQuest Number: 10731577 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731577 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The "basic factors in the production of wealth in northern and western India during the period "teteasMsa c.200 B.C.- A.D.300 have heen studied in this dissertation. In the introductory chapter, after reviewing the source materials a "brief survey of the major political events of our time has "been made. Next, we have discussed the various aspects of land and agriculture - ownership of land, revenue system, cattle "breeding, irrigation and the condition of cultivators. In the section on industry, the manufacture of metal objects, textiles, glass products and the system of industrial organisation have been studied in detail. The major part of our work is devoted to the study of trade and commerce, p a rtic u la rly trad in g abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coin Reference Guide
    Ancient Coin Reference Guide Part One Compiled by Ron Rutkowsky When I first began collecting ancient coins I started to put together a guide which would help me to identify them and to learn more about their history. Over the years this has developed into several notebooks filled with what I felt would be useful information. My plan now is to make all this information available to other collectors of ancient coinage. I cannot claim any credit for this information; it has all come from many sources including the internet. Throughout this reference I use the old era terms of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domni, year of our Lord) rather than the more politically correct BCE (Before the Christian era) and CE (Christian era). Rome With most collections, there must be a starting point. Mine was with Roman coinage. The history of Rome is a subject that we all learned about in school. From Julius Caesar, Marc Anthony, to Constantine the Great and the fall of the empire in the late 5th century AD. Rome first came into being around the year 753 BC, when it was ruled under noble families that descended from the Etruscans. During those early days, it was ruled by kings. Later the Republic ruled by a Senate headed by a Consul whose term of office was one year replaced the kingdom. The Senate lasted until Julius Caesar took over as a dictator in 47 BC and was murdered on March 15, 44 BC. I will skip over the years until 27 BC when Octavian (Augustus) ended the Republic and the Roman Empire was formed making him the first emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion
    Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion Editor-in-Chief Volkhard Krech Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Advisory Board Jan Assmann – Christopher Beckwith – Rémi Brague José Casanova – Angelos Chaniotis – Peter Schäfer Peter Skilling – Guy Stroumsa – Boudewijn Walraven VOLUME 2 Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia By Jason Neelis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Detail of the Śibi Jātaka in a petroglyph from Shatial, northern Pakistan (from Ditte Bandini-König and Gérard Fussman, Die Felsbildstation Shatial. Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans 2. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1997, plate Vb). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neelis, Jason Emmanuel. Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks : mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia / By Jason Neelis. p. cm. — (Dynamics in the history of religion ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Buddhist geography—Asia. 2. Trade routes—Asia—History. 3. Buddhists—Travel—Asia. I. Title. II. Series. BQ270.N44 2010 294.3’7209021—dc22 2010028032 ISSN 1878-8106 ISBN 978 90 04 18159 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Art. IX.—On a Newly Discovered Bactrian Pali Inscription; and on Other Inscriptions in the Bactrian Pali Character
    Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA Additional services for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Art. IX.—On a newly discovered Bactrian Pali Inscription; and on other Inscriptions in the Bactrian Pali Character J. Dowson Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland / Volume 20 / January 1863, pp 221 - 268 DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00165281, Published online: 14 March 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0035869X00165281 How to cite this article: J. Dowson (1863). Art. IX.—On a newly discovered Bactrian Pali Inscription; and on other Inscriptions in the Bactrian Pali Character. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 20, pp 221-268 doi:10.1017/S0035869X00165281 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA, IP address: 128.218.248.209 on 17 Mar 2015 221 ART. IX.—On a newly discovered Bactrian Pali Inscription; and on other Inscriptions in the Bactrian Pali Character. By Professor J. DOWSON, Royal Staff College. [Read 16ik February, 1863.] IN January, 1862, Mr. A. A. Eoberts, of the Bengal Civil Service, presented to the Society two copper plates inscribed with Bactrian Pali characters, said to have been found at Hussun Abdal, near Rawal Pindee, in the Punjab. These plates were submitted to the examination of Mr. Norris, and that gentleman at once picked out the names of Takha&la nagara (Taxila) and &akya- muni, proving the inscription to be one of more than ordi- nary importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Kushana Coins 5.1 Do You Know? 5.2 Timeline
    Kushana Coins 5.1 Do you know? Description Image Source Kushanas issued coins imitating the coins of Roman ruler Augustus Kushana coins portrayed the figure of Siva and Uma on their coins Dinara the name of the Kushana gold coins comes from term used for designating the Roman silver coins denarius 5.2 Timeline: Succession List Timeline according to 78 Succession List taking Timeline according to taking CE as Year 1 of the 127 CE as 127 CE as the Year 1 of 78 CE as Kushana Era commencement of Kushana Era commencement Kushana Era of Kushana Era Yuezhi: Heraos/ Yuezhi: Heraos/Miaos? st Miaos? c. 1 century BCE c. 1st century CE KujulaKadphises c. end of 1st century KujulaKadphises c.30-80 CE BCE – early 1stcentury CE VimaTaktu VimaTaktu c. 1st century CE c. 1st – 2nd century CE VimaKadphises VimaKadphises c.1st century CE c.2nd century CE Kanishka I (yrs. 1-24) Kanishka I 78 CE –101 CE c. 127—150 CE Vasishka Known dates 20,22, 28 Huvishka (yrs. known from 98- 100-106 CE inscriptions28-64) – Conjoint ruler with c.155-191 CE Kanishka I Huvishka (yrs. known from Vasudeva I (yrs.67-98) inscriptions28-60) c.194—225 CE c.106-138 CE Kanishka II Known date 41 (c.119 Kanishka II (Year 4-20) CE) c.227-247 CE Conjoint ruler with Huvishka Vasudeva I Known dates 67-98 i.e. Vashiska Year 22-28 145- 176 CE c. 249-255 CE Kanishka III Kanishka III Known dates 141 ? 268 CE Vasudeva II 230-250 or 262 Vasudeva II Last quarter of 3rd century c.
    [Show full text]