DOCSLIB.ORG

Sculpture of Mathura During the Reign of •Oîàsa (Ca

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sculpture of Mathura During the Reign of •Oîàsa (Ca CHAPTER SIX SCULPTURE OF MATHURA DURING THE REIGN OF •OÎÀSA (CA. 15 CE) Introduction: The Time of •o∂àsa The works of art discussed in this chapter were produced when Mathura was governed by a ruler whose name is actually known—a rare circumstance for the early periods cov- ered in this book. The ruler’s name is •o∂àsa, and he stands out as exceptional in the list of names of post-Mauryan, pre-Kußà»a potentates of Mathura, most of whom are known exclusively from local, faceless coinage. Unlike rulers such as Bràhmamitra, Ràmadatta, Hagàna, and Hagàmaßa who populate the murky political history of early Mathura, the name of •o∂àsa is found in several epigraphs, some of which accompany sculpture, as well as in coin legends. In one instance his name is even carved in stone with a date, the Year Seventy-Two, on the Amohini àyavati (Fig. 148), and in the Mathura lion cap- ital inscription (Figs. 213–215) his name appears along with the names of other individ- uals whose dates are known from other sources. This is far more information than we have about any of the other political leaders of Mathura before the Kußà»a emperor Kanißka. All of the evidence combines to uphold ca. 15 CE for the date of •o∂àsa, as most scholars have agreed over the years, in which case we have what is coveted by most historians of early Indian art: a benchmark date. Although the duration of •o∂àsa’s reign is not known for certain, we can be confident that he was in full power over Mathura in 15 CE and that his reign began sometime between 6 CE and 15 CE. Moreover, the reign of •o∂àsa, falling as it does at the beginning of the first century CE, is just over one hundred years prior to our next benchmark date in the history of early Mathura sculpture: the date of Kanißka, whose reign apparently began in 127 CE. This difference of about one hundred years is long enough to produce significant and identifiable changes in sculptural style. In this chapter I present the sculptures dated to the time of •o∂àsa, define their stylistic features, and apply this definition to other sculptures that display these features, most of which were formerly dated to the Kußà»à period or vaguely to some first century CE date. As we saw in Chapter Four when discussing àyàgapa†as made during the reign of •o∂àsa, there was a distinctive and consistent style of art produced at Mathura during the time of •o∂àsa, and it is readily distinguishable from that of any phase of the Kußà»a period. Eight surviving inscriptions mention •o∂àsa. The earliest is the Mathura lion capital inscription (Figs. 213–215), which was carved when his father, Rajùvula, was still in power. In the Mathura lion capital inscription, Rajùvula is given the title mahàkßatrapa, or ‘great satrap,’ whereas •o∂àsa is given the lesser title of simply kßatrapa, or ‘satrap.’1 The other 1 Sten Konow, Kharosh†hì Inscriptions with the Exception of those of A≤oka, pp. 48–49; and D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, pp. 114–119. sculpture of mathura during the reign of ≤o∂àsa 169 stone inscriptions appear to be later, for they all refer to •o∂àsa as mahàkßatrapa or svàmi mahàkßatrapa, with the additional Indic honorific svàmi, meaning ‘lord’ (Appendix I.10–I.15 and Appendix II.15). This advancement from kßatrapa in the Mathura lion captital inscrip- tion indicates that by the time the seven inscriptions were recorded, •o∂àsa had succeeded his father as ‘great satrap’ (mahàkßatrapa) at Mathura. •o∂àsa appears to have assimilated into the local Indic culture of Mathurà, unlike his father, who retained more links to the Indo-Scythian regions of greater Gandhàra, with its Hellenistic heritage. Unlike his father, who struck both bilingual coins of debased Hellenistic types with legends in Greek and Kharo߆hì (the script used primarily in Gandhàra and Bactria) and coins with more indigenous types and Bràhmì legends (the script used in the remainder of the Indian subcontinent), •o∂àsa seems to have exclusively struck coins with legends written in Bràhmì. Moreover, •o∂àsa’s coins have been discovered only in the Mathura region, whereas those of Rajùvula also were found farther north, particularly in areas east of the Indus River, such as Jammu. This distribution of coinage and scripts thereon suggests that •o∂àsa held political sway only over the Mathura region, whereas his father had also controlled other areas. •o∂àsa’s coin issues consistently display the indigenous Indian goddess of fortune and prosperity, •rì Lakßmì, on both the obverse and reverse, but on the reverses she is lustrated by a pair of elephants. These coins are a lead and copper alloy, and they were struck in both half karshapanas (4.16–4.68 grams) and quarter karshapanas (2.08–2.34 grams). •o∂àsa issued coinage with three different legends: ‘kßatrapa •o∂àsa, son of the mahàkßatrapa’ (‘mahakhatapasa putasa khatapasa ≤odasasa’ followed by a svastika); ‘kßatrapa •o∂àsa, son of Rajùvula’ (svastika followed by ‘rajuvula putasa khata- pasa ≤odasasa’), and ‘mahàkßatrapa •o∂àsa’ (svastika followed by ‘mahakhatapasa ≤odasasa’).2 Coins and inscriptions mentioning rulers with the title ‘mahàkßatrapa’ have been discov- ered at Mathura from archaeological strata dating to around the end of the first century BCE to the mid-first century CE.3 These rulers who adopted the Persian system of sub- sidiary governance by satrapies were ultimately of foreign extraction, apparently being either Scythian (•aka) or Iranian (Pahlava) or a mixture of both. The dedication of gifts to a Buddhist site by kßatrapas “for the sake of honoring all of Sakastan” in the Mathura lion capital inscription suggests that the homeland of these people was Sakastan, a region also known as Seistan in southeastern Iran.4 The kings or overlords to whom the kßatra- pas of Mathura were to some extent allied, if at all, may have been the Indo-Parthian kings based in the northwestern regions of present-day Pakistan, such as Azes II or Azilises, who were called mahàràja, or ‘great king.’ The first kßatrapa at Mathura seems to have been Rajùvula, for among all of the coins of kßatrapas found at Mathura, only his have also been found in the northern regions of Chach (near Taxila) and Jammu with bilingual Greek and Kharo߆hì legends and imagery common on coins of the Indo-Parthian and Indo-Greek rulers. Major coin types of Rajùvula, with legends that refer to him as a kßatrapa or mahàkßatrapa in Kharo߆hì, and as basileos (‘king’) or soteros (‘savior’) in Greek have been found from the region of Jammu in the 2 Michael Mitchiner, Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage, vol. VII, pp. 608–609. 3 H. Härtel, Excavations at Sonkh, p. 86. 4 Mathura lion capital inscripton, line P.1–2 sarvasa sak(r)astanasa puyae. (Sten Konow, Kharoshthì Inscriptions with the Exception of those of A≤oka, pp. 48–49.).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Heritage of India Series
    THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES T The Right Reverend V. S. AZARIAH, t [ of Dornakal. E-J-J j Bishop I J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.). Already published. The Heart of Buddhism. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Asoka. J. M. MACPHAIL, M.A., M.D. Indian Painting. PRINCIPAL PERCY BROWN, Calcutta. Kanarese Literature, 2nd ed. E. P. RICE, B.A. The Samkhya System. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Psalms of Maratha Saints. NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., D.Litt. A History of Hindi Literature. F. E. KEAY, M.A., D.Litt. The Karma-MImamsa. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints. F. KINGSBURY, B.A., and G. E. PHILLIPS, M.A. Rabindranath Tagore. E. J. THOMPSON, B.A., M.C. Hymns from the Rigveda. A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D., Hon. LL.D. Gotama Buddha. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Subjects proposed and volumes under Preparation. SANSKRIT AND PALI LITERATURE. Anthology of Mahayana Literature. Selections from the Upanishads. Scenes from the Ramayana. Selections from the Mahabharata. THE PHILOSOPHIES. An Introduction to Hindu Philosophy. J. N FARQUHAR and PRINCIPAL JOHN MCKENZIE, Bombay. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Sankara's Vedanta. A. K. SHARMA, M.A., Patiala. Ramanuja's Vedanta. The Buddhist System. FINE ART AND MUSIC. Indian Architecture. R. L. EWING, B.A., Madras. Indian Sculpture. Insein, Burma. BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT INDIANS. Calcutta. V. SLACK, M.A., Tulsi Das. VERNACULAR LITERATURE. and K. T. PAUL, The Kurral. H. A. POPLBY, B.A., Madras, T> A Calcutta M. of the Alvars.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coins
    • Classical Numismatic Group Sale 32 Wednesday· December 7, 1994 • 2 PM in conjunction with the NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL A Public & Mail Bid Sale of AV Greek' Roman Republican • Roman Imperial' Byzantine' World' British Also incll/ding a mail bid only section of books featl/ring tIle Numismatic Library of Dr. Frank J. Novak OUR CURRENT LIST' XIX, 4 • OUT October 24, 1994 Tlw Classical Numismatic Review Featuring over 500 coins at fixed prices Holiday edition of our Book List also available Write for a complimentary copy of both Catalogue with prices realized $15/£10. Contact either our U.s. or U.K office. Seaby Coins Eric J. McFadden, Senior Director 14 Old Bond Street London WIX 4JL, United Kingdom (0171) 495-1888, Fax (0171) 499-5916 Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Victor England, Senior Director Post Office Box 479 (j) Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608-0479 (j). (717) 390-9194, Fax (717) 390-9978 • INSIDE THE CELATOR... Vol. 8, No. 11 FEATURES November 1994 6 Astrological omens commemorated The CeitlToJ( on Roman coins: The Ides of March Incorporating Roman Coins and Culture by Michael R . Molnar Publisner/Senior Editor Wayne G. Sayles 16 Sasanian bronze coins Editor minted in Alexandria Steven A. Sayles Page 6 by Ed Dobbins Office M anager The Ides of March by Michael R. Molnar Stephanie Schultz 34 The case of the curious coin of Production Ass t. Caligula: A provincial bronze Nick Popp restruck with legend-only dies M I Parnell Nelson by Thomas P. McKenna The Cefator (ISSN 1# 10480986) is an 45 The sword of peace independent journal by Norman A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Point in Palaeography
    1041 MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS. A POINT IN PALAEOGRAPHY. My recognition of the letter H'with the value ^instead of M, m, on the coins of a certain ruler in Northern India (see page 1029 above), has removed the difficulty in the way of finding identically the same name on both the obverse and the reverse of the coins. The Indian legend in KharoshthI characters on the reverse gives the name as Kharaosta; as also do the inscriptions A. and E. oil the1 Mathura lion-capital (page 1025 f.). The Greek legend on the obverse had been taken as giving the name Kharamostis (Cunningham), Kharamosta (Buhler and B.apson)j or Charamostis (V. Smith): and, the question of identity, both of name and of person, had been argued on both sides,— the chief difficulty being the supposed M. That question is now settled by my reading, XAPAHLJCTEly in the place of the previously accepted XAPAMLUCTEI. This gives us,; against Kharaosta as the native form of the name,1 a Greek form, Kharahostes, which exactly matches it except for the h, which was probably inserted because, otherwise, the alpha and omega, coming together, might be pronounced as- au, aw. • ' :..; .....',.' There is no room for doubt about this matter.; On the coin presented by Rapson in this Journal, 1905. 814, plate, fig. 9, the word is XAf AHU/CTEt • There is no question of reading a given M as meaning H —h in order to serve a purpose: we simply take asi H = h an undeniable H which 1 The third syllable seems to be distinctly o, not ho, both in the inscriptions and on the coins.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (17MB)
    STUDIES IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF NORTHERN AND WESTERN INDIA, c. 200 B.C. - A.D.300. By GoBindalal Adhya THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON May 1962 ProQuest Number: 10731577 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731577 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The "basic factors in the production of wealth in northern and western India during the period "teteasMsa c.200 B.C.- A.D.300 have heen studied in this dissertation. In the introductory chapter, after reviewing the source materials a "brief survey of the major political events of our time has "been made. Next, we have discussed the various aspects of land and agriculture - ownership of land, revenue system, cattle "breeding, irrigation and the condition of cultivators. In the section on industry, the manufacture of metal objects, textiles, glass products and the system of industrial organisation have been studied in detail. The major part of our work is devoted to the study of trade and commerce, p a rtic u la rly trad in g abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coin Reference Guide
    Ancient Coin Reference Guide Part One Compiled by Ron Rutkowsky When I first began collecting ancient coins I started to put together a guide which would help me to identify them and to learn more about their history. Over the years this has developed into several notebooks filled with what I felt would be useful information. My plan now is to make all this information available to other collectors of ancient coinage. I cannot claim any credit for this information; it has all come from many sources including the internet. Throughout this reference I use the old era terms of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domni, year of our Lord) rather than the more politically correct BCE (Before the Christian era) and CE (Christian era). Rome With most collections, there must be a starting point. Mine was with Roman coinage. The history of Rome is a subject that we all learned about in school. From Julius Caesar, Marc Anthony, to Constantine the Great and the fall of the empire in the late 5th century AD. Rome first came into being around the year 753 BC, when it was ruled under noble families that descended from the Etruscans. During those early days, it was ruled by kings. Later the Republic ruled by a Senate headed by a Consul whose term of office was one year replaced the kingdom. The Senate lasted until Julius Caesar took over as a dictator in 47 BC and was murdered on March 15, 44 BC. I will skip over the years until 27 BC when Octavian (Augustus) ended the Republic and the Roman Empire was formed making him the first emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion
    Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion Editor-in-Chief Volkhard Krech Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Advisory Board Jan Assmann – Christopher Beckwith – Rémi Brague José Casanova – Angelos Chaniotis – Peter Schäfer Peter Skilling – Guy Stroumsa – Boudewijn Walraven VOLUME 2 Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia By Jason Neelis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Detail of the Śibi Jātaka in a petroglyph from Shatial, northern Pakistan (from Ditte Bandini-König and Gérard Fussman, Die Felsbildstation Shatial. Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans 2. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1997, plate Vb). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neelis, Jason Emmanuel. Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks : mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia / By Jason Neelis. p. cm. — (Dynamics in the history of religion ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Buddhist geography—Asia. 2. Trade routes—Asia—History. 3. Buddhists—Travel—Asia. I. Title. II. Series. BQ270.N44 2010 294.3’7209021—dc22 2010028032 ISSN 1878-8106 ISBN 978 90 04 18159 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Cusp of an Era
    On the Cusp of an Era BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd i 16-3-2007 14:55:12 Brill’s Inner Asian Library Editors Nicola di Cosmo Devin Deweese Caroline Humphrey VOLUME 18 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd ii 16-3-2007 14:55:12 On the Cusp of an Era Art in the Pre-KuߧÖa World Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iii 16-3-2007 14:55:13 On the cover: Lavender Flowers near Maimana. © Luke Powell This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1566-7162 ISBN 978 90 04 15451 3 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iv 16-3-2007 14:55:13 CONTENTS Chapter One Pre-Kußà»a Art: A New Concept ................ 1 Doris Meth Srinivasan Chapter Two Pathways Between Gandhàra and North India during Second Century B.C.–Second Century A.D. ........................................................................ 29 Saifur Rahman Dar Chapter Three Passages to India: •aka and Kußà»a Migrations in Historical Contexts .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter No. 158 Winter 1998/99 Early 17Th Century Ottoman North Africa
    Other News coins and banknotes. The coin auction included a set of gold dinars of the Umayyads comprising 55 coins from AH 78 to AH 132. Johann Gustav Stickel, one of the founders of Islamic Among the Umayyad silver coins were two extremely rare dirhams Numismatics honoured from the mints of Dasht-i-Maysan and Bahurasir. by Stefan Heidemann For further information please contact Sotheby's Press Office Johann Gustav Stickel (1805 - 1896) was one of the founders of by telephone: ++44 171 293 5169; fax: ++44 171 293 5947 or Islamic Numismatics. He received his philological education in Internet: http://www.sothebys.com Jena and Paris. He studied with the venerable orientalist A. The auction held by Sotheby's of New York on 19 December Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838), who worked in his philological included 30 lots of Islamic coins. The inclusion of such material in studies with papyri and coins as well. Stickel traced his initial the New York sales may become a regular feature. For further interest
    [Show full text]
  • Taxila Inscription of the Year 136
    Taxila Inscription of the year 136 BY RAMAPRASAD CHANDA OIR JOHN" MARSHALL'S interpretation of ayasa in the Taxila silver scroll inscription of the year 136 as " of Azes " has been the subject of adverse criticism by some of the most eminent antiquarians since the publication of the record in 1914. The latest is by Professor Sten Konow in the Epigraphia Indica, xiv, p. 286. Professor Konow revives two of the objections to Sir John's explanation : (1) "the word (ayasa) could hardly be the name of a king, because no royal title is used " ; (2) " if ayasa were really the name of a king, it would place the inscription in the reign of this king, who would then most likely have to be identified with the Khushana mentioned in 1. 3. " I hope to show in this note that these objections are not a§ insuperable as they are supposed to be. (1) Professor Konow says : " The absence of every royal designation is so extraordinary that I think we must abandon Sir John's explanation of the word ayasa altogether." If the assumption on which the second objection is based were correct, if the explanation of ayasa in the sense of "of Azes " would place the inscription in the reign of Azes himself, the absence of the royal designation could justify the total rejection of Sir John's explanation. But if ayasa may mean " of (the era of) Azes " and not " (during the reign) of Azes ", why should the omission of royal designation in the year 136 of the era of Azes, so long after his death, and probably some time after the destruction of the Saka-Parthian dynasty by the Kushans, be considered " so extraordinary " ? In the inscriptions dated in the Gupta and Saka eras the usual practice, of course, is the addition of a royal title with the terms Gupta and Saka.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Taxila
    QforttcU HntuErBitg iCihrarg Stifnta, ^eu) ^artt -H.-D-.- G-r IS vv<3 Id. D5 I'LA'PK I. Hi'iAij (iF J>iiL\ysr.<. siJ;KAl'. A GUIDE TO TAXILA BY Sir JOHN MARSHALL, kt., c.i.e,, m.a., Litt.D., F.S.A., Hon.A.R.I.B.A., ETC., Director General of Archeology In India CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 1918 Price Rs. 3 or 4s. 63. The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024121125 — ;; CONTENTS Chapter fAOE I. —TOPOQEAPHY 1 Location of Taxila 4nd character of country in ancient times, 1 ; Bliij? mound, 3 Sirkap, 4 ; Babar Khana or Kaohcha Kot, 5 ; Sirsukh, 6 ; Monuments outside the cities, 6. II. History 8 Persian Empire, 8 ; Alexander the Great, 9 ; Seleuous Nicato:, 10 ; Maurya Empire, 11. Bactrian Greeks, 11 ; Scythians and Parthians, 1 2 ; Apollonius of Tyana, 14 ; Hermans and the Knshans, 16 Dep-truction by the Huns, 17 ; Hsiian Tsang, 17; Modern explorations, 18; Chronology of important events connected with Taxila, 20. III.—Abt 23 Achsemenian, 23 ; Mauryan, 24 ; Greek, Scythio and Parthian, 25 ; Gandharan, 30 ; Influence of Greek Art in India, 32. — ;; IV CONTENTS Chaptee Page IV. The Dhaemaeajxka SitrPA . .35 The main structure, 37 ; small circular stupas around the main structure, 39 Circle of small chapels, 41 ; Consecu- tive types of masonry, 42 ; Blinor anti- quities from chapels round Main Stiipa, 43 ; Stiipa Ji, -14 ; Stupa J^, 45 ; Stupas N='-", 46; Chapels N" and N", 46; Stupa N', 47 ; Buildings P and V^ 48 ; Tank, 48; Stupas K' and P', 48; Stupa K', 49 ; View of the site and the surrounding country, 49 ; Building H', 50 ; G'-s, Two pits MS 51 ; Chapels 51 ; Inscription of the year 136, 52 ; Chapel R^, 54 ; Building L, 55 ; Apsidal temple l\ 55 ; Chapels E and F\ 57.
    [Show full text]
  • New Light on the Pāratarājas 1
    NEW LIGHT ON THE PĀRATARĀJAS 1 New Light on the Pāratarājas PANKAJ TANDON1 IN this paper, I present 57 previously unpublished silver coins of the Pāratarājas, bearing Brahmi legends, which shed considerable new light on this little-known and poorly- understood series. Specifi cally, the coins help us connect what R.C. Senior has identifi ed as two (previously disconnected) branches of the Pāratarāja family, thereby allowing us to organize the series in a more coherent way. New kings are identifi ed in the process, and corrected spellings of several kings are also indicated. Several new coin types are presented, including the fi rst two known didrachms of approximately 7 g each. The coins also allow us to re-examine and re-attribute several coins that have been studied in the past, and to begin an exploration of the place of this dynasty in history. A catalogue of the known coins is also presented. The Pāratarājas are identifi ed as such by their coins: two series of coins, one mostly in copper bearing legends in Kharoshthi and the other mostly in silver bearing legends in Brahmi. Among coins known so far, there has been no overlap between the two series, which appear to be quite separate from one another, despite commonalities of content. The notable feature of both series is that almost all of the coins bear the name ‘Pāratarāja’ as part of the legend, and they nearly always bear a swastika on the reverse (the exceptions being some very small fractions that seem to eliminate the swastika and/or the long legend, including the words ‘Pāratarāja’, for lack of space).
    [Show full text]
  • The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great
    flit, , Mi^m k ', ^ DS L\-5I SL>lo Ctotuell Haiumttg Jibtarg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FU^^D THE GIFT OF lienrg m. Sage 1891 A.iS"3?3^.. ^qlido-^. Cornell University Library DS 451.S66 The early history of India from 600 B.C 3 1924 024 065 645 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924024065645 ROCK-CUT ELEPHANT ABOVE THE ASOKA INSCRIPTION AT DHAULI, ORISSA THE EARLY HISTORY OF INDIA FROM 600 B.C. TO THE MUHAMMADAN CONQUEST INCLUDING THE INVASION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT BY VINCENT A. SMITH M.A. (dUBI..); M.R.A.a., F.R.N. 3., LATE OF THE IKDIAN CIVIL SERVICE; AUTHOR OF 'ASOKA, THE BUDDHIST EMPEROR OF INDIA,' ETC. ' EDITOR OF SLEEMAN's ' RAMBLES AND RECOLLECTIONS OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1904 P\.lS^^cO HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFOIID LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK PREFACE The plan and limitations of this book have been explained so fully in the Introduction that little more need be said by way of preface. The room for difference of opinion on many of the subjects treated is so great that I cannot expect my views on controverted points to meet with universal acceptance ; and the complexity of my undertaking forbids me to hope that positive errors, justly open to censure, have been avoided altogether ; but 1 trust that critics will be prepared to concede the amount of indulgence which may be granted legi- timately to the work of a pioneer.
    [Show full text]