Radiation Safety Review Course Syllabus
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HISTORY Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor
HISTORY Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor Marshal! Brucer J Nucl Med 19: 581-598, 1978 In the beginning, a boa constrictor defecated in and then analyzed the insoluble precipitate. Just as London and the subsequent development of nuclear he suspected, it was almost pure (90.16%) uric medicine was inevitable. It took a little time, but the acid. As a thorough scientist he also determined the 139-yr chain of cause and effect that followed was "proportional number" of 37.5 for urea. ("Propor inexorable (7). tional" or "equivalent" weight was the current termi One June week in 1815 an exotic animal exhibi nology for what we now call "atomic weight.") This tion was held on the Strand in London. A young 37.5 would be used by Friedrich Woehler in his "animal chemist" named William Prout (we would famous 1828 paper on the synthesis of urea. Thus now call him a clinical pathologist) attended this Prout, already the father of clinical pathology, be scientific event of the year. While he was viewing a came the grandfather of organic chemistry. boa constrictor recently captured in South America, [Prout was also the first man to use iodine (2 yr the animal defecated and Prout was amazed by what after its discovery in 1814) in the treatment of thy he saw. The physiological incident was common roid goiter. He considered his greatest success the place, but he was the only person alive who could discovery of muriatic acid, inorganic HC1, in human recognize the material. Just a year earlier he had gastric juice. -
Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California
Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California University of California Source of Community Leaders Series Anne deGruchy Low-Beer Dettner A WOMAN'S PLACE IN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS: 1932- 1973 With Introductions by Helene Maxwell Brewer and Lawrence Kramer Interviews Conducted by Sally Hughes and Gabrielle Morris in 1994 and 1995 Copyright @ 1996 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a modern research technique involving an interviewee and an informed interviewer in spontaneous conversation. The taped record is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The resulting manuscript is typed in final form, indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and .placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Anne deGruchy Dettner dated April 20, 1995. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. -
Personnel Monitoring
RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING, METHOD, INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES: PERSONNEL MONITORING Agensi Nuklear Malaysia Contents Introduction Objective of Personnel Monitoring Personnel Monitoring Instrument for External Radiation Personnel Monitoring Instrument for Internal radiation Calibration and Quality Control Introduction Atomic Energy Licensing Regulations (BSS) 2010 (Act 304) require monitoring to be carried out on all personnel who work in controlled areas (and selectively in supervised areas). Occupational exposure can be delivered to personnel either by sources outside the body in the form of external radiation or by intake of radioactive contaminants. Atomic Energy Licensing Regulations (BSS) 2010 (Act 304) require the radiation exposures both from external and internal sources be evaluated to represent an individual dose in a year. A devices that is accepted by the AELB are required by all personnel to measure the radiation dose received while working with radiation sources or working in classified areas. Objective of Personnel Monitoring To provide information on radiation dose received by workers. To observe the trends of exposure histories of individuals or groups of workers in order to assess the need for improved standards of radiation protection. To provide information in the event of accidental over exposure. To provide information about the condition of radiation level at workplace. To improve the workers attitudes toward radiation protection in order to reduce future exposures as a results of information given to them. To demonstrate the adequacy of supervision, training and engineering standards. To provide a record of information which may be needed for legal or epidemiological purposes. Personal monitoring External monitoring Internal monitoring (the measurement of dose due to (the measurement of dose due to sources outside the body) sources inside the body) Whole body Partial body monitoring (extremity) 1. -
Matls Licensing Package for Amend 9 to License 34-25957-01 For
- k y$$f,$$$? u c A 2 1 1 eg 4 W 808 License number MATERIALS LICENSE j SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET 30 3073 I ( < Amendment No. 09 f>( l-i ' i M |4 (i Victoreen, Inc. (Delaware) j 6000 Cochran Road I q Solon, OH 44139-3395 In accordance with letter dated May 17, 1993,, license Number 34-25957-01 is amended as | Fj je follows: , ; [ [ t - - 4 y, ; . - i1" Conditions ll.C and 24. are amended *to read: k k(t , i < ~ ss j 11. C. The Radiation Saf(t) Officer for this license is B'arbara M. Kapsar. y C ~',f , , i |$ 24. Except as specifical.ly provided otherwise in this license, the licensee shall 4 conduct its program 5in accordance with the statementsr representations, and d procedures contain$d in the ddcu'ments, including ag 'ni;enclosuges,, listed below. The d U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulatio'ns4 hall govern unless the statements, f representations,1and procedure's in'the' licensee q more restrictive than the regulations.'eJ. uj)ts:[ application'"and{ correspondence are A .. .x's e. N 4 A. Applications idated Jiarch 6,T.1985,1 Novemberf l6,1987, Augdit 3,1988 (with ,4 attachments),' August 331,1990;4Eeb'ruar' L6','1991'.(with attschments) and y ~ ,2; f October 8, 1991s (with" attachments)'; [inds , ,. .. D . ' h !q B. Letters dated 'J nuary 28,11983, Dec' W r -embe 16 ?)984, Mar'c5 6, 1985, May 31, 1985,. 4 March 12, 1986,-June 8, 1987, Decemberc9,*1987, January 13, 1988, March 11, k ~1988, March 28,1988, April 11, '1988,' -July 7,' 1988? August 3,1988, jj September 8,1988, Tune 9,1989, March 26,1996G{ebruary 25, 1991, May 17, g ! 1993 and June 15, 1993. -
Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early Years
DOElEH -0458 727849 HUMAN RADIATION STUDIES: REMEMBERING THE EARLY YEARS Oral History of Dr. Patricia Wallace Durbin, Ph. D. Conducted November 11, 1994 United States Department of Energy Office of Human Radiation Experiments FOREWORD N DECEMBER1993, U.S. Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O’Leary announced her Openness Initiative. As part of this initiative, the Department of Energy Iundertook an effort to identify and catalog historical documents on radiation experiments that had used human subjects. The Office of Human Radiation Ex- periments coordinated the Department’s search for records about these experi- ments. An enormous volume of historical records has been located. Many of these records were disorganized; often poorly cataloged, if at all; and scattered across the country in holding areas, archives, and records centers. The Department has produced a roadmap to the large universe of pertinent infor- mation: Human Radiation Experiments: The Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and the Records (DOEEH-0445, February 1995). The collected docu- ments are also accessible through the Internet World Wide Web under http : / /www. ohre .doe .gov . The passage of time, the state of existing re- cords, and the fact that some decisionmaking processes were never documented in written form, caused the Department to consider other means to supplement the documentary record. In September 1994, the Office of Human Radiation Experiments, in collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, began an oral history project to fulfill this god. The project involved interviewing researchers and others with firsthand knowledge of either the human radiation experimentation that occurred during the Cold War or the institutional context in which such experimentation took place. -
1968 Technical Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards
TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS 196B U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE C. R. Smith, Secretary John F. Kincaid, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director 1968 Technical Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Basic Standards Institute for Materials Research Institute for Applied Technology Center for Radiation Research Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1968 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price $1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6-23979 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Management Progress 1 Center for Radiation Research Created. Reorganization of Boulder Laboratories. New Institute Directors Named. Special Programs 3 Research Associate Program. Foreign Scientist Visitation Program. Utilization of Federal Laboratories 5 Legislative Report 6 Flammable Fabrics Act. Fire Research and Safety Act. Standard Reference Data Act. TWO KEY STANDARDS PROGRAMS 9 The National Standard Reference Data System 9 History of the Program 10 Responsibilities of NBS. Operation of the System. General Status of the Program. The Standard Reference Data Act. International Cooperation. Current Data Project Activity 19 Nuclear Properties. Atomic and Molecular Properties. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties. Solid State Properties. Chemical Kinetics. Colloid and Surface Properties. Data Systems Design and Development 24 Information Services 25 The Standard Reference Materials Program 26 History of the Program 26 Current Activity 33 INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS 39 Physical Quantities 39 International Base Units 40 Length. Time and Frequency. Temperature. Electric Cur- rent. Fundamental Physical Constants. Mechanical Quantities 47 Electrical Quantities—D.C and Low Frequency 49 Electrical Quantities—Radio Frequency 51 High Frequency Region. -
Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2021
Radiation dosimetry, radiation protection and measurements Marco Silari CERN, Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2021 1 Outline of the lecture ─ A very brief historical introduction ─ Directly and indirectly ionizing radiation ─ Radioactivity ─ Natural exposures ─ The effects of ionizing radiation ─ Deterministic and stochastic effects ─ Radiological quantities and units ─ physical, protection and operational quantities ─ Principles of radiation protection ─ Justification, optimization and dose limitation ─ The ALARA principle ─ Protection means ─ Instrumentation for measuring ionizing radiation M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2021 2 Outline of the lecture ─ A very brief historical introduction ─ Directly and indirectly ionizing radiation ─ Radioactivity ─ Natural exposures ─ The effects of ionizing radiation ─ Deterministic and stochastic effects ─ Radiological quantities and units ─ physical, protection and operational quantities ─ Principles of radiation protection ─ Justification, optimization and dose limitation ─ The ALARA principle ─ Protection means ─ Instrumentation for measuring ionizing radiation M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2021 3 The discovery of radiation 1895 Discovery of X rays Wilhelm C. Röntgen 1897 First treatment of tissue with X rays Leopold Freund J.J. Thompson 1897 “Discovery” of the electron M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2021 4 The discovery of radiation Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) -
16004479.Pdf
LIST OF MILITARY AND CIVIL DEFENSE RADIAC DEVICES 1969 AUGUST 1969 "Each transmittal of this report outside the agencies of the U. S. Government must have prior approval of the Director, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Washington, D. C. 20305." Prepared * by Research and Development Liaison Directorate Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency Sandia Base, New Mexico 87l15 i ABSTRACT A compilation of radiac dwices currently available to the Department of Defense is presented. The list is separated into rate meters, dosimeters, miscellaneous radiac equipment for calibration and special purposes, and major research and devel- opment items. Each item includes nomenclature. classification, federal stock number, cost, sponsoring agency and a description of the item. ii Letter of Promulgation This "List of Military and Civil Defense Radiac Devices" is a compilation of information on radisc devices currently available to the Department of Defense. Information on major research and development items currently under investigation is also included. The radiac information included herein has been furnished * by the agencies sponsoring the various devices. It is intended for use as a convenient reference document for agencies associared with radiac developments. [ Brigadier (isnorel, USAP Deputy Mrector (Ops & Admin) iii -.., .. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A - RATE METERS -PAGE A-1 Low Range Survey Meters A-2 High Range Survey Meters A-3 Alpha Detectors A-4 Neutron Detectors A-5 Special Purpose Rate Meters A-6 Training Devices SECTION B - DOSIMETERS -
Chem 481 Lecture Material 3/13/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 3/13/09 Radiation Detection and Measurement When radiation interacts with matter electronic excitation and ionization occur. When de-excitation results in the emission of photons these can be detected by suitable light- sensitive devices. When charge carriers (ion pairs, electron/hole pairs) are produced these can be collected to generate an electrical signal. The dead time of a detector is the length of time between the formation of an output signal (pulse) and when the detector conditions are able to produce another output signal (see figure below). Initially this second output is insufficient in size to be recognized by the counting electronics (less than the discriminator level). The resolving time is the interval between the initial pulse and the formation of a detectable pulse (see figure below). The recovery time is the interval between two full-size pulses. Events that occur during the resolving time will not be recorded and are known as coincidence losses. Gas Ionization Detectors Imagine a gas-filled container with 2 electrodes of opposite charge (see figure below). As radiation enters the gas filling and ionizes the gas (creates primary cation-electron pairs), the cations will drift toward the negatively-charged electrode and the electrons Radiation Detection and Measurement 3/13/09 page 2 will be collected at the positive anode resulting in a current that can be measured. Some cations and electrons may recombine. As the electric potential across the electrodes is increased a voltage is reached where the electrode attraction is greater than the attraction between cations and electrons and all primary ion pairs are collected. -
Radiological Worker II
RERS–A BO G A C L ★ ★ Radiological E D D U N C U A F T I G O I N N I N A N D T R A Worker II Developed by Laborers-AGC Education and Training Fund Under Grant #5-U45-ESO6174-02 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Laborers-AGC Education and Training Fund Board of Trustees Laborers’ International The Associated General Union of North America Contractors of America Jack Wilkinson Edwin S. Hulihee Carl E. Booker Fred L. Valentine Mike Quevedo, Jr. John F. Otto Tony Dionisio Anthony J. Samango, Jr. Edward M. Smith Brian Scroggs Chuck Barnes Robert D. Siess Arthur A. Coia, Co-Chairman Robert B. Fay, Sr., Co-Chairman James M. Warren, Executive Director LIUNA INNOVATION AT W RK 37 Deerfield Road, Pomfret Center, Connecticut 06259 (860) 974-0800 Fax (860) 974-1459 Copyright © 1995 Latest Revision August 1996 by Laborers-AGC Education and Training Fund All rights reserved. The reproduction or use of this document in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, and including republication as or in connection with instructional or training seminars, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of Laborers-AGC Education and Training Fund. The information in this manual does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Laborers-AGC Education and Training Fund, nor does the mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. -
Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry.Pdf
Radiation dosimetry, radiation protection and measurements Marco Silari CERN, Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 1 Outline of the lecture ─ A very brief historical introduction ─ Directly and indirectly ionizing radiation ─ Radioactivity ─ Natural exposures ─ The effects of ionizing radiation ─ Deterministic and stochastic effects ─ Radiological quantities and units ─ physical, protection and operational quantities ─ Principles of radiation protection ─ Justification, optimization and dose limitation ─ The ALARA principle ─ Protection means ─ Instrumentation for measuring ionizing radiation M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 2 The discovery of radiation 1895 Discovery of X rays Wilhelm C. Röntgen 1897 First treatment of tissue with X rays Leopold Freund J.J. Thompson 1897 “Discovery” of the electron M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 3 The discovery of radiation Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) 1896 Discovery of natural radioactivity Thesis of Mme. Curie – 1904 α, β, γ in magnetic field 1898 Discovery of polonium and radium Marie Curie Pierre Curie Hundred years ago (1867 – 1934) (1859 – 1906) M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 4 Outline of the lecture ─ A very brief historical introduction ─ Directly and indirectly ionizing radiation ─ Radioactivity ─ Natural exposures ─ The effects of ionizing radiation ─ Deterministic and stochastic effects ─ Radiological quantities and units ─ physical, protection and operational quantities ─ Principles of radiation protection ─ Justification, optimization and dose limitation ─ The ALARA principle ─ Protection means ─ Instrumentation for measuring ionizing radiation M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 5 Periodic table of elements M. Silari – Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry – ASP 2018 6 Chart of nuclides Unstable (=radioactive) nuclides ~ 3000 α-decay β- : n -> p+ + e- β+ : p+ -> n + e+ protons α : AX -> A-4Y + 4He2+ Stable nuclides ~ 250 neutrons M. -
Dosimeter 1 Dosimeter
Dosimeter 1 Dosimeter Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's[1] exposure to something in the environment — particularly to a hazard inflicting cumulative impact over long periods of time, or over a lifetime. This article concentrates on the radiation dosimeter, which measures Fiber dosimeter exposure to ionizing radiation, but other dosimeters also exist, such as sound dosimeters, ultraviolet dosimeters, and electromagnetic field dosimeters. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays, remains undetectable by the senses, and the damage it causes to the body is cumulative, related to the total dose received. Therefore, workers who are exposed to radiation, such as radiographers, nuclear power plant workers, doctors using radiotherapy, workers in laboratories using radionuclides, and some HAZMAT teams are required to wear dosimeters so their employers can keep a record of their exposure, to verify that it is below legally prescribed limits. Common types of wearable dosimeters for ionizing radiation include: • Quartz fiber dosimeter • Film badge dosimeter • Thermoluminescent dosimeter • Solid state (MOSFET or silicon diode) dosimeter The quartz fiber dosimeters have to be prepared, usually daily, with a positive charge from either a hand-wound or battery-powered charging unit. As the dosimeter is affected by nuclear radiation the charge leaks away causing the fiber indicator to rise up the graduated scale. Factories prepare film-badge dosimeters for one-time use. The level of radiation absorption is indicated by a change of color on the film badge's surface, which is compared to an indicator chart. Manufacturing processes that treat products with ionizing radiation, such as food irradiation, use dosimeters to calibrate doses.