Learning Persian (Farsi)

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Learning Persian (Farsi) Persian (Farsi) is the official language of Iran. It is spoken by Language Family more than 75 million people, including a sizable population Indo-Iranian located in the United States and Canada. Dialect Modern Iranian Persian, which is Writing System the standard dialect officially rec- Persian alphabet ognized by the Iranian government and is the dialect used by the Language Tips media and entertainment industry • Persian is written and read from right to left; with the exception of numbers, in Iran. Modern Iranian Persian is which are written from left to right. the most widely spoken and under- stood dialect of Persian. • In Persian, certain vowels are not usually written. You’ll learn to determine the word from the context of the sentence. Accent • Speakers of Persian will often omit the subject of the sentence. You’ll be As spoken in Tehran able to identify who is speaking or who is being spoken about by the form of the verb. • Placement of stress within a word is important to convey a word’s meaning. Don’t worry—Rosetta Stone helps you acquire proper pronunciation through exposure to native speech, useful practice, and corrective feedback. • Most Persian letters change shape depending on whether they occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. You’ll learn to read and type these different forms in the reading and writing activities. The alphabet section is also available to you for reference. • To attain the final form of a letter within a word click Shift + Space key after the letter. م یخورد میخورد می_خورد (incorrect with space) (incorrect without space) (correct with Shift + Space key) • There is no upper or lower case in Persian. • In Persian, there are formal and informal ways to address others, depending on the age of the speaker and his or her relationship to the person being addressed. • Numbers in Persian are written with modified Hindi numerals. • Persian does not categorize words into masculine and feminine. It also does not have separate words for ‘he’ and ‘she.’ • Persian verbs have many forms of past tense, including a form for an action recently completed and a form for one that has been completed for a long time. SLK-RS-NFO-FAR-ENG-0805.

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A Linguistic Conversion Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl and the Varieties of Persian (Ca

Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran edited by Stefano Pellò A Linguistic Conversion Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl and the Varieties of Persian (ca. 1790) Stefano Pellò (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Abstract The paper deals with Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl, an important Persian-writing Khatri poet and intellectual active in Lucknow between the end of the 18th and the first two decades of the 19th century, focusing on his ideas regarding the linguistic geography of Persian. Qatīl dealt with the geographical varieties of Persian mainly in two texts, namely the Shajarat al-amānī and the Nahr al- faṣāḥat, but relevant observations are scattered in almost all of his works, including the doxographic Haft tamāshā. The analysis provided here, which is also the first systematic study on a particularly meaningful part of Qatīl’s socio-linguistic thought and one of the very few explorations of Qatīl’s work altogether, not only examines in detail his grammatical and rhetorical treatises, reading them on the vast background of Arabic-Persian philology, but discusses as well the interaction of Qatīl’s early conversion to Shi‘ite Islam with the author’s linguistic ideas, in a philological-historical perspective. Summary 1. Qatīl’s writings and the Persian language question. –2. Defining Persian in and around the Shajarat al-amānī. –3. Layered hegemonies in the Nahr al-faṣāḥat. –4. Qatīl’s conversion and the linguistic idea of Iran. –Primary sources. –Secondary sources. Keywords Indo-Persian. Qatīl. Persian language. Lucknow. Shī‘a. Conversion. Nella storia del linguaggio i confini di spazio e di tempo, e altri, sono tutti pura fantasia (Bartoli 1910, p.
Abstracts Electronic Edition

Societas Iranologica Europaea Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the State Hermitage Museum Russian Academy of Sciences Abstracts Electronic Edition Saint-Petersburg 2015 http://ecis8.orientalstudies.ru/ Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Abstracts CONTENTS 1. Abstracts alphabeticized by author(s) 3 A 3 B 12 C 20 D 26 E 28 F 30 G 33 H 40 I 45 J 48 K 50 L 64 M 68 N 84 O 87 P 89 R 95 S 103 T 115 V 120 W 125 Y 126 Z 130 2. Descriptions of special panels 134 3. Grouping according to timeframe, field, geographical region and special panels 138 Old Iranian 138 Middle Iranian 139 Classical Middle Ages 141 Pre-modern and Modern Periods 144 Contemporary Studies 146 Special panels 147 4. List of participants of the conference 150 2 Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Abstracts Javad Abbasi Saint-Petersburg from the Perspective of Iranian Itineraries in 19th century Iran and Russia had critical and challenging relations in 19th century, well known by war, occupation and interfere from Russian side. Meantime 19th century was the era of Iranian’s involvement in European modernism and their curiosity for exploring new world. Consequently many Iranians, as official agents or explorers, traveled to Europe and Russia, including San Petersburg. Writing their itineraries, these travelers left behind a wealthy literature about their observations and considerations. San Petersburg, as the capital city of Russian Empire and also as a desirable station for travelers, was one of the most important destination for these itinerary writers. The focus of present paper is on the descriptions of these travelers about the features of San Petersburg in a comparative perspective.
How Cultural Differences Beyond Language Affect Dialog Between the US and Iran

The Lens Inverts the Image: How Cultural Differences beyond Language Affect Dialog between the US and Iran. A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Cynthia Suzanne DeKay IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LIBERAL STUDIES May 2012 © Cynthia Suzanne DeKay, 2012 For Adam, my best friend, husband and hamrāh. i CONTENTS Illustrations………………………………………………………………..…...…..…………iii Acknowledgments………………………………………...……………………...…….……iv Pronunciation Guide………………………………………....…………………….....……..v Definitions…………………………………………………...……………………...….…….vi Chapter 1 - First Impressions.....................................................................................................1 2 - A Brief history of US/Iran relations..........................................................................7 3 - Theoretical Framework.........................................................................................12 4 – A Comparison of Iranian and American Cultural Lenses ....................................16 5 - The Need for Corrective Lenses...........................................................................37 6 - Envisioning a Way to Detente...............................................................................40 Works Cited................................................................................................................45 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: US Embassy Staff held hostage..............................................................1 Figure 2:
Unprivileged Power: the Strange Case of Persian (And Urdu) in Nineteenth-Century India

Unprivileged Power: The Strange Case of Persian (and Urdu) in Nineteenth-Century India I T , but it makes no attempt to present a solution. It is rather like a bad detective story where the questions, Who did it? and how? and why? are left unanswered. Perhaps the interest of this paper should lie in the fact that the question that it asks has never before been asked, or its existence even hinted at. Why the question should never have occurred to anyone so far is itself an interesting ques- tion, and an attempt to answer it is likely to tell us something about the way the minds of our historians have worked over the last century-and-a- quarter. I will, however, make no attempt to address this latter question, for my main problem is thorny enough as it is. Simply stated, the problem is: Why is it that sometime in the early nineteenth century, users of (Indian) Persian, and Urdu, lost their self- confidence and began to privilege all Indo-Iranian Persian writers against the other two, and all kinds of Persian and Arabic against Urdu? The lin- guistic totem pole that this situation created can be described as follows: TOP: Iranian Persian, that is, Persian as written by Iranians who never came to India. UPPER MIDDLE: Indo-Iranian Persian, that is, Persian written by Iranian-born writers who lived most or all of their creative life in India. LOWER MIDDLE: Indian Persian, that is, Persian written by Indians, • T A U S or close descendants of Iranians settled in India.
The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: with Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift

Journal of Jewish Languages 5 (2017) 81–103 brill.com/jjl The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift Shinji Ido* Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan [email protected] Abstract The present article describes the vowel chain shift that occurred in the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish residents in Bukhara. It identifies the chain shift as constituting of an intermediate stage of the Northern Tajik chain shift and accordingly tentatively concludes that in the Northern Tajik chain shift Early New Persian ā shifted before ō did, shedding light on the process whereby the present-day Tajik vowel system was established. The article is divided into three parts. The first provides an explanation of the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish inhabitants of Bukhara. The second section explains the relationship between this particular variety and other varieties that have been used by Jews in Central Asia. The third section deals specifically with the vowel system of the variety and the changes that it has undergone since the late 19th century. Keywords Tajik – New Persian – vowel system – Judeo-Iranian – Bukharan Tajik – Bukharan Jews Introduction This article is concerned with the vowel system of the variety of Tajik spoken by the Jewish residents in Bukhara. It compares the vowel system of this par- ticular variety with that of the same variety reconstructed based on a century- old text. The comparison shows that the variety likely underwent a vowel chain * The author acknowledges financial support for this research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, C #25370490).
DOI: 10.7596/Taksad.V8i3.2244 Lexical Features of Interlingual

Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019 DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v8i3.2244 Citation: Akhmedova, M. N., Yuzmukhametov, R. T., Abrorov, I. M., Beloglazova, I. G., & Bayzoev, A. (2019). Lexical Features of Interlingual Homonyms in Modern Persian, Dari and Tajik. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 8(3), 234-241. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i3.2244 Lexical Features of Interlingual Homonyms in Modern Persian, Dari and Tajik Mastura N. Akhmedova1, Ramil T. Yuzmukhametov2, Iles M. Abrorov3, Inessa G. Beloglazova4, Azim Bayzoev5 Abstract The relevance of the researched problem is caused by the need to study the lexical features of the modern Persian, Dari and Tajik languages, and to show students of a real linguistic situation when studying the Persian language. The aim of the article is to consider the lexical features of interlingual homonyms in modern Persian, Dari and Tajik. The leading approach in the studying of this issue is a problem-thematic approach. The study of interlingual homonyms in terms of their features and the review of the situations in which they are used in the Persian and Tajik languages shows the possible approaches to the description of their semantics. This is a new direction in the modern Persian lexicography, which is of a great scientific benefit. The submissions of this article may be useful in the teaching of the modern Persian, Tajik, Dari languages as well as when lecturing on the lexicology and dialectology of Persian, Tajik, Dari.
Persian and Tajik

DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark CHAPTER EIGHT PERSIAN AND TAJIK Gernot Wind/uhr and Jo hn R Perry 1 INTRODUCTION 1 .1 Overview The fo cus of this chapter is Modern Standard Persian and Modern Standard Tajik. Both evolved from Early New Persian. We stern Persian has typologically shifted differently from modern Tajik which has retained a considerable number of Early Eastern Persian fe atures, on the one hand, and has also assimilated a strong typologically Turkic com ponent, on the other hand. In spite of their divergence, both languages continue to share much of their underlying fe atures, and are discussed jointly in this chapter. 1.1.1 Historical background Persian has been the dominant language of Iranian lands and adjacent regions for over a millennium. From the tenth century onward it was the language of literary culture, as well the lingua franca in large parts of West, South, and Central Asia until the mid nineteenth century. It began with the political domination of these areas by Persian speaking dynasties, first the Achaemenids (c. 558-330 BCE), then the Sassanids (224-65 1 CE), along with their complex political-cultural and ideological Perso-Iranianate con structs, and the establishment of Persian-speaking colonies throughout the empires and beyond. The advent of Islam (since 651 CE) represents a crucial shift in the history of Iran and thus of Persian. It resulted in the emergence of a double-focused Perso-Islamic construct, in which, after Arabic in the first Islamic centuries, Persian reasserted itself as the dominant high register linguistic medium, and extended its dominance into fo rmerly non-Persian and non-Iranian-speaking territories in the East and Central Asia.
Iranian Languages Dénes Gazsi

Chapter 20 Iranian languages Dénes Gazsi Iranian languages, spoken from Turkey to Chinese Turkestan, have been in lan- guage contact with Arabic since pre-Islamic times. Arabic as a source language has provided phonological and morphological elements, as well as a plethora of lexical items, to numerous Iranian languages under recipient-language agentivity. New Persian, the most significant member of this group, has been a prominent recipi- ent of Arabic language elements. This study provides an overview of the historical development of this contact, before analyzing Arabic elements in New Persian and other New Iranian languages. It also discusses how Arabic has influenced Modern Persian dialects, and how Persian vernaculars in the Persian Gulf region of Iran have incorporated Arabic lexemes from Gulf Arabic dialects. 1 Current state and historical development 1.1 Iranian languages Iranian languages, along with Indo-Aryan and Nuristani languages, constitute the group of Indo-Iranian languages, which is a sizeable branch of the Indo- European language family. The term “Iranian language” has historically been applied to any language that descended from a proto-Iranian parent language spoken in Asia in the late third to early second millennium BCE (Skjærvø 2012). Iranian languages are known from three chronological stages: Old, Middle, and New Iranian. Persian is the only language attested in all three historical stages. New Persian, originally spoken in Fārs province, descended from Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian Empire (third–seventh centuries CE), which is the progeny of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire (sixth–fourth centuries BCE). New Persian is divided into Early Classical (ninth–twelfth cen- turies CE), Classical (thirteenth–nineteenth centuries) and Modern Persian (from the nineteenth century onward), the latter considered to be based on the dialect of Tehran (Jeremiás 2004: 427).
The Persian Dialect of Herat

Youli loannesyan The Persian Dialect of Herat )LAp} LAMBERT Academic Publishing Youli loannesyan The Persian Dialect of Herat Youli loannesyan The Persian Dialect of Herat LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Impressum / Imprint Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailiierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet uber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Alle in diesem Buch genannten Marken und Produktnamen unterliegen warenzeichen-, marken- oder patentrechtlichem Schutz bzw. sind Warenzeichen oder eingetragene Warenzeichen der jeweiligen Inhaber. Die Wiedergabe von Marken, Produktnamen, Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen u.s.w. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutzgesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dOrften. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek: The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Any brand names and product names mentioned in this book are subject to trademark, brand or patent protection and are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. The use of brand names, product names, common names, trade names, product descriptions etc. even without a particular marking in this work is in no way to be construed to mean that such names may be regarded as unrestricted in respect of trademark and brand protection legislation and could thus be used by anyone. Coverbild / Cover image: www.ingimage.com Verlag / Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing ist ein Imprint der/ is a trademark of OmniScriptum GmbH & Co.
Ways of Manifesting Collectivism: an Analysis of Iranian and African Cultures

Technical Details Ways of Manifesting Collectivism: An Analysis of Iranian and African Cultures Nina G. Hamedani, MS,* Tristan M. Purvis, PhD,* Sharon Glazer, PhD, & Joseph Dien, PhD March 2012 1 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 Culture ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Relational models theory: a Recap .................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Iranian Culture ...................................................................................................................... 7 Strategic Significance of Iran ............................................................................................................. 7 Religion, Tradition, and Change ........................................................................................................ 8 “Persian” or “Iranian” ......................................................................................................................... 9 Identity and Nationalism .................................................................................................................. 10 Historical Perspective ............................................................................................................... 11 Iranian Collectivism ........................................................................................................................
Key Language Points: Refugees / Migrants Emergency Response - Mediterranean

KEY LANGUAGE POINTS: REFUGEES / MIGRANTS EMERGENCY RESPONSE - MEDITERRANEAN Language Countries / Regions Where Relevant Written Left-to-right/ Comprehension / Spoken Dialects Alphabet Right-to-left Contextual Notes Greek Official language of Greece. Modern Dialect Greek Alphabet Left-to-right Many Greeks also speak English. Arabic Modern Standard Arabic is an Modern Arabic Right-to-left official language of 28 states, incl. Standard Alphabet Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Morocco. Arabic; There are over 290 million native Moroccan Arabic speakers in the world & it Arabic is considered native to countries (“Maghrebi”) of the Arab League, with a considerable number of speakers in neighboring countries incl. Eritrea, Mali, Niger, Kenya, Chad, Senegal, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Iran, etc. Farsi Western Persian (known as Pārsi (Iran), Modified Right-to-left While Farsi & Dari are in Persian, Iranian Persian, or Farsi) Dari Arabic theory the same language is spoken in Iran, and by (Afghanistan), Alphabet (Persian), Dari is the ‘old way’ minorities in Iraq and the Persian and Tajik (Persian of speaking Persian, & Farsi Gulf states. Farsi is the (Central Asia) Alphabet) is more modern. If messages predominant and official are only shared in one dialect language of Iran. or the other, people might miss key words. However, for interpretation purposes – if you have a Dari / Farsi speaker, they should be able to interpret for both. Dari Eastern Persian (known as Dari Dari is a dialect Modified Right-to-left Dari is spoken by about 50% Persian, Afghan Persian, or Dari) of Farsi. Arabic of the Afghan population. is spoken in Afghanistan, where it Alphabet is one of the two official (Persian languages (along with Pashto).
Influence of Persian in India

www.ijcrt.org © 2017 IJCRT | Volume 5, Issue 1 February 2017 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Influence of Persian in India Tota Banoo Department of Persian, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal – J&K-India Abstract Persian was first introduced by Muslim rulers in India especially Delhi Sultanate from 13th Century. Persian was important official language of India during Ghaznavid Period, Mughal Period and Afghan Period, and Persian influenced many of the Indian languages. The ancient Persian emperors created art in many forms including metalwork, rock carvings, weaving and architecture. Key-Words: Persian language, role, civilization and culture in India. Introduction: Persian influence was first introduced to the Indian sub-continent by Muslim rulers of Turki and Afghan origin, especially with the Delhi Sultanate from 13th Century, and in the 16th to 19th Century by the Mughal Empire. In general, from its earliest days, aspects of the culture and language were brought to the Indian sub-continent by various persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan rulers, such as Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in the 11th century. Northern India has been ruled by Turkic Persians for over 1,000 years, like the Delhi Sultanate, Ghaznavids and Mughals. These Turkic Persians adhered to Persian culture and spread this culture throughout the northern Indian sub-continent. They spoke Farsi, Chagatai and Turkish. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India. With the presence of Muslim culture in the region of the Ghaznavid period, Lahore and Uch were established as centers of Persian literature. Abu-al-Faraj Runi and Masud Sad Salman were the two earliest Major Indo-Poets based in Lahore.