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(Anti)Fašizam U Prošlosti I Sadašnjosti Zbornik radova (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti Zbornik radova 9789539974617 (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti u prošlosti (Anti)fašizam ISBN 978-953-99746-1-7 Cijena 100 kn Pula 2015. (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa održanoga u Puli 3. listopada 2014. Pula, 2015. Udruga antifašističkih boraca i antifašista Grada Pule – Associazione dei combattenti antifascisti e degli antifascisti della Città di Pola Istarsko povijesno društvo – Società Storica Istriana CIP dostupan u računalnom katalogu Sveučilišne knjižnice u Puli pod brojem 140415054 ISBN 978-953-99746-1-7 Udruga antifašističkih boraca i antifašista Grada Pule – Associazione dei combattenti antifascisti e degli antifascisti della Città di Pola Istarsko povijesno društvo – Società Storica Istriana (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti: Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa održanoga u Puli 3. listopada 2014. Izdavač: Udruga antifašističkih boraca i antifašista Grada Pule – Associazione dei combattenti antifascisti e degli antifascisti della Città di Pola , G. Ema 1, HR-52100 Pula Suizdavač: Istarsko povijesno društvo – Società Storica Istriana, I. Matetića Ronjgova 1, HR-52100 Pula Za izdavača: Livio Blašković Za suizdavača: Maurizio Levak Adresa uredništva: G. Ema 1, HR-52100 Pula, [email protected] Glavni urednik: Milan Radošević Uredništvo zbornika: Igor Jovanović, Maurizio Levak, Milan Radošević Organizacijski odbor znanstvenoga skupa: Livio Blašković, Mihovil Dabo, Igor Jovanović, Maurizio Levak, Zdravko Macura , Milan Radošević, Tomislav Ravnić, Adriano Ruiba, Dragan Sokolović, Igor Šaponja Recenzenti: dr. sc. Mihovil Dabo, dr. sc. Andrea Matošević Lektorica: Jasna Krapac Prijevod sažetaka na talijanski jezik: Sarah Zancovich Prijevod sažetaka na engleski jezik: Silvia Božac Naslovnica: De Villeov uspon, Pula, travnja 2012., autor Manuel Angelini Grafičko oblikovanje i priprema: Kadar d.o.o. Tisak: Printera d.o.o. Naklada: 300 primjeraka Objavljivanje Zbornika financijski su podržali: Grad Pula - Città di Pola,Općina Medulin, Općina Barban, Općina Marčana, Općina Svetvinčenat, Općina Fažana, Općina Ližnjan, Općina Pazin, Savez udruga antifašista Istarske županije Sadržaj/ Indice / Contents Riječ urednika 7 Program znanstvenoga skupa „(Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti”, Pula, 3. X. 2014. 11 Petar Strčić Povijesni pregled nastanka i razvoja fašizma i antifašizma s posebnim osvrtom na Istru i Rijeku 13 Rassegna storica della comparsa e dello sviluppo del fascismo e dell’antifascismo con particolare riferimento all’Istria e a Fiume Historical preview of the emergence and development of fascism and anti-fascism with a review of the Istria and Rijeka area Darko Dukovski Politički temelji i metode djelovanja fašizma i fašističkog pokreta s kraćim osvrtom na Istru 29 Basi politiche e metodi operativi del fascismo e del movimento fascista con breve riferimento all’Istria Political foundations and activity methods of fascism and the fascist movement with a short review of Istria Stipan Trogrlić Antifašizam istarskog hrvatskog i slovenskog svećenstva 1920. – 1939. 67 L’antifascismo del clero istriano croato e sloveno 1920 – 1939 Anti-fascism of the Istrian, Croatian and Slovene clergy 1920 – 1939 Alen Tafra Antifašizam između nacionalizma i eurocentrizma: filozofijsko- povijesna perspektiva 91 Antifascismo tra nazionalismo ed eurocentrismo: una prospettiva filosofico-storica The anti-fascism between nationalism and eurocentrism: a philosophical and historical perspective Nina Spicijarić Paškvan Semantika pojma (anti)fašizam 105 Semantica del termine (anti)fascismo Semantics of the notion of (anti)fascism Igor Šaponja Pula i moderni izazovi antifašizma 129 Pola e le sfide moderne dell’antifascismo Pula and the modern anti-fascist challenges Igor Jovanović, Milan Radošević, Dragan Sokolović Anketa „Što istarski srednjoškolci znaju o antifašizmu?“ 145 Sondaggio “Cosa sanno gli alunni delle medie superiori sull’antifascismo?” Survey “What the high school students from Istria know about anti-fascism?” Suradnici 163 Riječ urednika Iako je fašizam službeno nastao u Milanu 1919. godine, dakle prije gotovo stotinu godina, kao ekstremna, nacionalistička i totalitarna ideologija, te se na vlasti održao do kapitulacije Kraljevine Italije u rujnu 1943., odnosno zavr- šetka Drugog svjetskog rata u Europi u svibnju 1945. godine, on se i danas, kao generički pojam, koristi diljem svijeta – u medijima, u politici, u huma- nističkim znanostima. Njegovo poimanje se, pak, u mnogočemu razlikuje od izvornih postavki, koje same po sebi nisu bile dovoljno jasno definirane u vrijeme nastajanja fašističkog pokreta, a koje je prethodilo stvaranju faši- stičke stranke. Fašizam se danas očituje s obzirom na drugačije društvene, povijesne i gospodarske okolnosti. Možda je u suvremenoj filozofskoj misli najbolje to elaborirao talijanski akademik, književnik Umberto Eco koji je u planetarno poznatom eseju „Vječni fašizam“ (Ur-fascism, 1995.) predstavio svojevrsni generički opis za različite povijesne oblike fašizma kroz 14 točaka („kult tradicije“, „strah od razlike“, „neslaganje kao izdaja“, „opsesija zavje- rom“ itd.) koje nije moguće organizirati u koherentan sustav, ali je oko svake pojedinačno moguća koagulacija fašizma. Ti su elementi danas toliko pri- sutni diljem svijeta da je teško izbjeći njihovu ideološku korelaciju. Ekonomska kriza koja je nastupila u svijetu počevši s 2008. godinom, a kojoj se u brojnim zemljama ne nazire kraj, poput njezinih prethodnica otvorila je prostor za reviziju povijesti pa tako i oživljavanje onih ideologija, poput fašizma i nacizma, koje koriste nemoći aktualnih vladajućih politič- kih garnitura u rješavanju problema te „regrutiraju“ u svoje redove vojske nezadovoljnika. Međutim, uz osnivanje neofašističkih i neonacističkih poli- tičkih stranaka diljem Europe, elementi tih, očito još uvijek živih ideologija, javljaju se i u svom skrivenom naličju u sustavima koncentrirane ekonomske moći sve utjecajnijih korporacija, a koje stvaraju sve veće razlike u raspodjeli dobara. Još je papa Ivan Pavao II. za svoga pontifikata u više navrata osudio „divlji kapitalizam“, a sadašnji papa Franjo „neobuzdani kapitalizam“, koji uspoređuje s tiranijom. Razmotrimo li situaciju u Hrvatskoj, možemo konstatirati kako je pri- sustvo govora mržnje, isključivosti, ekstremnog nacionalizma, sve samo ne prevladano. Dijelom je to i posljedica bipolarnosti hrvatske političke scene, u kojoj manje stranke igraju sporednu ulogu, a što je dovelo do jasne podjele u javnom diskursu, gdje se povijest uglavnom svodi na stereotipe, generaliza- cije i međusobna optuživanja u svrhu ostvarivanja političkih bodova. Kako službenu povijest uvijek pišu pobjednici, do 90-ih godina 20. st. povi- jesna struka u Hrvatskoj nije imala mogućnost i slobodu istraživati i objavlji- vati radove koji bi se odnosili na „zabranjene teme“, primjerice partizanske zločine te druge, u najmanju ruku neprihvatljive, poteze komunističkih vla- sti. Drugim zločinima, zapadnih saveznika, danas se, pak, još uvijek prilazi s oprezom. S druge strane, na hrvatskoj javnoj i političkoj sceni još uvijek nije posve dovršen proces distanciranja i osuđivanja ustaškog pokreta i strahota koje su u to ime počinjene u savezništvu s fašističkom Italijom i nacističkom Njemačkom. Naposljetku, tragična je činjenica da postoje i slučajevi gdje se kod nas još uvijek slavi, ponekad i uz potporu lokalnih vlasti, ustaške vojne odrede i njihove zapovjednike. Granica između dopuštenog i zabranjenog javnog istupanja po pitanju povijesnog nasljeđa 20. st., a uslijed spomenutih političkih krajnosti – barem u diskurzivnom smislu – ostaje nedefinirana. Nadalje, paradoksalno jest da na domaćoj političkoj sceni postoje opcije antifašističkog opredjeljenja koje to, zapravo, nisu. Deklarativni antifašizam, naizgled društveno prihvatljiv i pravičan, na taj način postaje bliskiji feno- menu, koristeći se medicinskom terminologijom, „okultnog fašizma“, koji podrazumijeva ona (bolesna) stanja koja se vidljivo ne manifestiraju, ali, poput raka znaju biti smrtonosna. U t(akv)oj konstelaciji političkih odnosa, a koji dominiraju javnom sce- nom, antifašizam umjesto općeprihvaćenog civilizacijskog dosega i idejnog temelja za dosljedno suprotstavljanje svim oblicima rasizma, ksenofobije i šovinizma, postaje anakroni pojam, zarobljen u razdoblje Drugoga svjetskog rata. Izvrću se teze pa se, kao što to često ističe povjesničar Hrvoje Klasić, raz- doblje 1941. – 1945. nastoji razumjeti kroz prizmu 1990-ih, umjesto da je obr- nuto. Podijeljena Hrvatska od prije 70 godina ostaje simbolički podijeljena i 2015. godine. Povijesna struka, koja sama po sebi nije posve jedinstvena u stajalištima po tim pitanjima, ima ograničene mogućnosti zbog izostanka općepolitičkog konsenzusa, a što pogoduje da se o hrvatskoj povijesti u jav- nosti promišlja po modelu crno/bijelo, emocionalnim vezivanjem za sudbine i prošlost predaka, što priječi prihvaćanje kompleksnije verzije „istine“. U psihologiji se taj problem mentalnoga stanja, često konflikta, u kome osoba doživljava iskustvo dva ili više nekompatibilna vjerovanja ili kognitivno obrađuje više informacija, naziva kognitivnom disonancom. Ona počinje s kognicijom, spoznajom, koja se može sastojati od kombinacije misli, vrijedno- sti, činjenica i emocija, a javlja se u situacijama gdje osoba mora birati između dva nekompatibilna vjerovanja ili ponašanja. Budući da je osjećaj disonance neugodan, osoba će težiti, i uvijek teži, njezinom
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