Sommaire Sierra Leone

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Sommaire Sierra Leone SOMMAIRE SIERRA LEONE HISTORIQUE...................................................................................................................................................... 3 1) Avant l’Indépendance.......................................................................................................................................... 3 2) De l’Indépendance à la guerre civile (1961-1991) .............................................................................................. 3 3) La guerre entre le RUF et les gouvernements sierra léonais de 1991 à 1997 ...................................................... 4 4) La guerre durant la période de l’AFRC et le processus de paix depuis 1997 ...................................................... 5 FICHE PAYS ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 I. Situation générale .......................................................................................................... 8 II. Economie...................................................................................................................... 8 III. Population ................................................................................................................. 10 1) Démographie..................................................................................................................................................... 10 2) Ethnies............................................................................................................................................................... 10 3) Femmes ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 4) Enfants .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 IV. Langue ...................................................................................................................... 12 V. Education ................................................................................................................... 13 1) Généralités......................................................................................................................................................... 13 2) Structure............................................................................................................................................................ 13 VI. Religion .................................................................................................................... 13 VII. Médias ..................................................................................................................... 14 1) Publications....................................................................................................................................................... 14 2) Radio et télévision............................................................................................................................................. 15 3) Agence .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 VIII. Structure politique.................................................................................................. 15 IX. Elections ................................................................................................................... 15 X. Partis politiques.......................................................................................................... 16 XI. Syndicats................................................................................................................... 18 XII. Associations et groupes de défense des droits de l’homme .................................... 18 XIII. Justice..................................................................................................................... 18 1) Structure............................................................................................................................................................ 18 2) Peine de mort..................................................................................................................................................... 19 3) Loi d’amnistie ................................................................................................................................................... 19 4) Cour spéciale pour la Sierra Leone.................................................................................................................... 19 5) Commission vérité et réconciliation (Truth and réconciliation commission TRC)............................................ 20 6) Homosexualité................................................................................................................................................... 20 XIV. Service militaire..................................................................................................... 20 XV. Forces de sécurité.................................................................................................... 20 XVI. Agents de persécution............................................................................................ 22 XVII. Détention et torture............................................................................................... 25 XVIII. Groupes vulnérables............................................................................................ 26 XIX. Réfugiés ................................................................................................................. 28 1) Accueil dans le pays.......................................................................................................................................... 28 2) A l’extérieur du pays ......................................................................................................................................... 28 XX. Documents d’identité et déplacements ................................................................... 28 CHRONOLOGIE ................................................................................................................................................ 29 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................................................................. 46 1) Sources.............................................................................................................................................................. 46 CRR- Centre d’information géopolitique 1 09/04/2004 2) Ouvrages ........................................................................................................................................................... 46 3) Revues, articles.................................................................................................................................................. 46 4) Rapports ............................................................................................................................................................ 46 5) Presse ................................................................................................................................................................ 47 6) Conférences, entretiens : ................................................................................................................................... 47 7) Internet (sites essentiels) ................................................................................................................................... 47 CRR- Centre d’information géopolitique 2 09/04/2004 Historique 1) Avant l’Indépendance La côte de la Sierra Leone, avec Freetown, était une colonie britannique depuis 1787 et était habitée par des anciens esclaves libérés, dits Créoles, qui y avaient été installés avec le statut de citoyens britanniques. L’intérieur du pays, peuplé des différentes ethnies, a été placé sous protectorat anglais en 1896 et administré séparément. Ce n’est qu’en 1951 que l’arrière pays et la côte ont été fusionnés pour faire un pays unitaire avec une Constitution. Le pays a été dirigé par le Sierra Leone people’s party (SLPP). L’économie du pays est fondée depuis les années 30 sur l’exploitation des minerais, et surtout du diamant. La production du pays se caractérise par une forte proportion de diamants de joaillerie de première qualité. En 1937, on extrayait par an un million de carats en Sierra Leone et en 1960, deux millions. Les droits exclusifs d’exploitation et de prospection étaient attribués à la De Beer’s Sierra Leone selection trust (SLST) pour 99 ans en 1935. Les difficultés de contrôle de l’exploitation et du commerce du diamant sont à l’origine de bien des problèmes de la Sierra Leone. En 1956, il y avait environ 75.000 mineurs illicites dans le district de Kono et, depuis les années 50, le gouvernement sierra léonais ne contrôle plus l’ordre public dans les régions diamantifères. A cette époque il s’agissait surtout de commerçants mandingues et libanais. En 1955 le monopole national du SLST est brisé par les dirigeants coloniaux qui mettent en place le Alluvial mining scheme, en vertu duquel les licences d’extraction et d’achat, dans une partie du secteur, étaient accordées à des mineurs autochtones. 2) De
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