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Clay/nylon M-^^-^^(NCH-5)^ ?]A^ #^ 13 S. 2-1-2. -¥-7l«y^V £# JL£*> M-ii-^^ SHMUfr ^^ 16 S. 2-2-1. ^1^^J£ 2% od4 g-tfTflsi «g*K>- ^3 20 S. 2-3-1. ^e^^fi] ^Eflt £it<^ ^^ 40 a 2-3-2. Elastomer M-ii^^-i -f-^ ^1 A^^ $# 41 jt 2-3-3. -¥-7l - xi - 3 2-6-1 W^ Ji^l-^S. q-t^-^ll alia 96 3 2-6-2. JL^-4 ^ #21$ 98 3 2-6-3. #*}3}-^r ^ *>SIN.S. 102 S. 2-6-4. *1-8-31*115.3 .2.^ ^ 113 3 2-7-1. M-ii^2:^ #*1^ ^ ^ a]-g- ^-S-°> 134 a 2-8-1. &*]%*} ^l2:Hov^ 150 3 2-8-2. 7l^-av-g-oil o]$ iol^^ ^ofl 152 JE 2-8-3. ^-8-^3 ^-^-fi} ^el 153 3. 2-8-4. q-in ^7]£] ^VsJ-o]-^^ ^yq 181 & 2-8-5. q-t^-^j-^H ^Si-cif^oj oj-g- % /i]^- ^ 182 £ 2-9-1. -t^-i-« -^7lJl^-^^o] ^^V^^-i-o,! cfl^V <^^^^ — 211 3. 2-9-2. Nylon 6/Montmorillonite ^-^^1^ #el^ ^-^ 212 S. 2-9-3. PP/Talc, PP/Montmorilonite ^31 s) ?\A^ ^^ 212 3. 2-9-4. teM-°l^ ^^l-S-fi -i-^S.?! 216 a 2-9-5. ^-ifl ^sq^l^ #Q7}<£- ^r^ 216 S. 2-9-6. >*fl7fls] ttflSM-ol^ ^AV^^- 222 S 2-9-7. ^-^ ^sq-ole. %-g- ^^71^ ^^ 223 3 2-9-8. ^^^ ^^-5}-^-# q^^-^-^s] X\% ^^(oj|#) 227 5 3-2-1. ^-^Sf ^ ^7>i>y M-i^j-^flsl Q% 233 S. 3-2-2. q^4^U^ ^-6>^ ^1^ 234 3. 3-3-1. Nano composited2:-g- a 3-3-2. ^e'dS.s) ^-8-SI-^^l-S-S) Al^-fl-i 245 S. 3-3-3. -^71/^-71 a 3-4-1. ^5.-8- ^i ^ef^i ^fl- 248 D a 3-4-2. ^-vfl J4?]42|^^ ?i c]- 250 3. 3-4-3. -MlTfl s|-?l^^^i. U^t ^ ?inc]- 251 i 3-4-4. ^^.^-^ ^y-Ml^^i ^I'tJ:?!1* 251 3. 3-4-5. Di^-si ^-o>^ 4o]^)g}Hi^ ^A-S-^ 251 i 3-4-6. «a^-fil ul-'y^^^i ^r^-S-^ 252 - xn - 2-1-1. WQA €•# aLg-*]-^*] 4^4^11 « 1^ 9 2-1-2. NCH M-^^fls] 4# ^$£-?l timing belt cover 13 3% 2-1-3. clay/Poly( e-Caprolactone) M-i^-^sJ ^?1 -f-Jif^- — 13 3% 2-1-4. Toyota ^SH s1*M ai#€ clays] ^s] 7}^ 14 3% 2-2-1. #^-3«y ^r^ti*}- ^i^-^fl^ yl^ 20 2-2-2. 2-5-2. ^-# ^^-Afol^o^ ^5}-ai--g- gj ge13j- 77 2-5-3. JL£-*> sol-gel «>-§- 78 2-5-4. ^^^#^^1^ ^t 79 2-5-5. ^Hl§ ^^-AfojH^ ^S|-aV-§- ^ 71^^ 81 2-6-1. JL^-4 ^^ ^^1^-i- °l-8-# -n-71 ^-^^ ^|i 7l# 97 2-6-2. *12E^ ^*11!- ^1-g-t} aL*^ 4^-^11^ cf^tb -8-8- — 99 2-6-3. ^^r ^£^-& 5J^ 4^^1 ^12: 99 2-6-4. PFTSf Mechanical Mixing^ s>\z\q 43,^ ^7%°) Graphite ^£oll 4€- ^ii£ »1JH. 101 2-6-5. €-S-S- 3-7\^ ^* Hybrid ^fi.fi) ^^- 113 - xiii - 2-6-6. Nano-templated film°11 ^11+ nanoporous organo-silicate^] 2-6-7. M-^^-^-^Hl *}•%•# Star shaped PCL -fMji£-*r 115 2-7-1. i4^^^1-^S.-7l-iEiHlo]l^l-g- Jf-g- 119 2-7-2. ^-# i4^°d^^ -i-^^ T1^ 126 2-7-3. ^ M-ii'a^r^ 53-^^4 ^^*l-€ WS] -§-^^2: 126 2-7-4. M-ii«a^l-i: ^^S}-^7l ^^V ^^l£ 127 2-7-5. ^^AS. 3.1%$. 3.it£.4\ M-i^l^^ 128 2-7-6. 4e]-^/^# ^-^-^ 132 2-9-1. ^^ Silicate ^2: 207 2-9-2. *#*}•«•!—1-eH q-i ^-^-^fl ^|a ^^ 209 2-9-3. Models for the interlayer structure of organic solvent/octylam -ine magadiite 220 xiv - 71 71 °J:O>JiaL, 71 - 1 - o] 1. °lefl 3 at} 7}^ ^ 54^ 04 7] 5acf. o\) ZL ^ stiffness, 9X7] LH.71] o] _ o _ HM 4-8- SHI, Safe ^^r 713:^^ tfl-S-6.S-¥-El ^"^^ 3:71 ^TflS. 1-^*^ 71 ^7i-S|fe M-2n ^-^ fSf-71- 7^ ^^4^-711 safe TiO2» ^•#4 Sodium i*(10g/h, Fe 71^) WC/Co montmorillonite - 3 - KIST 2. Business Communication 5 oil- $£-3. 30%^] °1=. , 21-Ml 71 ofl^. oil 7}^ 3.7fl 238^ - 4 _ 71^) tfl*l| *>•§•*> 4^, barrier film, *flfi 7} noil 71 ?V 71^0)1 *>J1, A] 71^- - 5 " ojofl 7B^o(| t 71 - 6 - 21-Ml71 1) (Compounding 14. ^( clay) 2) 71^ 7 7\. 71 71 ?V, 3) 7\. JL *1\ 7fl«-|- q. ^-g-si- a^r -8-^fl-l- Jfl^- 7l# 7fl - 7 - Elastomer scaled S-^l, 57H (1) 7^£4 (2) , (3) f (4) , (5) J *H|r|| -8-71, Elastomers ^ -71— , sol-gel ^11 1 1. 7l| scales. 200nm^l montmorillonitefe Van der Waals ^.S. tl*H (intercalant)!- compounding ;*H ^^^2: 4°H tf^l^l-b ^^^ ^-^-i- -^*>^ compounding^ JL-g-^} nfl^^^oj ^^.s. -g-o]*l->fl ^H M-ic scale S. ^ej, ^-iVAl^ ^ 514. ^l^^t 71^1-^^ -g-^fl* 4-g-«Kr solution- drying1^, monomer intercalation-polymerization1^, polymer intercalation- compounding ^ -f-°l Xlfe^l, intercalation-polymerization^^f intercalation- compounding^ AA 80^, •§• «1*$ *R ^^°1H 1997 Vl ^^r Toyota Central R&D Lab.°H*l ^ -f-tl: compounding^^ *3s]ai sac]-, 2-1-1 Scheme for Nanocomposite -Synthesis In Intercalant - Water Solution Thickness, ca.lnm Na-MMT Length, 30~1000nm Drying Solution of Polymer and Drying Direct Polymer Intercalation and Compounding / Organophilic -MMT Polymerization after Swelling in Monomer Distance between clay-sheets depends only on the volume fraction of clay. 2-1-1. 4 - 9 - - # ^ safe- 71 sheet ^^1 -^7 &^s\^y] ^-7l 1993^ S'Stfl «g^^ol #el^E]^l -g-g-^11- 31^ intercalation^ l3L, 1997«d *a-& Toyota -g-g- ^1fe poly(ethylene oxide)! •§• ^-^^•o.S.-Mj battery-g- i^ ^^-, IBM -i-^S: -fi-7l chromophore ^^ kaolinite group ( V2O5, M(M=Mn, Cd)PS3, M0S2 f-^1 71 # 7fl^-ofl i^o] nj.^^] J7 °>^ 71^3 3:71 ^^SH- ^«flA^^. ^.4 a-ifi 3 71^-1- - 10 - , §- 71 71HV, «|^7l^ -g-tb 8iafi^ ^ 30~40wt.% 10wt% oi ^ compounding 4-8-^7] Kfl^-ofl ^^^ ^OJHJE. "fl-9- -n-el^H, molding ^ tooUng ES #4^4 ^^1¥°1 A^slfe- l-el^S-l^l E.%$ ^ PET ^ ^-^8: -S-S §-iL5L51 -§-§- 7>^^©1 7l 2. ^"ifl 71 •§• clay Toyota Central R&D Lab.^Ai *kS.s\z\ ^ifl ^^r -^-S)-^^^^ °H - 11 - 3. ^q 71 Q4 clay-! °1-§-?!: M-t^-^-^s] 3-f «J£ Toyota Central R&D Lab.°l clay £•# 20H1 oltf3 tt id^-fl- 7Wi sa^-^ 1987\! 100A 2-1-2^ Toyota ^^^H-ofl ^*H 7fl^^l clay/Nylon ^l timing belt covert $]& A>^|O!JL g. 2-1-l^r clay/Nylon . ^.*] 4.2wt% 7V ^ 100% q- (S 2-1-1S1 NCH-5). n.% 2-1-3-B- Dl^- S^I^^ Gianellis clay/poly( £-caprolactone) q-ii^-^-^l-t 7fl^*H ^ .5. ^ 5 vol.%^ clay ^7}-ofl $]t\a] 400% JL4# ^^cf. O1TT clay nltn^s] ^17} aspect ratio 200-300 sheets >^t!r ^^^ °l-8-€ ^ SI71 1993^ ia-itfl ^^-^°1 #sl^ 1997\i °i£ Toyota Toyota < ^ clay ^?}^. - 12 - 2-1-2. NCH timing belt cover S. 2-1-1. clay/Nylon M-ii^-^-^(NCH-5)2] 7] 313 #^ Specimen Charpy Impact Tensile Strength Tensile Modulus Montmorillonite Strength (MPa) (GPa) (wt%) (KJ/m2) NCH-5 107 2.1 2.8 (4.2) NCC-5 61 1.0 2.2 (5.0) Nylon 6 69 1.1 2.3 (0) O PU 10 -5 o CU 5 OB - - -•_> 06 - - 'meabi i 0) 0.4 - - D-. - 02 Relat h on 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.0S0.06 Volume Fraction Silicate 2-1-3. clay/Poly( £-Caprolactone) - 13 - 5] ofl mechanism^ 5U*l- Toyota 2-1-4. Toyota ji ^o.^, o] S] ollE ^^ < ^5. Okada ^W Kamigaito ^41- Toyota Central R&D Lab.^] clay 4^4^"^ ^^^ 57fl (The Univ. of Akron, Case Western - 14 - Reserve Univ., The Ohio State Univ., The Univ. of Toledo, The Univ. of Cincinnati)^ 30*3^1 jffi^l-S. 6\^6\^. EPIC q-ii-^-^fl ^£^-§-(1999^ ^), 80>dtfl-^Ei o]3f>6\# u]^- -^ ^ -g-^- ^mo\)A] Michigan ^ Pinavaia SL^-ty a'ficfls] Giannelis ji^-i- ^0.3. *]-b mechanism fl-^1 ^^^^ jaSftjl, °H1 ^°d^^ ^ clay , IR, NMR, TEM E. van Oort ^ ifl«l-Sl Skipper °l*m- #7] ^*f^ EPIC M-i^^^^l ?iiAl-B-^ ^Iwi"?! Mattice Case Western Reserve ^2] Mann Lando H^r -§-^r Interface Force Microscopy -g-^Mtl-l: °l-§-«H clay °\\ 4€- M-ic^-^^s] Dynamics-!- 3TT «fl^. clay «-tV q-^^-f-^o] 7l7fl^ &$ o^^ -.o] EPIC Ishida, White, Leonov, Sancaktar fl H t^\s, Hudson, Qutubuddin, Brittain clay ^j-^. 1-3] 4-^^4 !-5H^El ^la ^ #A^^, Simha, Kollen, Nazarenko S^r f-S- ^#£^^11 £ S!S ^^-^3. -8-S.S. clay 7fliJ-:£ %1-al S^JL Sifecfl, ^e Timcf ^.Ef<4cfl?l-^ DeteUier i, isflo] ^•ofl'M-b poly(ethylene oxide)# ^9* Battery-§- *H3^t|) Jl^]^«ll^ 7fl#6l| ^*># Stucky JH^r, ^^4^ Anderson nfltj-o] Ogawa H^ ^^r -B-7] chromophore 2*} «1-S3 ^^ it^S.fil -§-§-7m ^ -R-71 LEDCLight Emitting Diode) ixr/flti 1HV ^l^f10]^-. ^-^ Toyota CRDL^ Inagaki Kuroda in.^r!-^ hexadecyltrimethyl- ammonium 15 - chloride^. kanemite-f- calcination^^ 40A porei: ^ nanoporous S. 2-1-2. -¥-7l«y*r $1*1 4-8- *£*r Toyota Nakakute, Original technology developer; no Central Nylon 6 Aichi, Japan current uses of nanocomposites R&D Lab Nylon 6 First Toyota licensee and developer Ube Ube City, Japan Nylon 66 of Nylon 6 compounds for use in Industries Nylon 12 timing belt cover Nanocor was created by Amcol Focus on, but Arlington Internationa] to develop not limited to, Nanocor Heights, nanocomposite technology using its Nylon, IL own patents and nonexclusive polyester, PP Toyota license Participant with Magna Dow International in study of Midland, MI Not specified Chemical nanocomposites use in vehicle manufacture ICI Middlesborough, Commercializing clear barrier film Polyester Polyester England using nanocomposite coating Evaluating nanocomposites for Ford Motor Dearborn, MI Polypropylene interior and exterior automotive applications Allied Morristown, NJ Nylon 6 Holds patents on nanocomposites Signal Nylon 6, 66, Company has developed technology Solutia Inc. St. Luis, MO and and is eyeing automotive copolymers applications Holds patent that is apparently DuPont Wilmington, DE Fluoropolymers aimed at using nanocomposites as coatings Industrial Conducting Searching for compounds with Technology polymers, Taipei, Taiwan improved antistatic, gas barrier, Research polystyrene, and mechanical proterties Institute and polyester - 16 - 1. U.S. patent 4889885 2. M. Kawasumi, N. Hasegawa, M. Kato, A. Usuki, and A. Okada, Macromolecules, Vol. 30, 6333-6338 (1997) 3. T. J. Pinavaia Science, Vol. 220, No. 4595, 365-371 (1983) 4. P. B. Massersmith and E. P. Gianellis, Chem. Mater., Vol. 5, 1064-1066 (1993). 5. P. B. Massersmith and E. P. Gianellis, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 33, 1047-1057 (1995) 6. P. B. Massersmith and E. P. Gianellis, Chem. Mater., 6, 1719-1725 (1994) 7. T. Lan, P. D. Kaviratana, and T. J. Pinavaia, Chem. Mater., Vol. 7, 2144-2150 (1995) 8. M. S. Wang and T. J. Pinavaia, Chem. Mater., Vol. 6, 468-474, (1994) 9. T. Lan, P. D. Kaviratana, and T. J. Pinavaia, J. Phys. Chem. Solids,, Vol. 57, 1005-1010 (1996) 10. H. Shi, T. Lan, and T. J. Pinavaia, Chem. Mater, Vol. 8, 1584-1587 (1996) 11 A. Blumstein, J. Polym. Sci.: Part A, Vol. 3, 2653-2664 (1965). 12. C. W. Francis, Soil Science, Vol 115, No. 1, 40-54 (1973) 13. C. Kato, K. Kuroda, and H. Takahara, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol 29, No. 4, 294-298 (1981) 14. R. Blumstein, A. Blumstein, and K. K. Parikh, Applied Polymer Symposium No. 25, 81-88 (1974) 15. Y. Sugahara, S. Satokawa, K. Kuroda, and C. Kato, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol 36, No. 4, 343-348 (1988) 16. Y. Sugahara, S. Satokawa, K. Kuroda, and C. Kato, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol 38, No. 2, 137-143 (1990) 17. E. Hackett, E. Manias, and E. P. Gianellis, J. of Chem. Phys, Vol. 108, No. 17, 7410-7415 (1998) 18. R. A. Vaia, K. D. Jandt, E. J. Kramer, and E. P. Giannelis, Macromolecules, Vol. 28, 8080-8085 (1995) - 17 - 19. N. Hasegawa, M. Kawasumi, M. Kato, A. Usuki, and A. Okada, J. of Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 67, 87-92 (1998) 20. M. Kato, A. Usuki, and A. Okada, J. of Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 66, 1781-1785 (1997) 21. Y. Lyatskaya and A. C. Balazs, Macromolecules, Vol. 31, 6676-6680 (1998) 22. S. Karaboni, B. Smith, W. Heidug, J. Urai, and E. van Oort, Science, Vol. 271, 1102-1104 (1996) 23. E. S. Boek, P. V. Convey, and N. T. Skipper, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 117, 12608-12617 (1995) 24. N. T. Skipper, K. Refson, and J. D. C. McConnell, J. Chem. Phys, Vol. 94, No. 11, 7434-7445 (1991) 26. M. Ogawa, Japanese R&D Trend Analysis Advanced Materials-Phase VIII KRI Report No. 4 , p. 109, 1997 27. S. Inagaki et al., J. Chem. Soc. Commun, p. 980, 1993 28. M. P. Allen and D. J. Tildesley, "Computer Simulation of Liquids", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. 29. Modern Plastics, Feb. pp. 28-29, 1998 30. Science, 265, pp. 370-373, 1994 - 18 - v)H 7-l-^-i-^, #3., montmorillonite, bentonite, hectorite, saponite ^ %£.%& ^ -g^r^M ££ -r- lnm°lH lOOnm 37l$] ^-^-TflS-Ai, ^-^ 100 (host-guest chemistry)-!- <>]•%•& °1 ej-el (exfoliated) M-t^-^^^^fe- ^ 10A «r, ya*tad-/3o\ r, TiBl ^ ^S^^-i- ^Ki^l-^ 3. 2-2-14 - 19 - d = [(4^/2 / 3V)1/3 - 2] x layered clay monomer Conventional Intercalated composite Nanocomposite Exfoliated Nanocomposite 2-2-1. H}. 2-2-1. 2% 71 el °d*m 7ie^(nm 400 1,600 1 4 16 100 3. 2-2- ^ a711 - 20 - , In-situ^, l-^ A?\ s.^ #^-3 M-^4^1) disulfuric molybdenum^- -7lMMT(organo-montmorillonite)-M-^ - 5^41^ ^Hl«l •a^-^ sol-gel process^] in-situ filler in-situ ^^-^^1 5U4. In-situ bis-acetylacetonatopalladium(II) ^^1^1 J)L 14O1C°1H 7> J(flushing)^ AS ^lS^V . 71 Til a} 71 Tfl a} - 21 - 4 4BM 6|l Ml crackle] $o-}z}^ oi 2. H BPA741 o|i^-Al^xHi 7|^^^1 MMT(montmoriUonite)# h Na+-MMT1 Na+-MMT1- f-°fl -°l| Dicyanodiamine £^ DCMU[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -1,1-dimethyl-urea] ^ BPAt- -?-7l-« - 22 - ^ TGA 12 250t 3. Edison Polymer Innovation A]- 7} 60-80% ^ PP, PS ^ . NISTS] ^^H]^(siliconeH PP Zeon H), ^.q. -^-4=^17] - 23 - NBR 1990H1 'MF 70nm SI-711 2-2-2). ^3? (CTBN) %^> * • • —* —7 * 0m**Ai 4=x —• c • • • • • 881(280 ?ti(2fe'SI) as> 2^^i 3 5} HI a)3ISBN (b)Ub 2-2-2. NBR Epoxy-7l-5TNBR i, epoxy - 24 - 7}. -fM M-^^-MMT ^(smectite) Tflt^ ^# XI4. ^^ ^EflolH ^"^^^ MMTfe Na^M- Ca2^ ^1 'intercalated' ^£ £^ -8-713S4H ^S-w 0]^.^ #ifl ^o] ^ z]- 2-2-34 - 25 - : L 2-2-3. u Vl o ?H <£-§- 33 S14. °17)>H ^- -^*}c}^ 510)4. oi^ •§• ^l-fr£.(translational degree of freedom)^ JL^-xf A>^ (conformational) , P Gi MMT£l PSl- -8- o]#2] GianneUs7]- X- 2-2-4 - 26 - 2-2-4. E.Sj^ iflofl 1-AVsJol o^^ MMT7f 7]-^- ftol <£^-£)JL 0J4. 1994^ n]^- + Giannelis BPATll ^^1^41- [H3N(CH2)n-iCOOH] , 2+ + , [H3N(CH2)n-iCH3] (n=6, 12) -§-°-5- ^ 2:71 ^-e]-^3j-(delamination-polymerization) 27 - + Giannelisi^ BPA31 ofl^l^Mt- (HOCH2CH2)2R'R"N (R'=octadecyl, R"=methyl)5. *\Qtfr MTS(mica-type silicate), # OMTSCorgano MTS)4 ^•^•^ ^ NMA(nadic methyl anhydride), ^^^ ofl^°]-^l, BTFA(boron trifluoromonoethylamine) -§-A 2-2-5^ £ ^-^€ 100A «>1^6. DSC 4 ^-M- 'broadening' cf T. J. Pinnavaiafe MMT H2NCH(CH3)CH2- + [OCH2CH(CH3)]x-NH2, MMT^l H3 (x=7, 11, . 75~125°CS. XRD ^ TEM ^^ =M4 fe MMT ^^^(intercalated) 2-2-6*114 ^ x=7, 11, 17°^ 1.3, 3.0, 3.55. . MMT5] 2-2-7^- MMT - 28 - tt|-e]- MMT 2-2-84 2-2-5. OMTS(4%)/EPON-828/NMASl TEM - 29 - 1 Carbon ttumtm of GaHcry Alfcytamraoraum Catiom • • • 2-2-6. A vs C1«> g (wt*i 1 <0 1 « »» 2-2-7. MMT2] - 30 - strain 2-2-8. L. A. Berglundfe BPA XRD -a>n -H.71] BergluncRr r MMT 42%«?] MM-Hr 71 si gl - 31 - . ^:^*}i MMT Mullen, Seghi, Lee H^r €-^Sr Advanced Composites ^•0 delamination - 32 - 1. M. Ogawa, K. Kuroda., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 70. 2593 (1997) 2. R. A. Vaia, H. Ishii, and E. P. Giannelis., Chem. Mater., 12, 1694 (1993) 3. M. S. Wang, T. J. Pinnavaia., Chem. Mater., 4, 468 (1994) 4. X. Kornmann, L. A. Berglund, and J. Sterte. J. Poly. Eng. and Sci., 8, 1351 (1998) 5. H. Shi, T. Lan, and T. J. Pinnavaia., Chem. Mater., 8, 1584 (1996) 6. D. C. Lee, L. W. Jang., J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 68, 1997 (1998) 7. X. Kornmann, H. Lindberg, and L. A. Berglund., Antec, 1623 (1999) 8. T. Lan, P. D. Kaviratna, and T. J. Pinnavaia., Chem. Mater., 7, 2144 (1995) 9. T. Lan, T. J. Pinnavaia., Chem. Mater., 6, 2216 (1994) 10. P. B. Messersmith, E. P. Giannelis., Chem. Mater., 6, 1719 (1994) 11. R. Degani, CEN, Nov. 23, 18 (1992) 12. R. A. Vaia et al., Chem. Mater., 5, 1694 (1993) 13. A. Okada et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 171, 45 (1990) 14. M. Kawasumi et al., Macromolecules, 30, 6333 (1997) 15. A. Okda and A. Usuki, Mater. Sci. Eng., C3 109 (1995) 16. -frf^ 51 4°i, Polymer(Korea), 22(2), 328 (1998) 17. Modern Plastics International, Oct, 16 (1998) - 33 - 3 ^ Elastomer (^TflS) 1. 711-S. A. 71^5] »j^ \g ^r.fi.ifl-8- (1) -g-4t Elastomer M-ic-^ En|E| ^^ (ji-f- l~100nm -y-rrii^c-iq-. ^--ib-S-Sl S7l7r lOOnm °}-s}9l *}•§•*> ^^51 if?) ^71-S. , -g-g- A^ (ZL^ 2-3-1), 7fl^s] ji SI4. elastomer^ (Thermoplastic Elastomer : TPE)S L-T-°fl-& Polybutadiene, Polyisoprene, Poly(butadiene-co-styrene), Poly (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), Poly (ethylene-co-propylene), Polysulfides, Polyacrylates, poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene), Polyurethane, Fluoroelastomers, Silicon, Plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) ^°1 914. °11- cfl^-^-°l - 34 - 10MT <>1^^. , 1970Vl °H 14 nano Elastomer nano block nano alignment 2-3-1. (2) 7l^3)- 71 ^ Hov^l-Ol Compounding ingredient £ blending 2-3-2*11 - 35 - Control of Chemical Structure • Raw Rubber— !—• Functional Group at Molecular End Functional Reaction Group \ '—•Functional Group inside Rubber Molecules Improvement —•Non-Reaction Type —• Reaction Type Elastomer • • Compoundin g— Ingredient "•Mono-Function -• Multi-Function -•. Performance—ttgh Performance -•High Performance & High Function —•Improvement -•Chemical Modification •Reaction Processing -•Production of Polymeric •Process Substances • Blend • Compatibilization •Immiscible Partical Compatibilization 2-3-2. Elastomer ^4t^^ ^71-t 7MJcr 10~400nm ^s] fl in|^[ 7}3Z elastomer-!- til^-*}^ NBR/montmorillonite irii3}-1-l^-^2.:T-/poly(methacrylic acid)-Zn M-t^-^-^, super olefin polymer(SOP), fejiEj^l M-^^ifilo], ^?\i}o]}i_£\E. SBR, P-S., nanometer ^ -fr—¥-71 ^3:71- 5a 4. (3) - 36 - in-situ In-Situ^, Molecular composite 71 #^ ^ 371S] a] ^ In-Situ 371S. >fl2: "J^ - 37 - 3.7} s] elastomer-i- 10~400nm elastomerl- ^1^^ ^ SJ^nV, NBRo] (1) -8-8-$3 i, ^(seal) elastomer -g-g-*H#£1 ^i^ tflA]7> 71 ¥ -8-g-ol 7^«l-ulf Jl^^Ai A}-g- 7r^- biomimetic assembly Jft& (2) i^fl^ -8-51 a. ^ vulcanization, reinforcing filler ^4 7^*M ^r0!^* ul^:t!: 4°^^ -8-S. o|-g-£|ji o^cf. ^*j iE] ^1-^-El-Cl ofl al-¥-7f E}O] ^ ^^fl3. % - 38 - .eiHl- f-*fl 7)^s\ carbon black-i- ^ ^21^1- "g*l- foj:^ AJJ^-O] fashion tire -g-g- b. ^Scratch, -8- 2-3-H c. (TDI, ^ ^-°fe CFC , recycUng -5] -g-g-71-^ - 39 - SL 2-3-1. -gel TTTr •8-8- silane 4^ -fM«-3.-Sft fluid oil, ^r^^ fluid, rubber, resin^ base polymer, coupling agent rubber compound, Aj ^ ^1 §• resin curable resin, AJ^*11TI- d. alloy #/ §o] super olefin polymer(SOP), HNBR/poly(methacrylic acid)-Zn 4. (1) Elastomer elastomer nj-e} S 2-3-2°l| elastomer Stl o.^, -¥-71 Til £.S ?!«« - 40 - £ 2-3-2. Elastomer Elastomer •¥•71 Elastomer (—•*• ^ ^y s}- -§•) ol^-A-1 «t*3 < 300 t » loo t: > 200 TC Tg < ^-& - ? His. 0.9-1.2 2,0-4.0 0.9-4.0 1.3-1.7 1.4-2.7 1.0-2.7 7] mXs. (2) elastomer -(EPR) PP7r . SOP^r PP^PDM alloy^l , *fl«-8-3 NBR/montmorilloniteTfl NBR^I oligomerl- montmolrilloniteSl NBR montmorillonitel- nanometer 3.715. - 41 - S. 2-3-3. 71 ¥^- 4E}Mlfe °d^^- < 4)2wa*h *^^£ a^I -a-s-a-8-ei ?f^-i-^, ^i-a-fr, ^-^^^ (-&, *, M ^ §•) SnO2, ZnO -§• 4* 5flef°lS^-, ^V^^, Sm-Co, ^-•f-nlu)-, A1N, BN 5>^s.5.t4°is, -a-sj-^zitii^ §^nm ^t> ^-#, ^l^e}°l^, ^^^^-y^f ^-i-Hi-oiE, 4|B].g.eHE.i %^#sflol acid)-Zn Lf^4^^^ methacrylic acid ^$; poly (methacrylic acid)-Zn-|- HNBR matrix ^ - 42 - 2. y\. 1930V!tfl - 3.^7} •S^^aL-?-^ WAS. id?V 25,000 SBR ^ # ^ >l M 11 * -¥-EM SBR, BR, *l"i«l-JL ^r# yl^°l fe^- ?!°M, EPR/EPDMS 1997>d cflu] q 3.5% 1995>d ^-vfl SBR ^^ ^ 27%, 47.5%7f ^^#s^fe ^ ^t-°l *H«Vfe w]^°i «L^ Htf. ^ei -8-^^^-o.S. *H^£]fe SBR grade7l- ^ HIPS-BR, NBR, EPDM IIR, CR, IR, &di5L^ 2-3-4. - 43 - 180 SBR ^•:M-8-*l-*J- 60 ±%] 240 167 BR 40 207 55 LGS}-^ 40 SBR-Latex 34 40 169 EPR 50 HSR 10 20 NBR 16 36 VP-Latex 4 71 si a^ 5^0.14 V£ 3000^^51 (id . (S. 2-3-5) 2-3-5. rfl«l 7l- - 44 - 71^-S-i 100 0 100 10 *13^- 7fl^ • £^ -2:^71^ 100 40 ^^ -§~§-7l£ 100 60 Shin-Etsu, Witco ,S 5L Slfe -51 -. SOP elastomer 71 L, 7JA - 45 - «y-¥- 71 ±.£\ iffl SEM AV^I^- afl^- 71^ 715:71 r 71 2.7] 7} o] ill Tj-f - 46 - X10,000 t HIT, HD13 2-3-4. SEM : (a)10,000 (b)50,000 7lcfl«>7l 71 ?1 Jf 5~10Vi 711 -g-g- 71 £5] -S^fe <+ 71 tfl Si ^, , 71 El- - 47 - 3. 2-3-6. <3^7]# *l|i7l # 7l¥ •fHM e^i^ll molecular composite -¥-^cl ^ « 7>^ 4lHin *^1 i^fl ^12: 5J 7}-^ SBR-Latex -•¥•71 ^?l7i| ^el^^H^, ^>y, i^7l^ 3*1-8-, molecular composite, 71 ^^ #.*} 7)^71 £ EPDM- ^-^^ EVA-aerosil blending Polyurethane 71^^ polyethylene polystyrene blending nylon PET Teflon 3. molecular - 48 - "S^, elastomer :, self-assembly, . HNBR/poly(methacrylic acid)-Zn SPO, -714 (1) ^ 10% J?-71711 711^01 ^^ -a-8-3-5) 3. ^^^, -¥-7i ig-oj-o.3. Goodyear - 49 - end-functionalization^l . 7)t\- functionalized initiator^] polymer ^ q-%-7] silicon coupling^ -§- nylon/clay ^ 7]-^ ± 4 7fl 513-. ^^ 2-3-5°fl^- ^ polymer nanocomposite polystyrene nanocomposite 2-3-5. PP polymer alloy^ 7fl^-S. hysteresis7l- . fi. 2-3- - 50 (2) NBR/montmorillonite NBR intercalation^- clay^ fe- 5A.2.S. NBR-i- 2-3-64 £°1 NBR clay7]- clayl- 3.9vol% MBE/-8-* Clay-NHjf NBR 2-3-6. NBR/montmorillonite - 51 - s. 2-3-7. •8-E- alkoxysilane modified rubber, u}^ Goodyear Tire-g- carbonblack ^/ILfe- silica 4tr*fl Self-Assembled 6nm Gold Islands on Diblock uj^ Copolymers (PS-PMMA or PS-PVP diblocks) U. u}^ Ppy/Poly(Styrene-b-(ethylene-alt-propylene)) Connecticut PS>fl ^^71^-1-^ (TiOa, ZrCh) Asahi initiator^ multiple charge-1- -f-t!: Tire-§- Chem. PS &*}% -S-i i^ ^^ Nippon iE] ^1-c] <&^°\ end-functionalization°fl Tire-g- Zeon living polymer^] end-functionalization0!] cfl Q JSR Tire-g- ^n1, silicon coupling^, M-ic^-thS}- Tire, Shin-Etsu SBR-§- coupling^ coating, Silicones 5LJL-8- Michelin et jl^ ^" alkoxysilane modified rubber, Tire, Cie. carbonblack D^/Er silica -^^M Degussa q-t^-S-l-^-e-S. ^-^^€ SBR Tire-g- o|Efle] Univ Nanocomposites based on an organophilic clay Bologna and poly(styrene-b-butadiene)copolymers Industrial Conducting polymers, polystyrene, and polyester, Technology Taiwan Searching for compounds with improved Research antistatic, gas barrier, and mechanical proterties Institute (3) T^^MMei ji-f (HNBRVpoly(methacrylic acid)-Zn HNBR/poly(methacrylic acid)-Zn t-fic-^-^fl-c- Methacrylic acid^f <£•§- -^-^rt!: :&^'^— £- poly (methacrylic acid)-Zrvi; ^ll^i1?!:^- HNBR matrix nanometer 3.7}S. •§ Zeoforte2}: - 52 - HNBRSL4 1.5*11 Roll-8-,2. 44 ^ Zeoforte-tr elastomers! a 2-3-8. Roll-8- NBR CSM HNBR Zeoforte OlliEfl^ °NliL B A D D C A B A E E D B —i o E i J E E D C B A MM 5.^ A A D D B A D E A C A A E D C A A D A , B , C , D E : (4) -^, 4*2]$ Dow Corning, GE, Toshiba Silicone, Shin-Etsu Silicone, Wacker, Bayer, Huels #^£1 Rhone Poulenc % 47fl^- 87fl fl ©I SI4. fe- 1993V1 Toshiba - 53 - Dow Corning, Rhone-Poulenc 100% . a 2-3-9^1 2-3-9. cd -ff 3 Dow Coining Dow Corning Toray Dow Corning Silicone General Electric General Electric Dow Coming Asia Shin-Etsu Silicones Shin-Etsu Silicones Shin-Etsu Chemical of America of Europe Wacker Silicones Wacker Chemie Wacker Chemical East Asia Rhone-Poulenc Rhone-Poulenc Chemie Rhone-Poulenc Silicone Miles Bayer Bayer ° Huels America Huels Witco Witco Degussa Japan PCR Degussa Chisso GNP 15~20%s] -ol 5% ^5.^ ^-31-siai, ^^^ ^-r-^f fluids GNP 2Hfl ^^^ 15% ^-i- -H-^l^t 5JAS. iL°Jcf. e}-, n ^^-^.t^ 96H1^1 tflsf 15% ^^1 ^^.Ji, 12~13%7f € ^J^-5. 54 - up-stream Sf, 40%, 7\ 20%, 20%, 7]El- ^«a^-<:»>7f 20%^ market sharel- Ji^, Dow Corning^l 35.1%?1 ^ 19^$S. Sl^-^, General Electric^ 14.9% (8^2^^:$), Shin-Etsu 13.4% 25%, 20%, 10%, 10%, 10% SL 2-3-lO^f ^A 2-3-10. vfl* a^ -8-s. Y. Abe Science Univ of Tokyo organic-inorganic hybrid process Chinese Academy of Q. Zongneng melt intercalation process Sciences silica-siloxane nanocomposite of T.A. Ulibarri Sandia National Lab high strength Institute for New Materials new low friction coatings structure evaluation of PDMS C.W. Frank Stanford Univ nanocomposite by fluorescence (5) Bayer, BASF, ICI %•<>] J£-f}-*U . Non-CFC nanometer 3.7] 5] S. 2-3-114 - 55 - 2-3-11. 01-&- a-c- -§-£ J. Gilberts TNO hard transparent coating J.M. Barrales-Rienda ICTP materials in coating and optical devices C. Damian Lyon, INSA membranes S. Yamasaki hard coating of plastics better heat resistance and M. Furukawa Nagasaki Univ mechanical properties transparent scratch resistant coating, T. Saegusa KRI spacer for LCD SJ consortium-i- I O.14 71 . S. 2-3-1241 fe (1) PIA- NIST ATP (advanced technology program) •S- t5Ha.B}H^ i4S. windows, -f-^ -B-2] 71 ^floil ^71^ w]-^^- ££s}^ £^7} ^^lsli o|c]-. £?v Edison Polymer Innovation Corporation (EPIC)-§- ^•/$°S- consortium^: ^^*f°i 1999\l^Ei 3^1} 3 millionSt- 4. NIST ^^Ai 10711 consortium^^fe- , , ^•^S. -8-8-7fl^«1-^iHl ^^^-i- ^-Ji 5!14. £# NSF^ 307H Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, MRSEO-S- 'M^^l-jl, nl 4^^# ^"fe 7}^-^ i^°fl ^tb ^T1-!- ^1^ ^°1^. a^ "New Methods and Tools for Nano technology" B}^ - 56 - 2-3-13, 2-3-14^1 2-3-12. EPIC^f* ^^ 1999\! - 2001, consortium-i- ^Aj 3million$ -f-"?] NIST ^ windows (ATP) ^^ ^£^1 7fl^- NIST ^#.2.3. Vi^^l, ^^711^^, 107fl Ol^-o) flAfl-ol ^-O^ 1998^^- (consortium) vfl^SL^ a^^fl.^1 NSF grant "New Methods and Tools for Nanotechnology" 1995^- - 57 - S. 2-3-13. 3^7]$ alkoxysilane modified rubber Goodyear carbonblack ^/£TT silica ^4 (Tire -§-) General Electric Clay complexes Montmorillorvite Clays, Clay Surface Modifications, Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites, Nanocor Epoxy/Clay Concentrates, Polymer Grade Clays, ^ *1] Montmorillonitel- M-i'a^ ^4 -8-£S ^4r, Dow Chemical polymer nanocomposite, polysiloxane nanocomposite DuPont Fluoropolymers Self-assembly of epitaxial nanostructures, Engineering. IBM Synthesis, manufacturing, consolidation, and processing NANOMAT, Inc. of a wide variety of nanocrystalline materials, nanomaterials, and nanotechnologies Argonite, Giant, NPI 71 ^^ ^^S. ^-^^fl ^1^ ^-°H1 ^^ - 58 - S. 2-3-14. *M1 ifl-g- Univ. of Army Ppy/Poly(Styrene-b- Connecticut Research Office (ethylene-alt-propylene)) Self-Assembled 6nm Gold Islands on Diblock Univ. of Copolymers (PS-PMMA/ PS-PVP), NSF Chicago Strong optical nonlinearity via conjugated polymer films. metal and ceramic processing, coatings, Cranfield surface analysis, high temperature materials, Univ. molecular electronics, nanotechnology, polymer processing and composites. Univ. of nano Manipulator developing an improved STM and AFM North Carolina (nM) project NSF Zyvex, Monsanto Synthesis and properties of Washington ONR DURIP carbon and boron nitride nanotubes and Univ. Sun Microsystems nanofibers, fullerenes Du Pont Device and Circuit Simulations - numerical simulation of solid state electron and Wayne optoelectronic devices, materials grows, VLSI State Univ. fabrication technologies. Electron and phonon kinetics in quantum nanostructures. Lawrence Ordered polymer-silica nanocomposites Berkeley Materials Science Division National Lab. PS/TiO2, ZrO2 7l*S3 Univ. of Nanostructured Epoxy Thermosets Minnesota Block copolymers/poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO), poly(ethylenepropylene) (PEP) 59 - (2) EURAM o.S. 3 71. l^ hybrid . (£• 2-3-15) 2-3-15. ifl-8- Birmingham nanometer-scale structures, University devices, and processes. polymer nanocomposites -S^TT alkoxysilane modified rubber, Michelin et Cie. carbonblack ^/^^ silica -Srthll Max-Planck Institute van der MI -a ^s. Waals-ZEEman Nanocomposites Based on an Organophilic Clay oiEfle] Univ Bologna and Poly(styrene-b-butadiene) Copolymers Lorand Eotvos nanostructured materials, aluminium alloys University and composites, glasses, ceramics, Hungary Department of polymer systems, lattice defects, General Physics plastic instabilities, and more. (3) i*i Toyota°iM ass fibers, inorganic materials)7f JL^- ^§H layered silicate clayl- <>]•%• «• nylon/clay hybrid* °1 efl nano-hybrid^ 2-3-16 - 60 - 71711, ^1-^x} -§^1 -g-^-i- 7ltfl*VjL 5(14. ^^fl nylon/clay hybrid^M (4) a 2-3-174 711 (cermet = ceramic+metaD-S- 1950^31 <>]$• 2-^: 71*113. ^ MMCCmetal matrix composite) ]^ IMC(intermetallic composite), CMC(ceramic matrix composite) CC(carbon-carbon composite) =L $• -8-8- - 61 S. 2-3-16. 3} A> «1 JL Toyota *}•§•*} EPR7^](30%)/ vfl*^^ PP Super 1991 bumper Copolymer7)l(60%)/ Olefin $3. n] so] A}-o-^ si- PE/Talc(10%) Polymer Polystyrene-Clay melt Toyota Hybrids -blending Epoxy ^1/ In-Situ MF 611 7VH NBR(~10%) 1990 620 PVCMJl In-Situ St^l ion Jn-^^r^l 1964 Neosepta Ion m^^ (IPN ^2:) ^^•^ Molecular Dynaron PP/^r^ SBR Composite 1992 alloy ^^ ^r^ NBR/ «*£• Zeon 1991 Zeoforte acryl-tl- olQ i^^^7l •a-H- Zeon 7)1^3)- PE f/jnl^ Carbon black polymer Univ. of reinforced rubber Tokyo initiator, Asahi Chem. YomagatacJ) plastic-rubber Yomagata composite Ruber Co. - 62 - 2-3-17. manufacturer and exporter of bearings, Cen International clutch facing and discs, flexible copper Trading Co., Ltd. clad laminate, and nanometer material. Conducting polymers, polystyrene, and Industrial Technology polyester, Searching for compounds with Taiwan Research Institute improved antistatic, gas barrier, and mechanical proterties National Chao Tung University in Hsinchu. R&D of semiconductor devices Taiwan National Nano Device and materials. Laboratories (NDL) - 63 - 1. *M^i, 9810 P101. 2. Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference'99 Seoul. 3. F. Tsutsumi, M. Sakakibara, N. Oshima, paper presented at the meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Cincinnati, Ohio (USA), October 18-21, 1988 4. R. H. Norman, Conductive Rubber and Plastics, EPC Ltd., New York 1970, p.223 5. E. P. Giannelis, Adv. Mater., 8, 29 (1996) 6. T. J. Pinnavaia, J. Chem. Mater., 6, 2216 (1994). 7. A. Okada, M. Kawasumi, Polymer Prepr., 28, 447 (1987). 8. V. Hill, M. Stockdale, P. Tandon, B. Nigen, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference ADDITIVES'99 , 1. 9. M. C. Dejesus, R. A. Weiss, S. F. Hahn, Macromolecules, 31, 2230 (1998). 10. M. Laus, O. Francescangeli, F. Sandrolini, Journal of Materials Research, 12, 3134 (1997). 11. Z. M. Gao, Z. D. Zhao , Y. C. Ou, Z. N. Qi, F. S. Wang, Polymer International, 40, 187 (1996) 12. N. Hasegawa, A. Usuki, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference ADDITIVES'99, 19990322. - 64 - 71 ^^ it^l^ol ^^VSlJL SIfe- ^^o]nf. j!7l^ -fr 71-^-71 v+i:^^-^ S] 7fl 74 nflEsli effect)^- °^A 7K 6-8% ^^ i^ ^ }&}sai i}^ 1 ^l l ^°fl^ ^ 40% -, PC/PBT L7\ tfl-?-^ instrument panel, console, glove box ^ ^1"^ trim^- 1-31-i-efl^ ^4^rS°11 tfl^- ^T1^ 4^^ 13:^*1 - 65 - , A^\%, in-mold lamination %• SOP(super olefin polymer), primer DPT(directly paintable TPO), *flf-S] s]^ ^ ifl # ?Vfi-^-«l-^ ^*§«r^r MIC(mold-in colored), TPO(thermoplastic polyolefin) •§• SOPfe 1991 id<^ o)^^-^*]- ^. Pp *}£} bumper fascia^ instrument panel°)1 ^e] AJ-^-S^JI ^[cf. ^ 1^^ E^-'y 0.5% 6|^O|B]I o] H]^^Sll7> °i^^-& SOPS] S^^ ^J-.^w.o] EPRol 4-§-s]JL 5lfe EMT, PUTJl RIM, R-RIM, Xenoy -Wjl 51 ^r Noryl GTX^l -i-^-i: SOP^ ^ty %v\] S. 2-4-l°fl . SOPt EMT«^] Hi «fl 3IE, 7f^^, 7^ ^-o] ^^4^ cf=. ig 3-JL ^^ - 66 - & 2-4-1. SOP RIM R-RIM EMT Xenoy Noryl g/cm"5 0.97 1.05 1.13 0.97 1.22 1.07 -a* % 500 180 100 500 - 80 MFR g/lOmin 18 - - 9 lmax lmax MPa 1,500 200 500 1,000 1,700 1,980 R-scale 65 20max 20max 35 lOOmin lOOmin t -40 -45 -30 -40 -40max J/m 70 NB NB 70 170 40 (-30TC) xlO"5/1C 6.5 18 5 6.5 7-9 9-10 mm Heat sag 5 20 7.5 9 7.7 0.8 (120*0 ^ ZL 1980^^ S)3L $\o] - 67 - 2. 7\. 3-8- ^3-8 EPR(ethylene propylene rubber)^- 1^.5. cfl^1^-^. ^£7} cfl^a^ofl °1#35E.7> - 68 - 3. 7\. t5]=i|^(elastomer modified polypropylene, 60%, J!-¥- 30%, ^3 10%5i i^-f- ^ fe PPl" nflS-^iiS., EMPP , n ^4 EMPP^I JLJJL#.S.3. S^^" *r $14. "^ #*fl5. al-?-^Hl hard segment IPN(interpenetrating polymer network) XI4. SOP i^7> 91 ^ PP/EPR/PE -b 4-E-^^a- 4#4 ^4. • PE *§&& oii^^ EPR4 f]:W-S"i- ^A3*H EPR ^E. - 69 - PP1" PP *!- SOP • EPR^ JL^q PPSf^ ^-g-^o] 3X^ propylene-rich 451- . 1976^ °fl Eastman Kodak^-H PET 4 HBA1- «S.S.*l-fe- X7G Zydar(1984) 84 \! °11 Celanese Hoechst^l Vectra, 85^^! Dl^«l A14^1 Novaccurate, 86 Hi ^ Idemitsu^l IdemitsuLCP, 87Hd Toso^ TosoLCP, ICI^l Victrex, Gramont • • • 7000 • ^3 4-8"^ ^ ^d47l7l - 70 - J2- 31JL oii-^ Afl^.^- ^ 7fl£ ^4] 3. iL£ nflid 20-30%3£3 -i- ^ 31-S-.S. -SL^WST Group 97^^ £ 30000-50000 200,000-250,000 ] 96^ °H £*> 50000^- Tf-H-Sl dimethyl-naphthalene- dicarboxylate (NDC) i Hoechst-Celanese5f Polyplasticsfe o^^r Fuji City^l ^^V 2800-g- l£-*l-l- ttW ^«-°14. ^e DuPont^i $2000^-1- NDC1 p-hydroxy benzoic acidl- , -a-ft-, 7flt Hoeachst-Celanese^]-5}- Amoco Hoechst-Celanese, Amoco Polymers, DuPont •%-°}t\. Polyplastics^ ^ti: 2800-g- - 71 - Toray^i «£# 1000 PET o) (1) -^ A] °}5L nflid 20-30%^ (2) Af-g-O] 7}±5- }- ^-i-^r Hoechst-Celanes4uJ:0] Hoechst-Celanese^ Superex - _ no — PET PET ^f-Ji4 100 #^8r PET (3) 5112. 0 Kevlar AJ^-7^ $io-100/lb lJi Vectran ^-frfil ^-f $30-300/lb l Kevalr ^-frsl ^^.^ 50,000 ^/\l^S-5. - 73 - 1. D. Acierno and A. Colloyer, " Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers", Chapman and Hall, 1996 2. F.P LaMantia, "Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymer Blends'Technomic, 1993 3. G. Kiss, Polymer Engineering and Science, 27(6),410-423,1987 74 - 5 ^ Sol-Gel-i- 1. 7fl iL 7\. Sol-gel Sol-gel process^ 5-7}*} °}^ -fM^ $ ^ q&g aj-^-g- a.71-1- nm Sol-gel process^ -fi-21 5J i, 1930^^011 monolitic inorganic gel<>l 3--&£\ ^<&o] 71 ¥ Sol-gel process^ -g-«I| l-fl ofl^ 7> Sol-gel process^] #3£ ^7^1 W^ ^^ ^fe 3-f, . O) i 2-5-l°fl^ sol-gel process-^ %% *£ - 75 - S. 2-5-1. Sol-gel proccess^ 1) -8-71-^71 *tf*HS.S| V$o) 7\^ 2) -fM, qjS\&7\ £tf ^4 ^ 7}^ 3) ^^Sf 5J ^•^•2l8iol -afl- i^^ glass 42, 7}±r 1 4) ji-& -g-sUSH ^Ifl- Aj|e}-nj ^fls. ^i^. 7}^ 2 c^sfl, glass, -MlefoLl, nanocomposite, -B-^-^l ^Q4 3 'U^M, od^rLV 2:^ ^^°1 &^r ^1^^ ^BS. ^|2: 7^ -§-°JHH #^, 4# ^*§# n%- 4 ^#, 4 sol-gel proccess^. ^13 2-5-H Sol-gel process?^ Sol-gel nano proccess- Ml.M.^.3.7]- colloidal suspension (soD^f gellation ^ 53^.5. Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), Tetraethoxysilane(TEOS) aluminates, titanates, borates -^£ ^-«1 4-8-€4. ^# ^•^•-*>>°lHl ^r^l-^-g-^r H^ 2-5-24 ^-4. Sol-gel process^^ q^.fi-S. Af^-s]fe OMOSIL 7} 7^1^ . OMOSIL - 76 - USE as I Silsesquioxane \j\x il.sijXIl |Multiphasic 2-5-1. Sol-gel nano process-^ Qg. Hydrolysis = M-OH + ROH Esterification Alcohol Condensation w M-OH + RO- M = 4 ..""'• " • = M-O-M = + ROH Alcoholysis Water Condensation =M-OH + HO-M =M-O-M Hydrolysis 2-5-2. - 77 - sol-gel process^ ^- -8-8-€ JL SI4. ^^lofl #oj*|-fe- Jl^-xj-ir ^r^-^-g-i ^-^^ ^r Sl*r alkoxy hydroxy terminated ^r^l, silylalkoxy ^r^l •§• ^^ sol-gel process0!] 2-5-3), H* + Si(OR)4 2-5-3. ui^-^1- sol-gel «V-g- >4. Sol-gel process^ (1) S^^-y Sol-gel ^^ cfl^- cf. nm . Sol-gel processl- 71 Si4. - 78 - (2) # ?Mlc OMOSIL-i- 71 Til 2-5-45)- OR "Si—OR OR 2-5-4. #7lfi] Sol-gel process^ elastomer^ cf. OMOSIL3 71 £ ^^13 (3) ^^7]^ Sol-gel 71 ^# SOl-gel >BSfe 7| *)n sol-gel sol-gel Si4. 3. ^l^tVcf. ^1^-^^ OMOSIL 4*fl# (RO)iMR'm ^^ (RO)iM(R'J-R"-M(RO)i(R'n)A R' S-& R"-§- 7l^7lS. 4^1^ Jf Sol-gel - 79 - (RO)nSiR'M-n) Hi^r (RO)mSi(R'(3-m))-R"- Si(ROUR'<3-m)HM R'°l 7l^7l-y 3-f cf-g-4 ^ sol-gel 2-5-5 sol-gel process7l- 9X°-^, °1^ i^ 7]^s] %HV4 c-j-i-^ ^7l^S.^ofl 4 sol-gel process-fe -fr-¥-7l fe sol ^ gel ^Efll- sol-gel chemistryl- 7j-E.7fl5L, 2-5-2 Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid i Hybrid i^fl Hybrid ±A 14ii Hybrid i^fl Hybrid i^fl - 80 - Hybrid 1 hydrolysis R'O- -Si OR1 HO Si OH + 3R'0H OH" or H+ OR' EGM. MeOH. I PA . . OH Par t i a I Condensati on 1 I 0 0 I I -0—Si 0 -Si 0—Si R 0 (oeI at ion) Glass R\R Si 0—Si- -0—Si 0—H 0 -M- - 2-5-5. >gel€- Sol-gel process^ -7) 7] sol-gel nano process-c- 1) nanometer ^°1H ^ud^ 2) nanometer ^l^f 3.7)$] characterization°1 3) nanometer ^^ energy £^ 3XA - 81 - o.S. sol-gel processl- -f-^H £ 2-5-3«fl —¥-71 cf^ ^^-i: A^«|-^ ^-^m^fe -fi-^71 ~§- °)-%-*\^ sol-gel 71] #°^ ^r SU^. M.S$°- sol-gel 71-^g-A] base polymer^- silane couping agent - 82 - 3. 2-5-2. Sol-gel process ±^ SBR, -¥• 71^^171), OMOSIL, iJH-E. sol-gel -£r?|- Polyimid-silica sol-gel ^ ^ ?&•%• OMOSIL, sol-gel -If-tf ^^M, ^^-^1, ^^^1 polymer-^-^^Sl-# a^ Barrier ^Ai li"-!, ai ^#, i^ OMOSIL, sol-gel 4^- PO, OMOSIL, sol-gel 4tt #£!• -fr7i ^7l^£^ Hybrid >4ii^4 4^^| 3*1, ^ •3=3*1, ?l7]S|-«)-4:Xl- >flA^ PEO -8-E^I ) SJS.7171 - 83 - 3. 2-5-3. Sol-gelS}-!- (-^7IJKU.}) sol-gel S]- < 300 r » ioo r > 200 t Tg -ioo~2oo t: > 200 V ? 0.9-1.2 2.0-4.0 0.9-4.0 1.2-1.5 1.4-2.7 1.0-3.0 ?] Jim 7j-s. ;*} 7| ^ ^ ^ ****** •8-°l 2. ^ 71 7} sol-gel GE -I- , ^cfl, sol-gel sol-gel - 84 - 30^^^1 ^^1 sol-gel 2-5-4 2-5-4. ^-ifl sol-gel ^l-i- a^ ^ sol-gel ^S. ^ i«l^ ^^?H-^^il ^"# 1H^1-O|;£ PC board 5< super capacitior «fi*l ^^ ## ^^"^ <&*}, 7}?, 3.^ 30^7fl 1, crosslinker, metal oxides, polysiloxane -§-oH, ^f^l-^l ^ crosslinkerfe- 7l^-7Hl nr2r A Ao\ 4S.M- tfl^lS. 10,000~30,000/-g-°14. tfli^o] ^^^efl^fe <^^-^ xi o ofl*, S.*]*}, *}±, ^ i2\ ^i, nl^-^ Allied signal, *]*&£. ^ A|E2 ^.ol - 85 - 3, sol-gel 500 #°-3. ^Mj €4- ^ 3E5. 5l 512-4, fiber glass coating-§-iL5.5i °.3. sol-gel ^, oj-2] 7] sol-gel , -S—¥-71 §>olti.^H 71 4. sol-gel 71 - 86 - 7)^7}$] Al^, sol-gel process^] silan coupling*^ , 71 ^ 71 # f- -§--8-71^51 7fl ^ 2-5-5. ^^H PEO-OMOSIL ol^r ^S.^8 i^B photochromic -OMOSIL Phthalocyanine -OMOSIL PS-OMOSIL/siUca «4ii €-^ jl-g^ «l-S.S^-§-«>J| ^li-g- OMOSIL ^i^^l JLejSl-Sl- ^Di^^^n^-t -^^-ael^ OMOSIL ^^P-^l 3. Sol-geM- 5a4. sol-geH 1997-1998 i 70% 0 -I; - 87 - •§•&• tt'fcoz VolX TTifiiR, ^k ^-ts^ll* Mb ft --b^-b IKE- -g-pr ia-ta tb-^lk 4z 'Inhip [o --blS TTkf^ Iht ^^l^ ^Po loft TT-I* ' ' uoxxg !£ •• lb3"pi866T~A66T PS-JOS -^ir ^l(o-2-t? 1*"^ 'ia]% TT^-§-[o ||o > ^[0 tb(866T~9 3d ft^^- lopy-k ft-fr ^i SL 2-5-6. Sol-gel "ST1 group ^-e-7lHr H]JL Exxon Chemical, ^y si $'^"'^'';t>l-ol — 13 s]-, PC i^ BASF General Electric PC3^-HB Oak Ridge Nat'l ceramic powder, Gel casting, H3S)- coating, ceramic ^{S. Lab. dispersant, solvent TiCh sol-gel 7>^§- Corning glass TiO2 sol-gel 71-^- H]^lu]o)-rfl«)- TEOS-PDMS Mixed metal Northe Dakota Inorganic/organic (Ti, Zr, Zn) oxide, State Univ. coating oil gellation $• PS nlv|l:iiE}cfl«}- (TiOs, Z1O2) Oil, Formamide U. of California, emulsion, gellation Santa Barbara (TiCh, Z1O2, SiO2) SOl-gel Sol-gel r Sol-gel coating1^^ sol-gel . Takiron, Shin-Nakamura Chemical, Sanyo Chemical, Hitachi Chemical, Mitsubishi Heavy Ind, Toray, ShinEtsu ^-°1°1, ^5. 13 Sf, #351-^ 13^- ^^^l^i sol-gel processl- °l-§-^nf. g. 2-5-7^1 ^ <£ £2) a^7l^^H Sol-gel 7l#7fl^- ^-^-i-, a 2-5-8*11 sol-geM: - 89 - SL 2-5-7. Sol-gel ($.:iL group "11 Takiron Shin-Nakamura Chem n^^rt^r^rt ^y ^-n 4*^ 3r ^J" "S5* PC ^S., B-2B Sanyo Chemical Hitachi Chemical ^?J" ^ 5}" ^ ^ *^ -^ 5i" ^ Mitsubishi D3+silica JSR polyorganosiloxane 5E.5.-8- Tokuyama Soda Co. CR^] Jt^-^} - alkoxysilane coating Imide type alkoxysilane, coating, xi lil:Al- Asahi Glass ^* metal oxide sols (SiO2. TiO2) alkoxysilane, metal oxide Ito Optical Ind. *** coating (TiCfe, Z1O2, SiO2) Teijin Ltd. alkoxysilane, acrylic polymers 1^3}- coating SnChPc, CdSe ***** v-^SQ^ (Ba, Ti -§-)-n-7] «» metal alkoxide °l-§- (2005.) LiNbO3 £rui *fl^ Vinyltriethioxysilane-TEOS - 90 - 8. 2-5-8. Sol-gel-t- ^S 1974 Alumina fiber O 1975 SiC fiber ^^ Carbon O 1982 cfl^ silica glass X 1988 ^-fiber-§- silica foam X 1975 O 1989 £^14*11 si O 1982 In2O3:Sn(ITO) 3.%^ X 1988 Central £4 (200 nm SiO2-TiO2) o 1990 CRT TV-8- ^ S-T^ o 1994 CRT TV-8- #4U 1996 Silica "8*r o EURAM Hybrid ^^. odj^-nf-o.5.^ Akzo-Nobel Coating(Netherlands), Keeling & Walker LTD. ^-g- 1- - 91 - 3. 2-5-9. Sol-gel ^-i1 group HlJL Akzo-Nobel Coating, alkyd, TiCb mixing paint -§- (Netherlands) CONDUCTIVE sub-micron size POWDERS & Keeling and Walker powders based on DISPERSIONS, antimony doped tin (iv) anti- static oxide Eindhoven Univ. of MMA, TiO , SDS in-situ irtJ- Tech (Netherlands) 2 Institute de CeCh, TiCb, TEOS UV *^ 3.1% Ceramica (Spain) Univ. Montpellier Mixted metal oxide, (France) Monolithic gels - 92 - 1. (a) C.J. Brinker and G.W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press, Inc.: New York (1990). (b)K.S.Mazdiyasni, R.T.Dolloff and J.S.Smith, II, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 52, 523-526(1969). (c) R.Roy, Journal of the American ceramic Society, 52, 344(1969). (d) S.Sakka, in SPIE Critical Reviews of Optical Science and Technoloty Vol CR 53, Glass Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber Devices, Edited by S.I.Najafi, 1994.p. 114. 2. K. Naka, MfrT (0 *), 48, 244 (1999) 3. M. Shimada, Mfr? (0 #)267 (1999). 4. Y. Imai, Y. Chujo, itm^m (B *) 1. 1(1999). 5. Y. Imanishi, &|g Un (0*) 19(3). 48 (1993). 6. S. Sakka, I1TO (0 *), 46, 18 (1998). 7. ShinEtsu, Silane couping agent catalog. 8. Eunkyoung Kim, Kyong Hee Choi, Suh Bong Rhee, Macromolecules, 31, 5726 (1998). 9. Hee-Jung Kim, Yong Bong Han, Woo Nyon Kim, Eunkyoung Kim, J. of Japan Society of Colour Material, 72, 1, 11 (1999). 10. W.J. Muizebelt, J. C. Hubert, R.A.M. Venderbosch, A.J.H. Lansbergen, R.P. Klaasen, K.H. Zabel, J. Coatings Tech., 70, 53. (1998) 11. S. Sakka, preprint of the 'Interantional Symposium on Sol-gel Processing', May 4, 1998, Cincinnati 12.. C. R. Wold, M.D. Soucek, J. Coatings Tech., 70, 43 (1998). 13.. K. Makita, Y. Akamatsu, S. Yamazaki, Y. Kai, Y. Abe, J. Ceram. Soc(Japan) 105(11). 1012 (1997). 14.. T.Hashimoto, T.Yoko and S.Sakka, Jounal of Ceramic Society of Japan, 101, 64-68 (1993). 15. K.Yagi, S.Shibata, T.Yano, A.Yasumori, M.Yamane and B.Dunn, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 4, 67-73 (1995). 16. J.Matsuoka, RMizutani, H.Nasu and K.Kamiya, Journal of Ceramic Society of Japan, 100, 599-601(1992). 17. #Bf^ *M£^, 9607 p. 22 - 93 - 18. CHEMICAL REPORT, 960601 p. 10. 19. ^^<$oi£-({tmXMBm 1998 - 94 - *ll 6 1. 7fl JL ^ cfl, «• ^«fl^fe ^ i^|Sl ^-^^ q-rfl^-^: -fr71- - j!7l^sl 7)^^-2] 37H metallocene # j!^Sl--317l^ H gj compounding polymerization filling technology)^: •8- 7>^# 71 ^S.-^ «^| ^.^Sj. 71 7l# ^ ^^ ^^ 71^ -i-ofl 3-g-oj 7f^«l-Cf. ^ 7)^°] «|-a^r fUler^ JL ^ 2-6-H 95 - S. 2-6-1 Ceramics Polymers matrix : ^]2f^ nanoparticle TP, TS #Sj-*ll : *\}Q^ whisker •S-^^HMl-, ^4V silicate ^ll^i-g-^ : sintering polymn., sol-gel reaction * ^^7fl^v«l - ol^- 1.169$(97), <££ 1.2^$(96), -fr^ 1.26$(97) * ^31 : *«}-7)l : ol^- Cornell ^«h all £.4 (Prof. Emmanuel P. Giannelis) - nl^: 13711 ^Jf7)£ ^-ojSH 7]>i} ^ -8-8-71^ * 7l^^i7fl * Jl^^-4i^ (Jl^^, low * J2.#J£/jllflD]-E.-§- i^fl CTE, low gas permeability, * ul-S:-§- Nanocomposite •8-8- ifl*|-*Hd) - *J-g-f ^ 5J gas turbine-§- - **^«a-8- ^^-¥-^- •-s-^i^is., XWA3., •a-^^ns. * Ceramic/metal nanocomposite - Engineering plastic (•i-4rtllSl|*||£.)Sl ^A^S)- * automotive timing-belt cover (Toyota Motor Com.) * *!-§•*}• -¥-#f- * barrier film for packaging - Reciprocating Engine parts (Ube industry) - Ceramic gas turbine * US companies - Bearing •8-8- ^ -airplane interior - Cutting tool - fuel tank - electrical and eletronic * 3»*KV«a-8- components - CMP slurry - hood structural parts, brakes, tires capsulation^B. 7] Tfl ^ nfl-o. - 96 - H)°l Si 4. S. 2-6-241 £• PFT* 4-8-*lM 4W f^3 filler!- ^eHU^! ^°fl aj-fr^ <$ filler7> Af-g-s]^o.iH oi^sj #& activity^ a>^- #Dflo] ^^ ^Dfls]. SiTT|)^ ulofl n)-Bf 3T11 cf#^ ^ ^ Si4. 6ls1$ PFT 7l^oj| o^^H >H14^ ^•^•^7}- elongation property, tensile strength, impact strengthens "fl-f /? 2-6-1. PFT 7l^^ , (conducting polymer composite) ^ ^^ ^j-3lHl-§- (electromagnetic interference shielding) 4^*1)^ ^1^41 nfl-f -^--g-§]-7fl ^l-§-^ ^ SX^. ^-^ ^^1^1 (conductive filler)^ cf0^^ -g-g-«fl cfl«H ^^^ A] graphite, ^£^ carbon black, ferrite -^^1 ^S 4-g-^cf #s.$ filler* ^"?i# matrix f calendering 1- filler^ ^r^^ ^ •i- igh loading) °1 3 - 97 - D ll-f <§W 7]7§q ^-^-i- ^711 £i}. £# #5^ carbon black°l 3-f-c- particle size7]- <5J-JL structure^]- ££: grade7> carbon black^ cfl- 2-6-2. No Filler Al/TM/Mg TM KgPE/gTM • hr 1 Kaolin 20/1/0 Zr 10.2 2 Kaolin 0/1/0 Zr 3.0 3 Kaolin 0/1/0 Ti 0.9 4 Kaolin 133/1/0 Ti 15.5 5 Kaolin 120/1/10 Ti 12.5 6 Kaolin 3/1/0 Ti 0.3 7 Kaolin 0/1/0 Cr 2.7 8 Kaolin 5/1/0 V 6.6 9 Kaolin 1/0/0 Al 10 Tufa 0/1/0 Zr 1.2 11 Tufa 0/1/0 Zr 1.2 12 Tufa 30/1/0 Ti 13.5 13 Tufa 0/1/0 Cr 2.0 14 Dolomite 104/1/10 Ti 27.8 15 Perlite 100/1/10 Ti 17.0 16 AI2O3 40/1/0 Zr 6.0 17 AI2O3 0/1/0 Zr 14.5 18 S1O2 1/1/0 Ti <0.1 19 SiO2 0/1/0 Zr 3.1 20 Marl 0/1/0 Zr 0.2 21 Fumice 0/1/0 Zr 1.5 22 CaSO4 312,500/1/0 Zr 401.0 23 Mica 660/3/1 Ti 0.1 24 Asbestos 7/1/0 Ti 9.0 25 Wollastonite 1/1/0 Ti 42.2 TM : transition matal - 98 - Resistivity (Qcm) 10" 0 Conductive packaging for static-sensitive electronic components 10" Dielectrics '°M (Insulators) Semi-Conductive -Anli-Static Semi-conductor O High voltage coil industry HP Simi-Conductive & EMI Shielding 10° Dry Carbon Black 10-* O EMI shielding 1 0 Low temperature heater 10- Conductor 2-6-2. Physical Properties of Carbon Blacks PI Particle Size V —> Structure o High |_ Harder | —» Surface Area Melt Viscosity 14 —• Conductivity 1 Processibility 1 MM MM —». Porosity a Density • High Loading Poor | Mechanical Properties 1 2-6-3. A\^*\\*\ Carbon Blacky - 99 - PFT 7] filler^ PFT PFT £M (toner)7> 71)^5] Si4^ ^\4A $.3-S\3- 514 4- 3*WHI ^ *^r7l^ 4^^-^^! 51 71^-i- 7M^ filler ^-^r 4i^ 4. ole^ ^-f -i-^^ filler cflA] nano S71^ filler!- 4-8-«r7fl °i sa4. (Cu, Fe) ^ carbon black, carbon fiber > ^-^1- ^sflA^ 4|3i-»]ii3il°! ferrite* 514. Soft ferrite ^^ Mn-Zn-, Ni-Zn-, Mg-Zn-ferrite %•*) $X3-, hard ferrite ife Ba-, Sr-ferrite7|- $14. Radar ^^r^°l &TT Spinel ferrite, ferroxplana ^^ soft ferrite^ ?^r-§-AS. A|-g-£]ji - 100 - 12 11 10 9 • 8 O Polymerization Filling • Mechanical Mixture 7 I 6 ro 5 4 3 2 1 r o 0 o • -1 ° o o -2 . I.I. i . i . i . i . i 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Graphite Concentration (wt. %) 2-6-4. PFT sf Mechanical Mixing°ll Graphite %•£.«§ i4€- ?i££ « 3. 2-6- At^ -¥-7l - 101 - 3. 2-6-3. I. TV • Ghost *fl*i|-8- iv. ^tfofltnai-g- 30% 2000Vd ITO(Sn doped >^«m 17" ol^ £qe|oilAi 104-105 fe ITCXSn doped IT0 fiUer ^Sj-71^0] - 102 - -fe] 14 HHr *1^- -si 71, €-^«y#7) -§- £.€• S-oH-H -8"8-S| 7pj- ttj-B]- 0.5^ol«l-^ iBHWdine feature size)^l device^ ^^-^ RC delay^l ^«fl 3.XI ^-^0) resistance7l- ^7V*1-31 on-chip device^ capacitance7> £*}x}7\] ^ 5Jo|c}. o] ^-^ «fl^^^ wj-^^S. ^-f-nl resistancel- #±*]f]jL 7)&$] silicon oxide ^^^(1^=4.2)^: -fr^*°l #£r (Interlayer dielectrics)^ capacitancel- SEMATECH ^^^.JLAi 400% olAj-o) device 4j^oi ^=AJ-^ ^jo.^ afl^^jL Slcf. nfefA-1 Oxide*11 k= 2.0 - 3.0)-g- •fi-71 - 103 - -8-8-3 &4. (toughnessH 6.S. Tio27i- safe- 31, °i ^7i NOxS} ^-^ 51 Aj cfl7l ^ Safe - jl €• !#- 3E fe sheet, Ji^-7.}oii ^7lAj porous ji^-xfl- lH ^^H^ ^}} - 104 - ^r nanoporous ^~^«^ nm ^1^^ JLS-xl- q-t-a-fi-71- 4. °) -ft- 4 5a l ^ Supercapacitor ¥ Separator -8- JL^-4^«fl^ ^l^cf^^ l+ic^^-o] 7Hf*}-tf. 3^JL wound dressing ^.S^fe 71S] 5.=- 2. - 105 - 1990\!tfl o)v] sat)-. ^71, 6.S. EMI EMI s. 7fl nano PFT 7^ o-, device know-how logic memory chiip-ip - 2.5 - 106 - 1- -f-^H ^7111M- f^J^S. polyimidei 3.0-3.5^1 Hl-°r#^°f £TT low k T-fl^U^Efl)^ 7fl^-^- lab (1) 71^^ ^-7li^ 71^^^- 7W^ nano ZnO, ITO), *i-fi-^(SiC>2), ^-^^(Al^), ^7l^lE^(ITO, In:ZnO), ), ^^l^^t-^ (Hydoxyaphatite) rigidity, i ^AJ^. 7|.X1JL ^o.^ €• Omicron) 7]A^ #^ 7fl^i-g- filler , polymeric sol U, ceramic-polymer SLsL 1996^ ^^-4^71 ^^^--^oil-Hfe -fi-^-^ *7l Bfl7ll- (PCB, PCP, dioxin, TCE, phenol ^)^1 £-sfl 5J ^^ *M*H TiO2 sol Jl^- TCE £*1H1 tfl«H ^^-1- ^*<9*f^i, 1997 VI, «tfl^^-«a(^)6||Al TiO2 ^"^11^ 43, ^^-5. nano particle TiO2^ ^«fl-§-g-°fl tfl - 107 - L $X±*\, 1999^ TT TiO2 ^- compounding £fe coating «V^ uov^^-°] ^ TiO2 ^^^ 7l^^1 3-301 H Vl componding o 3, sol-gel ^-i- <>l-8-^ WS]- ^-^, coupling agent* CVD ^^-^^^1 x\s.qjL XI4. (2) pore* 71 ^-& Ji-frSl-j! Hj-A]o)) oj.vi - 108 - JL-g-74 i4i-g.fr -^^ 3^*11 nl^-S) M^o)^ ^& 7)^S. OL 3. 7}. 71 EMI Nihon 711^-1- ^Tilofl-M 421- 1996^«fl - 109 - compounding^ JJfSll-8-O.S. M-ii ITO l 3*}?} 7^5] S.^ ^^V«>JL 514. M-t ITO 104~105 }^ TCO fe St^-S. ^-^^ i^^l^ i^^i^-i- 103 ^.S ITO ZnOM- MgF2 ITO -§-^, M-2n Ag-Pd -i-0-!), ITO ^-^, IZOdn doped ZnO) ITO CVD ^ Sputtering^^ll TCO ITO 34 110 ITO ITO Al±7fl7l- 300MHz «»[€• logic chip^f ^^^(Gb0!^1-) memory chip^: ©14. His. QaAs S.a^liB|(transistor)7> siUcon^l is] ^(switching speed)!- M-^ifljL ^^l1^, JL^JE^j (high-density "^^-(dielectric constant)°l ^"^ 1-^s] el 7} ^••f-nl^-^- cfl^l^jL sa©.^, ^«a#S.fe ^^1 4-8-ilfe- SiCfe Allied Signal, Amoco, Asahi Glass, Dow, Dow Corning, DuPont, Hitachi, Schumacher ^^ A]^lf-^- 7H^^ol4. 4!-I- - Ill - 3. 2-6-4°fl 21 a}, 7]^SiO.v| CMP (Chemical mechanical polishing)^^4 ££. o^e] 7^^ 2:?i-S] device ^]^ 6.S. -fi-7] JL^-4^ 71-^JL, -3-<3*H, ?1^(toughness) 5a4. ^-71 # filler A]71^5. ^^-w>ZL 5U4. (n^ 2-6-5) - 112 - 2-6-4. ILD ^ Thermal stability <1% weight loss per hour at 450t in N2 No fluorine atoms. Molecular structure Crosslinking mandatory for high Tg and high modulus Tg > 400t Mechanical stability Young's modulus above Tg > 108dynes/cm2 No delamination upon cleaving Adhesion Scotch tape test: No failure Stud pull test: > 9kpsi Thermal expansion < eOppm/t: lateral coefficient (Tee) < 220ppm/T vertical HYBRID MATERIALS INORGANIC OXIDES ORGANIC POLYMERS MIXTURES M BLENDS COMPOSITES NANOCOMPOSITES IO-'M MOLECULAR COMPOSITES 2-6-5. -g-^Hv H.7H1 $\^ Hybrid Loy-i- - 113 - 7fl\l-§- n^SH!: ^)°}^. -B-^lJL^-^^i Il^-g- triethoxysilyl groupA^. 7]^ 3**H °11" tetraethoxysilane(TEOS)4 tHl f-lf^^AS. network ^2: -g-*}- ^11o|ES] network l4^<*ll s]*H nanoporous slicatel- ^^: *r Si4. Polysilses- quioxane^gr ^^ -fi-?i-i-(k=2.6-~2.9)4 400t ^^-s] ^^ 1 (1) 7} TiO2 D . TiO2 ^# fl^ Toto TotO 4^ 114 - Thermally Decomposable Polymer High Temperature Polymer (PSSQ) Nano-templated Film High Temperature Polymer (PSSQ) •.•.•-•o° .*o*: : o* •;.' .o-: *'.'.°'''° Nano-porous Oroano Silicate Rims 2-6-6. Nano-templated film°1] ^Itt nanoporous organo-silicate^ 1a, n-4.8 1b,n = 5.8 1c, n* 7.4 1d,n = 9.5 1©, n-11 If, n = 15 2-6-7. Star shaped PCL - 115 - mirror), -2.31M-8- blind, tf7]£.<$ *g-*l-g- 5&°.n1 4=-*W 350?} oi^-i- 35- fe 380-420nm Sunblock -g- 4^ Sfrtff- «£•, ^-Sj^l S^, ^-^^> -^5]^^ -§-§-- -8-8-^fl ^.oi, tfl&HlAl 7JJS.JE. ^-DlAfl ^.^-i- ej: 3^^^^. PET fi UV/IR (2) £1 nHl^ ^ H| Gore-Tex(teflonir^), Micro Bion(-f BJI^TH), Sympatex(polyester?il) -§-4 ^-^8r ^1^-i: ^^ wound dress -§• aL Nafion(DuPont), Flemion(Asahiglass) Gore-Tex(W.L.Gore & - 116 - 1 Associate)^ Nafion^ ^gtM -!- aj-f-ol^g- JL£*}3UH pvDF - Belcore^ 7]&° Separator^ ^#<£ . Celgard(Hoechst), Setela(Tonen), HiPore(Asahi), Exepol (Mitsubishi) ^-©l ^L^olcf. "smart fabric" 7fll£3Ml£. ^rVd Umass Dartmouth ^-^^-H-S!^, M|«LeJ-i^l- EPSCoR l Akrontfl, MIT-l^H - 117 1. %q±$ W3(1998) 2. Gore •§• 4*^ ^H^Ul"^ internet site 3. C & E News 4. ^^ ^4*S *r£- * USP ^-*]f: 5. jlg-al- 4^4 71^, ^ "e|f 2*r*I*14r 6. o]*|. al#<>l£l-5H3l*l Bellcore 7]^ USP 7. 94>d SRI International Report 8. tR^-fr-y^- (1997. 6. 23) 9. ^4^1^(1999. 3.26) ^ 1999\£ LG 10. The 6th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Similar Energy Storage Devices, 1996 11. www.acq.osd.mil/sadbu/sbir/army982.doc 12. http://ntc.tx.ncsu.edu/ritml/proposal/M98-D01.htm] 13. MRS Symposium Series Vol. 435, "Better Ceramics Through Chemistry VII: Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials," 1996. 14. MRS Symposium Series Vol. 431, "Microporous and Macroporous Materials", 1996. 15. C.R.M. Grovenor, "Microelectronic Materials," Institute of Physics Publishing, Lodon, 1994. 16. C. Feger, M.M. Khojasteh, and M.S. Htoo ed., "Advances in Polyimide Science and Technology", Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, 1993. - 118 - A) 7 1. 7|| POLYMER ALUMINUM/ HIGH COMPOSITES TEMPERATURE STEELS NICKEUCO8ALT SUPERALLOYS OXIOATION- RESISTANT THERMAL LOW COATINGS BARRIERS OBSERVABLE 2-7-1 - 119 ^ (quantum 2L4(quantum confinement effects)* H window JELS. L mono- %~& 4(^)T?#^ 4i."T 3:3 i=?"# cluster^- colloids-b ^ catalysts) °\] 1, -8-713 cluster-assembled #^-§: afl2.'& «H ^-el^l 4^ ^-^r clustersl-^ Cluster7> «£a.#3 #^<^1 -§--§-£]<>]^17\4 #^^.^: ^ El 514. ^l-tl"^, 5a4. 7} SI4. *r4^ la^Bn^-H alloys - 120 - tfl*fl£H*lTr ^4^7lJL4(quantum size effects)^^, 3.7} S. *m cluster polycrystallites7l- f. Lead titanate/polymer^l 4^t^^ -n-^i^-^r^ 200nm glass composites°ll ^ 21 ^-^^^1:^ ^>S.^|/JL-S-^ composited S. ell°}x\^ #sl-2:n|-# <>l-g-«- 71-S-^-g-^, ^i:-g-^ 71^, Sol-Gel 7lEf wet chemical routes ty&°] <>]•%•&*)•. cfl 9X3- Sol-Gel ^•^:-§-^(chemical vapor deposition)^- 7}^}JL fe Sodium/halide flame3)- Encapsulation(SFE) ^-^J^ Plasma Quench Plasma Discharge Spherodization(PDS)-§-;^ nelJL Electro Explosion (ELEX process)^- 7]&tfr#v±. - 121 - (1) 71 #£-8-611 (7V) MClx + H2 - M + xHCl balance) Q carrier gas<^14. 7l#tiV-g-^o] 6.3.^ Fe, Co, Ni, Ta, Nb, Mo, W, V ^«>1 31^$} Gibb's 4-fr°im^ ^^^, "Jr^-I fe 1400 K <»1#<»1 i] MgCl27]- MC1X + Mg = M + x MgCl2 balance) Na), carrier gas°14. 1300 K #0 Gibb's -g-(negative)^ #• o - 122 - (2) evaporation)^ ^^4- 7V1, 3L71 nfl^-o]l o] dt-g- -f-^1-^ ^-^^^^ sa-ff4-fi-<9S.(mean free path)7> S5JI4. 5514. 4. a ol 7^1 71 A|| . ©1 ^02; ^Hll- scale-up - 123 - °vHI Sl^ -8-8-8-71 ofl ^^ JE^ «!-§• ^ i-«-^7l«l|# s^ck AI^^S] o]ol MW^Sl ^^^1 Sa^Hr ^^°1 81 ^r. l- -1-^ 5 Torr^l ^ ^^1 ^•;iol S.0^^ ^°1^^> aggregate!- <£-§: ^ SllL, 47] Eflol^^ ^ 71 (3) 7l#sJ^aV-g-»g (chemical vapor deposition) ^ 71 £^ ^-^^ ^711- S^SI-aV^-cHl fi) ^-«fl A(g) - B(s) + C(g)4 2^ 61-S"^ t±^ A\o}°) #$- A(g) + B(g) C(s) + D(g)S. 4^ ^ 5tt4. ^i^H^ CtbSiCb -» SiC ^ XI**. ii 1o)st 01^.01 - 124 - -8-711 l^ Ni, Co, M0nClm ^?1 fl-^-i- M0(R)n ZnO, ^r^-i- ^7}s] &±&$ £^ I^-^^ $]& TiO2, SiO2, AI2O3 ^^ inl^^-^li, SiC, Si3 717> : ^•y *H?r i^oii ^^-i- ^E , core-sheU Sl ^2:7]- ^-^^1: 7^ $M (4) Sodium/halide flame4 Encapsulation (SFE) •8-^^^3)- ^£7^ ^g^^fe 5J^- ^-g- ^71- 3-a- advanced powder synthesis laboratory°H^1 - 125 - ±r 3.7)3, 2-7-2S} 2-7-3-t- Flame Nucleation and kicomplete Agglomeration growth of primary coagulation particles 2-7-2. • • © © ~ © © . • • .«• o w o ... *•.•..••••*• Flame Nucleation and Encapsulation Agglomeration growth of primary of primary of encapsulated particles particles particles 2-7-3. SPE 01 ^1- - 126 - sodium vapor^ ^ «HM 6 i7f ^7fl5f^l ^^ Ti, Al, TiN, TiB2, W, W-Ti M ^^ H^ AIN and A1-A1N composited M-^nlEi a.7l^ ^-^S. ^a «• ^ 5a4. , Northwestern ^^^1 Materials Science and Engineering°)l*)-e- A: Evaporation Chamber (Arc Set-up Shown) B: CVD Furnace C. Collector D: Powder Reservoir 2-7-4. Arc-evaporation ^1 If- jet7> - 127 - oj 2-7-541 10 nm Graphite 2-7-5 4^ (5) Plasma Quench Process Plasma Quench Process^ Alan Donaldson"^] Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory °fl *\ ^it^lSS.-^-11] ol ^•^•0} i|oi) plasma Quench Technologies, Inc.* 1993^1 °1 QA}^ PQ porcessl- ^l-g-sfl metal ^ ceramic powder exclusive licence* 7H2 ^A^ <>1^A>^. 1995^ Ti Idaho Titanium Technologies* ^H*MS£|-. °1 S|4^ 3Kg-TiAir t£S] 500KW^- #*13- 25 7f^lJL <&o] <£# 100-200tonfl-£.^ Ti cf. Plasma Quench process-c- plasma arcMH'H product precursor 5000K 4^1 7]-«i^ ^ Delaval - 123 - A Ti -g-^rM ^l^s] precursor*!)S.°]4. 5000K (6) Plasma Discharge Spherodization(PDS) Process PDS process-fe- 9OVd^3i Materials and Electrochemical Research Corporation(MER Co.K°lH Cryogenic PDS reactorl- PDS reactor* «l-§-*fl )5a4. . PDS 5-10^m plasma channel^ 109-1010 280MPaal «a-^*|-oi|^ ^^Sj-^-cf. PDSwov^^ ^-^^ ^^ pulsed ^-^r pulsed pulsed °1# o.^ NiAl, MoSi2, NiTi, TiAl, FeCrAlY^-g-^ o]nl ^^^^0.5. ^^r ^^7}- s\o] (7) Mechanochemical Processing (MCP) D]^-^1 advanced powder technology(APT)^Hl A1 -b X^^ University of Western Australia^ ^ 7fl^-«H ^-«l-i- -f-^-^ MCP7l^-§- - 129 - -f . Oxides, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, hydroxides^ ZrCU- CaO-iL ZrCU + 2CaO -> ZrO2 + 2CaCl2 MCP "o^^r nfl^. cf^^V ^^^ ^^ ^ 5U- SI (8) Electro Explosion Process(ELEX process) Argonide^l-fe ^l^Hfe- ^-g-^-S. electro explosion uov^-^-5 High Temperatrure Institute f. Argonide wire^ll 10"6iS] #^ ^^Vofl #711- ^ wire?]- l Al, Cu, Au, In, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Sn, Ti, W, Zn, Zr^ wire *r 5l^r ^-^ol^ nano powderl- ^1- ^ Xl-^-13! T1O2 nitride fe chamber^ £| 5U4. . 4-§-*}fe wirefe 0.2-1 mm^-7lsl wire ^fetfl wire^l ^-7] - 130 - 4. efl 7]^-J2J- ^V^^ °]-§-^- -TI^H nanophase, nanoscopic ZLB^JI nanocomposite o.s. Af-g-o] (1) 14 ic-^-^- *fl£] ^12: 71^^- ferroelectric, piezoelectric, varistor, ion- conducting # ^l-i- BaTiO3, ZnO, c- 2-7-6^ (2) - 131 - uf Ceramic/Metal Nanocomposites ( containing naiio-size metal dispersion) nano-size metal particles ceramic matrix Effects of nano-sized metal phase * improvements of physical properties (elastic constant haidness etc.) of ceramics * enhancement of fracture strength * toughening by the plasticity metal phases Possibilities of adding new functions to ceramics by the nano-sized metal 2-7-6. (3) 3.7}$] 3-6 niti (4) - 132 - -§-711- 71-^Tfl 71 Til^01 ^-^ 71 Tfl ^ol ^^^"i- 4-g-*}-^ r 5a4. (5) ^^EL zftfL ?] ^jol WC/C0 0.3 n> VC (6) , riOnm 3.71S] ^ofl 7].^^. 7j-^>^ Fe, Co n?)JL Fe(Co)-B ^ 100 n %•& 7.1-71 O1«OVA^4 ^ , oil- 4S.& 4^ ^•^•^ nJ-l-^ Tltfl^M* (GMR) H. 2-7-1^8: — 1lo QoQ ~ SL 2-7-1. Property Application Single magnetic domain Magnetic recording Small mean free path of Special conductors electrons in a solid Size smaller than Light or heat absorption wavelength High & selective optical Colours, filters, solar abs orbers, absorption of metal photovoltaics, photographic particles material, phototropic material Bulk Formation of ultra fine pores due to superfine Molecular Filters agglomeration of particles Uniform mixture of different kinds of R&D of New Materials superfineparticles Grain size too small for High strength and hardness of stabledislocation metallic materials Large specific surface area Catalysis, sensors Large surface area, small Heat-exchange materials heat capacity Combustion catalysts Lower sintering Sintering accelerators temperature Surface/ Specific interface area, Elastic behaviour of metal, Interface large boundary area nano-structured materials Superplastic behaviour of Ductile ceramics ceramics Cluster coating and Special resistors, temperature metallization sensors Electronic properties of metal, Multi-shell particles chemical activity of catalysts - 134 - 2. ^02: sa Jitf $X $U 4*9=$ 50nm TiCh WC/Co Mechanochemical process- •8-71 ^-i - 135 - Fe, Co^ Fe-Co f^ D^ ^^°J Ag °H Co# >S^:«1-fe 7l«a?l (^)#« ?i^^ifl^^ sjtv Til- ^li^ ifc.ofl'H Ti Nal- ol-g-^ 3:4li&-8--§r °] •%•*[<* Ta 3. ^ Af VacuumschmelzeJJtt'Hl V cfl- ZrO2, SiCh, TiO2, ^ 18S)H4 1^ « l-6l leading - 136 - 7\. ^"IMfe- nanotechnology(NT) ^^°fl <3# 1,3503€(97/98^£)•§: 7> ^1-^^1-c-iHl ol ^ 60%!- National Science and Foundation(NSF)°l f. o) o^^ul^ Du Pont-S- cfl^(Washington Univ., UCLA, Kansas Univ. •§•) Nanopowders Industry4iA1^: ^^ 4^4°]^ ^-(Ag) lOOnm ^l^s] nl^-^l](Ti: Micron Metal, Atlantic Equipment Engineers, Zn: Big River Zinc, Fe: Atlantic Equipment Engineers, Co: OMG)l-i- #2], $• °l NRIM (National Research Institute of MaterialsWl*| - ULVAC^HH #B}^41 u, Ag, Al, Ni, Co, Fe)# iifl-S.3. Kawatetsu Mining^H-H ^l^-^-^-wV-g-ofl ^gj| NiCl2 o. -g-s. - 137 - <|J.M.oflA-]o| ^iLt!- Q^- %&•& ^!^|3: -g-^4 microelectronic, optics, ultraprecision machining ^ «s>u) 3f uj-itnlE) MITH 4^ V $210 million 7MJ H fl-JE.7r ^^ 5J°1 , DFG < °11 SI 4. ^^-°11^^ EPSRCSl "the Advanced Magnetic Programme"-§- nanomagnetism^- ^^*}Jl $1°-*], i^]^°fl^^ 4^^2: ^5.^ tfltb VTT Chemical Technology (1995-1998, 1 Mio ECU/year)^^ "Ultrafine Particles (UFP)" research - 4^7l^(MINAST and Swiss Science Foundation NFP36)4 4 6>«fl 37fl ^-^-^ £^ ^5-Zl^ol o^c}. ^.^•^ 4 (1) YKK°1M J1S. ^ 4^- -8-8-«fl fi] ^£5. 7> - 138 - 71 Tfl 88.5%4l *M^? ^dk 8.5%, 3)£it «i(olS.f-, 4I# ^) 3% 7^41 £)«H -§-71 iflofl 0.23: 7fl ^^fe M-fe n ^7 -S- 45.7} •%••%•% fe l,5001C l,500MPa£l All Tfl -§-41 ol-g-5)^ ^JL^r ^S-g- 4^^S.^ 7fl - 139 - ^ 717)1 nl-H-ol 99.9-99%, 2-40 .3}. 200 •§• 4-8-«ll 1 cm2 - 140 - -2-3. zi 10-30 oj^-o] 9XA 10 nm (2) (Ti) itanium Matrix Composites) 7fliM- 7fl^-«|-aL 4. ^0) 71HV 7} 1994^ ol 31 iS ElEl-%- 71^1 °1 Sii^-g-fe- T 7flsl ^^«fl ^8 AV^aj (General Electric Aircraft Engines, Pratt & Whitney)^ 37flsl EIEI-%- 7^1 4^-7fl ^xj.^ *fl (Textron Specialty Materials, Atlantic Research Corporation, 3M)^- ^l-^^l ^^^rl-«fl 9l°] - 141 - 30\l 37H 71 ^-i" 7 Atlantic Research Corp.^ E}E)-^ ^-^- 7^1 4 tape) . Stt Textron Specialty Materials^ vapor deposition)^: 5aJl 71 £. ^-cf. «^ ^ol i^# ^^i $i^ 51^- 5-^1-g- afl^lcHl o|o^ TMC ^flofl tflefl jicf ^^^-^-ol ^Tfl -8-g-*m 3H4. (3) ^l^S^ (Zr) l.5GPa 400nm 01^0. 1.5GPa - 142 - 1,5001 (4) ^el$ (Si) 60~80% , ^e| . NIST^I ATR, #71 5]-^ ofl^l ^oil ^j-^Aj^- cflo^ ^13)-IV 71 o] EL - 143 EL EL7}7\ 34^-4 -5-M- pn - 144 - 1. US patent 5,498,446 2. Johnson DL, Dravid VP, Teng M-H (1997). Nanoparticle Synthesis Apparatus and Method. USA, Northwestern University. 3. Dravid VP, Teng M-H, Host JJ (1995). Graphite Encapsulated Nanophase Particles Produced by a Tungsten Arc Method. United States Patent, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. 4. ^^-4*^^^, '97H1S. 3K!"l-*r#$l38-, PP 48~49, 77~78, 105, 103~104 , 1997 5. ^Mlef^, Vol. 114, pp 88~89, 1997 6. Avery N. Goldstein, "Handbook of nanophase materials", pp 20CT205, 1997 7. Modern Plastics, Feb. pp. 28-29, 1998 8. Science, 265, pp. 370-373, 1994 9. ^BfUlUffW, 216, 1996 io.^£ B nxmmm, 28o, 1997 11. <£& B flJIISSfKI, 211, 1996 12. Advanced Materials and Processes, 359, 1999 13. «J£ BflJIUffM, 282, 1997 14. ^3^, 2000^^ %#7}£*l<$2) al^4 ^-^21-^, pp 76~78, 1994 15. L. Brus, Columbia, Semiconductor Nanocrystals, pp89~92, 1997 16. G.C. Hadjipanayis, Univ. Idaho, "Nanostructured Magnetic Materials", pp 105~106, 1997 17. US Patent 5,882,376 18. US Patent 5,795,537 - 145 - 8 -, vfluVJZ2fl 71 ^o] ^fl^. S]o\] ss. ^-^-€4. M-ii^-^-^S-fe L+t efl«isi 7M 100DJ: ^sl lcm - 146 - °H1 A 1 polyimides ifl°!M ^1^^ ^T ^4^ JiJLilSife^, oj7|o|Aj cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene «l=.fe- ^^-^ Fe(H)s] 7] ^-^11 ^AJ^ >r 0^4. Nandi -i-^r a.#4 iron carbonyl^ polyimide v}HH Ai^-3.#4 ferrihydrite Zl 7\A £"«; B1471 nfl^-ofl nl2l ^-A^^^ ^. «H, -Ml ^71 - 147 - l Gianellis 3 Talc^f mica^f ££- -§>AJ- <&le]7iMS.fe- M-^l poly aniline^- 3. sjfe- aniline^ . -a-«a^c)-. AJEJJ^JO.^. polyethylene oxide^ Okada •§-£ -&J2.1S.i4ol^. clay 7} ^^^ nfl q.^- 3-4 nano powder* ^13:^ ^r&4.