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Jewish Problem THE WORLD .JEWISH CONCRESS (British Section) REPORTS . No. 4 February, 1943 THE JEWISH· PROBLEM by MORRIS GINSBERG, M.A, D.Lit., Martin White Professor of Sociology in the University of London. (Member of the National Council of the World Jewish Congress, British Section) Reprinted from the October, 1942, issue of. AGENDA. Issued by the British Section of the World Jewish Congress, 1, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.1 . Printed by the Press Printers, Ltd ., Long Acre, London, W.C.2. WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS THE BRITISH SECTION President The Marchioness of Reading. Vice-Presidents The Rt. Hon. Lord Melchett. Professor S. Brodetsky, M.A., Ph.D. Philip Guedalla. Chairman The Rev. M. L. Perlzweig, M.A. (on special mission in the United States). Acting Chairman S. S. Silverman, M.P. Treasurer ... .. Alec Nathan. Chairman, Finance Committee Ben Rubenstein. Hon. Secretaries N. Barou, Ph.D. Professor E. Cohn, LL.D. (on Active Service). A. L. Easterman, M.A., LL.B. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. Mrs. I. M. Sieff. Dr. S. Levenberg. Monsieur Albert Cohen. Maurice Orbach, L.C.C. Ernest Frischer. Dr. I. Schwarzbart. With the Honorary Officers. NATIONAL COUNCII. S. Adler-Rudel. Eric Mendel (St. Anne,s-on-Sea). L. Bakstansky, LL.B., B.Sc. (Econ.). M.. Olsberg, J.P. (St. AnnPs-on-Sea). Dr. F. R. Bienenfeld. Joseph Sachs, J.P. (Glasgow). Henry Cohf\n (Northampton). Mrs. L. Shaerf. Councillor J. L. Fine, J.P. Monsieur M. Sluyser. Professor Morris Ginsberg, M.A., D.Lit. Rabbi I. J. Unterman (Liverpool). S. M. Lipsey (Glasgow). Hyman Weinberg (Manchester). Lt.-Cmdr. F. Ashe Lincoln. Dr. L. Zelmanovits. (On Active Service.) INSTITUTE OF JEWISH AFFAIRS PRINCIPAL MEMBERS IN NEW YORK. Director Jacob Robinson, LL.D., Lithuanian Counsel, Permanent Court of International Justice, The Hague. Research Fellows Max Laserson, Professor of Law, Lecturer on East European Affairs, Columbia University. Jacob Lestchinsky, The Yiddish Scientific Institute, Vilna. Arieh Tartakower, Dr. Jur. Professor of Jewish Sociology, Warsaw. Editorial Secretary Theodor Herzl Gaster, M.A., former Lecturer, University of London. LONDON COMMITTEE. Members: Mrs. I. M. Sieff. Ernest. Frischer. I. Nathani. Dr. S. Abramovits. Gabriel Haus. A. R. Rollin. S. Adler-Rudel. L. Istorik. Dr. I. Schwarzbart N. Barou, Ph.D. F. J ellinak. Dr. A. Steinberg. Dr. F. R. Bienenfeld. Dr. F. Kobler. Dr ."-W. Zander. Monsieur Albert Cohen. Dr. M. Lachs. · Dr. L. Zelmanovits. Professor E. Gohn, LL.D. Dr. S. Levenberg. Dr. I. Zollschan. A. L. Easterman, M.A., LL.B. Dr. I. Maybaum. Hon. Secretaries: Dr. A. Steinberg; Dr. M. Lachs. EUROPEAN ADVISORY COUNCIL Representatives of Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain. Association of Polish Jewish Citizens in Great Britain. Council of Continental Zionists. Group of Dutch Zionists. Heatid. (Group of Belgian Jews.) Igul. (Group of Members.of Austrian Universities.) Jacob Ehrlich Society. Nahum Sokolow Society. National Council of Jews from Czechoslovakia. The article by Professor Ginsberg, from the October, 1942, issue of Agenda, was prfrtted in Great Britain, in the City of O.xford, by the Alden 1Prl!SS. THE JEWISH PROBLEM PROPOSE in this article to give a brief survey of the problem with which theJews . are confronted to-day. This problem is of a magnitude unparalleled in the. long I history of the Jewish people, for never before has it been world-wide in its significance, never before have the Jews been threatened with destruction or dis­ integration in so many different parts of the world at the same time, never be re have so many entire Jewish communities been simultaneously uprooted. The problem is, of course, most acute in the areas now under Nazi domination. It is estimated that the number of Jews in these areas is about eight millions, i.e. 70 to Bo per cent of European Jewry. These have either been deprived of the means of subsistence or are in immediate danger of being so deprived. The number of refugees, that is of people who have been actually driven from their homes up to November 1941, is estimated at about 966,000, which means that every ninth Jew in Europe has been made homeless. It is thought that at least one and a half million Jews (not counting the Polish refugees and the normal Jewish population of war-stricken Russia) are in imrr:iediate need of assistance, if they are to survive. If the Nazis were to win the war, these millions of Jews would be threatened with destruction. Outside these areas there is the danger of what might be called the infectiousness. of anti-Semitism, its power to spread to other countries or to bring to life the latent tendencies to hatred of the Jews which apparently exist everywhere. Of special importance is the lesson which the Nazis have driven home (even if they· did not discover it for the first time) of the value of anti-Semitism as an instrument of political warfare 'and as affording an opportunity for training in ruthlessness and brutality and an outlet for sadistic aggression. If after this war is won by the Allied nations, a struggle were to break out between the economic groups within each nation, the Jews may again be in jeopardy. It is suggested by some people· that the Jews may find consolation in the fact that their cause has become identical with that of all the progressive elements in society, who must come to see in anti­ Semitism a weapon directed against themselves. For this hope there may be some ground, but past experience should warn us against excessive optimism. There is a danger that the Jews will again be ground between the millstones of the opposing parties, or, to change the metaphor, that they will again, as they have often done in the past, serve as a scapegoat for the disillusion and disappointment of both sides in the conflict. In short, the Jewish problem is not confined to Nazi-controlled Europe, but is world-wide in scope and deeply entangled in the major issues with which the world is now confronted. To see the problem in due perspeetive, we must glance briefly at its historical and social background. To begin with, there are certain demographic facts re­ lating to the distribution of the Jews in the world and to migration which must be. considered. , 2 THE JEWISH Distribution of the Jews in r932 1 per cent Europe 9,394,072 58.05 America 5,342,200 33.02 Asia 815,243 5.04 Africa 601,797 3.72 Australasia 27,016 0.17 16, 180,328 IOO.O In Western European countries the number of Jews was relatively small. Thus, in England and Wales there were about 300,000 or 0.65 per cent of the population; in France 240,000 or 0.57 per cent; in Germany (1939) 691,163 or 0.90 per cent. A study of the migration statistics shows that there had occurred a tremendous shift in the proportions of the Jews in Eastern Europe and the Western countries. Thus in 1880 East European Jews formed 75 per cent of the total number of Jews, while in l 932 they constituted only 46 per cent. America then held 3.5 per cent, while in 1932 the percentage had risen to 33.2 per cent. The important point to note, however, is that, despite the tremendous movement of migration and the changes in the proportion of Jews in different parts of the world, the numbers of Jews in Eastern Europe had not decreased. The emigration totals did not balance the natural increase. Thus, though between l 88 l and l 9 l 4 three million Jews had left Eastern Europe, their numbers there had increased from two and a quarter million in the beginning of the century to seven millions at the end. In Poland , alone there were over three million Jews in l 939. Next there are certain general characteristics of this distribution which it is important to note: (a) Everywhere the Jews constituted a minority, differentiated from the peoples :amongst whom they lived, a group of strangers who retained their identity even after hundreds of years. ( b) During the last century the bulk of the Jews lived in Eastern and South East Europe in communities with an intense life of their own. There was in these areas no possibility of, nor temptation to, assimilation on a large scale. The masses of the people around them were an illiterate peasantry with whom assimilation was out of the question. On top there was a landed aristocracy, equally but for different reasons precluding assimilation. Persecution nearly everywhere strength­ ened Jewish unity. Where assimilation did occur it was confined to the upper grades of the social scale and left the masses unaffected. (c) In the Western European countries the number of Jews was and is small. The olqer settlements came to acquire the culture of the peoples among whom they lived, and, it is generally agreed, made important contributions to that cul­ ture. Whether they would have been able to retain their identity as a group apart from the renewal of the population due to immigration by the unassimilated Eastern Jews is a matter of doubt. German Jewish scholars have shown that the German Jews were not reproducing themselves in numbers sufficient for survival and predicted their disappearance as· a separate entity. 2 Be this as it may, there can be no doubt that the real source of the vitality of the Jews lay in Eastern Europe. Consequently anything that threatens their destruction or disintegration is a PROBLEM 3 threat to the very source of Jewish vigour and survival power. Furthermore, the unequal cultural and economic development of Jews in different parts of the world had an important influence on the unity and cohesion of the Jewish people.
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