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Management Von Pioniergehölzen Am Beispiel Des Forstbetriebs Baden

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Management Von Pioniergehölzen Am Beispiel Des Forstbetriebs Baden Management von Pioniergehölzen am Beispiel des Forstbetriebs Baden Masterarbeit von Simone Bachmann Am Departement Umweltsystemwissenschaften der ETH Zürich Baden, Januar 2013 Referent: Dr. Peter Rotach, ETH Zürich Korreferent: Georg Schoop, Stadtforstamt Baden „Die Bäume sollten durch ihr Leben lehren, stets hundert Jahre zurück und hundert Jahre voraus zu denken. Auch dereinst wird man hundert Jahre zurückdenken und über unsere Zeit nicht nach naheliegenden Entschuldigungen, sondern nach den erfolgten Handlungen urteilen.“ Josef Nikolaus Köstler (1902-1982, deutscher Forstwissenschaftler) Titelbild: Birke (Betula pendula) im Naturwaldreservat Teufelskeller in Baden. Foto: Simone Bachmann. Vorwort Diese Masterarbeit wurde während dem Wintersemester 2012/2013 als Teil des Masterstudiums in Wald und Landschaftsmanagement an der ETH Zürich verfasst und durch Dr. Peter Rotach, ETH Zü- rich, Departement Umweltsystemwissenschaften und Georg Schoop, Leiter Stadtforstamt und Stadt- ökologie Baden, betreut. An dieser Stelle möchte ich allen Beteiligten, die zur Entstehung dieser Masterarbeit beigetragen haben, herzlich danken, insbesondere Dr. Peter Rotach und Georg Schoop für die fachliche Beratung und kompetente Betreuung. Die stets offenen Türen wusste ich sehr zu schätzen. Während den Be- sprechungen mit Georg Schoop konnte ich von seinen wertvollen Hinweisen und Lokalkenntnissen profitieren und er stellte mir grosszügig Ressourcen des Stadtforstamtes Baden zur Verfügung. Ein besonderer Dank gebührt auch Dr. Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt für die grosse Unterstützung bei den statistischen Auswertungen, Dr. Renato Lemm für die Beratung in den ökonomischen Überlegungen, Bruno Schmidli für die ausführliche Einführung in den Badener Wald, Goran Dušej für die anregende Diskussion über die Waldtagfalter, Dr. Thomas Sieber für die wertvollen Tipps zu den Pilzen und Bak- terien und den Förstern des Forstkreises Baden-Zurzach für das Ausfüllen der Fragebogen. Abschliessend bedanke ich mich bei meiner Familie und meinen Freunden für den Rückhalt und die Geduld, für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei den Feldaufnahmen sowie für das Durchlesen der Ar- beit. Impressum Simone Bachmann Weidstrasse 1 8253 Diessenhofen Email: [email protected] Januar 2013 I Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die untersuchten Pionierbaumarten Birke, Aspe und Weide kurz porträtiert und die Bedeutung dieser Weichlaubhölzer bezüglich der drei Dimensionen der Nachhal- tigkeit – Ökologie, Ökonomie und Gesellschaft – untersucht. Die ökologische Vielfalt an Insekten und besonders an prächtigen Waldtagfaltern, an Vögeln, Säugetieren, Pilzen, Moosen und Flechten, wel- che auf diverse Art und Weise an eine oder mehrere der Pionierbaumarten gebunden ist, scheint unergründlich. Ebenfalls ist ihre wirtschaftliche, respektive waldbauliche Bedeutung in „Zeitmischun- gen“ als Vorwaldbaumarten mit breiten ökologischen Amplituden nicht zu unterschätzen. Jede dieser drei Baumarten hat ausserdem diverse überlieferte Verwendungszwecke und kulturabhängige, un- terschiedliche gesellschaftliche Stellenwerte. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die Felderhebungen und deren Auswertungen auf Grund zweier Fragestellungen und den dazugehörigen Hypothesen: 1. Wo kommen Pioniergehölze heute im Badener Wald vor? 2. Welche Stellung nehmen Pioniergehölze in einer Sturmfläche, nach 12 Jahren ohne Eingriffe, ein? Die Untersuchungen bezüglich der erstgenannten Fragestellung wurden im Wirtschaftswald mittels vorangehenden GIS-Analysen durchgeführt. Zur zweiten Fragestellung basierten die Feldaufnahmen im Naturwaldreservat Teufelskeller auf einem bestehenden Stichprobennetz. Die Auswertungen dieser Erhebungen zeigten die heutige Verbreitung der Pionierbaumarten im Ba- dener Wald sowie deren Potential – respektive Häufigkeit auf. Die Naturverjüngung an Aspen und Weiden im Badener Wirtschaftswald sowie das Vorkommen grösserer Stärkeklassen ist entlang von Waldstrassen besonders gross. Birken etablieren sich eher im Bestandesinneren. Weiter haben Standraumanalysen ergeben, dass die drei untersuchten Pionierbaumarten unterschiedliche Platzan- sprüche aufweisen. Bei einem BHD von 40 cm hat eine vitale Birke ungefähr 6.8 m, eine Aspe 8.6 m und eine Salweide 9 m Kronendurchmesser. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wird die Langzeitmanagementstrategie aus den Erkenntnissen der ersten beiden Teile erarbeitet und die ökonomischen Konsequenzen für den Forstbetrieb Baden abge- schätzt. Als prioritäre Massnahmen für die Förderung der Pionierbaumarten in Baden kristallisierte sich die Begünstigung der Aspen und Salweiden entlang von Waldstrassen heraus und diejenige der Birke in truppweiser Mischung im Bestandesinneren. Dabei ergibt sich für die Pioniergehölze im Ver- gleich zu einem Buchenwald ein mittlerer Ertragsverlust von 120 Fr. pro Hektare und Jahr und 160 Fr. pro Hektare und Jahr im Vergleich zu einem Fichtenwald. II Abstract In the first part of this Master’s thesis the various aspects of sustainability, the ecological, economic and social values of the three observed pioneer tree species birch (Betula pendula), aspen (Populus tremula) and goat willow (Salix caprea) are discussed. There is much research detailing the ecological diversity of flora and fauna that is dependent on at least one of these pioneer species. As well the economic significance of these species in silviculture their various medicinal and cultural uses are also discussed. The second part of this study details the fieldwork and the evaluation of two fundamental questions and the corresponding hypotheses. 1. Where do pioneer species occur today in the forests of Baden 2. What roles do pioneer species play in a storm devastated woodland, after twelve years with- out any silviculture management To answer the first question a sample study took place in a production forest in Baden CH with the sample grid area fixed by a GIS-analysis. To answer the second question an existing sample grid in a windblow area of the Teufelskeller Natural Forest Reserve was analysed. The interpretation of the results showed correlations in the occurrence of pioneer species and their natural habitat in Baden. The study found that in unmanaged forests natural regeneration of aspen and goat willow are found mostly alongside forest trails, whilst birches establish predominantly within the stand interior. Re- search of these particular pioneer tree species to examine how much space they require showed that a birch with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 40 cm has a crown diameter of 6.8 m, whilst an aspen of the same dimension 8.6 m and a goat willow 9 m. In the third part of this study the long term management strategy, based on the findings in part one and two, was designed and the economic consequences for Baden estimated. The promotion of as- pen and goat willow along forest trails and that of birch within the heart of the stand is strongly rec- ommended. In doing so Baden has to calculate a yield loss for the pioneer species of approximately 120 Fr. per hectare per year in comparison to a beech forest and 160 Fr. per hectare per year in comparison to a Norway spruce forest. III Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ..........................................................................................................................................1 2 Teil 1: Bedeutung ausgewählter Pioniergehölze ..............................................................................3 2.1 Zusammenfassung Teil 1 ......................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Die untersuchten Baumarten .................................................................................................. 4 2.2.1 Die Birke (Betula pendula) ................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Die Aspe (Populus tremula) ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Die Salweide (Salix caprea) ................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Ökologische Bedeutung ......................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Insekten ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Vögel .................................................................................................................................. 22 2.3.3 Säugetiere .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Pilze, Bakterien .................................................................................................................. 28 2.3.5 Moose und Flechten .......................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Gesellschaftliche Bedeutung ................................................................................................. 37 2.4.1 Die Birke (Betula pendula) ................................................................................................. 37 2.4.2 Die Aspe (Populus tremula) ............................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 Die Salweide (Salix caprea) ................................................................................................ 40 2.5 Ökonomische Bedeutung .....................................................................................................
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