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Overcoming the Challenges of Tamarix Management with Diorhabda Carinulata Through the Identification and Application of Semioche

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Overcoming the Challenges of Tamarix Management with Diorhabda Carinulata Through the Identification and Application of Semioche OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF TAMARIX MANAGEMENT WITH DIORHABDA CARINULATA THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF SEMIOCHEMICALS by Alexander Michael Gaffke A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Environmental Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana May 2018 ©COPYRIGHT by Alexander Michael Gaffke 2018 All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the unconditional support of my family, Mike, Shelly, and Tony Gaffke. I must thank Dr. Roxie Sporleder for opening my world to the joy of reading. Thanks must also be shared with Dr. Allard Cossé, Dr. Robert Bartelt, Dr. Bruce Zilkowshi, Dr. Richard Petroski, Dr. C. Jack Deloach, Dr. Tom Dudley, and Dr. Dan Bean whose previous work with Tamarix and Diorhabda carinulata set the foundations for this research. I must express my sincerest gratitude to my Advisor Dr. David Weaver, and my committee: Dr. Sharlene Sing, Dr. Bob Peterson and Dr. Dan Bean for their guidance throughout this project. To Megan Hofland and Norma Irish, thanks for keeping me sane. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Tamarix ............................................................................................................................1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Spread ...........................................................................................2 Biology .....................................................................................................................3 Ecology ....................................................................................................................6 Impacts .....................................................................................................................8 Control ...................................................................................................................12 Classical Biological Control ..................................................................................13 Diorhabda carinulata ....................................................................................................14 Evaluation and Selection........................................................................................14 Life Cycle...............................................................................................................16 Dispersal ................................................................................................................19 Release and Establishment .....................................................................................20 Impacts on Tamarix ...............................................................................................21 Challenges and Conflicts .......................................................................................23 Chemical Ecology and Insects .......................................................................................29 Semiochemicals in the D. carinulata/Tamarix System .................................................33 Use of Semiochemicals to Resolve Challenges and Conflicts with D. carinulata ........35 References ......................................................................................................................41 2. SEMIOCHEMICALS TO ENHANCE HERBIVORY BY DIORHABDA CARINULATA AGGREGATIONS IN SALTCEDAR (TAMARIX SPP.) INFESTATIONS ...........................................................................................................62 Contribution of Authors and Co-Authors ......................................................................62 Manuscript Information Page ........................................................................................64 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................65 Introduction ....................................................................................................................65 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................66 Field Experiment Location and Insect Source .......................................................66 Lure and Chemicals ...............................................................................................66 Release Rate Analysis ............................................................................................67 Field Study .............................................................................................................67 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................68 Results ............................................................................................................................68 Release Rate Analysis ............................................................................................68 Field Study .............................................................................................................68 High-density Site Reproductive Adult Response ......................................68 Low-density Site Reproductive Adult Response .......................................68 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED High-density Site Non-reproductive Adult Response ................................68 Low-density Site Non-reproductive Adult Response ................................68 High-density Larval Response ...................................................................69 Low-density Larval Response ....................................................................69 High-density Damage Rating .....................................................................69 Low-density Damage Rating .....................................................................69 Dieback Rating...........................................................................................70 Canopy Volume Measurements .................................................................70 Discussion ......................................................................................................................70 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................73 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................73 Supplemental Material ...................................................................................................73 References ......................................................................................................................73 3. FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF A SEMIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT THAT ENHANCES DIORHABDA CARINULATA BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TAMARIX SPP. ....................................................................................75 Contribution of Authors and Co-Authors ......................................................................75 Manuscript Information Page ........................................................................................77 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................79 Introduction ....................................................................................................................80 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................84 Field Experiment Location and Insect Source .......................................................84 Lure and Treatment ................................................................................................84 Release Rate Analysis ............................................................................................85 Field Study .............................................................................................................86 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................88 Results ............................................................................................................................89 Release Rate Analysis ............................................................................................89 Field Study .............................................................................................................89 Reproductive Adults ..................................................................................89 Non-reproductive Adults ...........................................................................90 Larval Densities .........................................................................................90 Damage, Dieback, and Canopy Volume ....................................................91 Discussion ......................................................................................................................92 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................99 References ....................................................................................................................107 v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED
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