An official publication of 2010 I nternational Camellia Journal 2010 International Camellia society international number ISSN 0159-656X International Camellia Journal

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‘Jikkô’(literally meaning ‘the sunlight’) is a 300 year old camellia just inside the entrance to the garden of Reikanji Temple in Kyoto City. It is thought to be the original plant of this variety and was cherished by the retired Emperor Gomizuno’o (1596-1680) and designated as a natural treasure by Kyoto City.

See page 104 for Kentaro Nakamura’s paper that includes information about experiments for the propagation of this historic camellia. FRONT COVER PICTURE ‘Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki’ was seen on several occasions on visits during the 2010 International Camellia Society Congress in Japan. The name means, literally “Five colours, double, petals scattering”. The five colours are all seen on one tree, with branches bearing white, deep pink, pale pink, striped pink on a white background, and striped with white on a pink background, making a glorious display. The most striking trees are ancient, estimated to be 400 – 500 years old. Its history is not clear, but there is a legend that the plant of the same cultivar at Jizoin Temple in camellia japonica camellia seeds filtered camellia oil Kyoto was brought in from Korea during the war between Japan and Korea in 1593. This unique cultivar the pride of the people of Kyoto and Nara. “to love the camellia, to love people, to love nature.” In Kyoto’s northern suburbs a huge plant fills the front garden of the Okumura From ancient times, Japanʼ s camellia tree has family’s house. been the focal point of many traditions and an object of beauty and wonder. Its applications 882277 (0)1202 +44 . UK

range from medicine, to food, to makeup and ,

lamp oil. At the same time, it has a beautiful LN flower that continues to captivate the hearts of 21 1 21

countless scores of people. H The utilitarian aspects of the camellia tree are also undeniable;the oil from the seeds are used both as cooking oil and as a skin and hair care product, and have been in use for more than a thousand years, making it an essential and inseparable part of Japanese culture. Our company manufactures and sells filtered virgin camellia oil, which is harvested from the island of Izu Oshima. Oshima has an abundance of over ane, Wimborne, Dorset B Dorset Wimborne, ane,

three million camellia trees. Our mission is “to love the camellia, to love people, L to love nature.” ill M Our filtration process is carried out through a special method that does not involve the heating of the oil (thereby preserving the flavor and nutrients). 14 , Our camellia oil is clear and scentless. And moreover we are convinced that it has moisturizing and osmotic properties which are superior to the other camellia oils. Itʼ s our mission to spread word of the wonder and charm of camellia oil Press inster Designated a natural treasure by Kyoto City in 1984, its longevity is thought to be M throughout the world, so that everyone may enjoy its many benefits. he he

due, at least in part, to being planted over a spring of clear water. It is probably the T largest tree of this variety in Japan, measuring 9m in height, with a crown of 10m. Tsubaki Co.,Ltd It originally had a single trunk up to the height of 70cm where it branched into four president

measuring about 100 to 80cm in girth respectively. At present the site is filled in to Yukitaka Hihara by Printed 4-10-13 Motomachi Oshima-machi the height of the branching and is now seen as if it is a multi-forked plant. Tokyo 100-0101 Japan The second ‘Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki’ is in the grounds of Byakugoji Temple at e-mail:[email protected] the foot of Mount Takamado in a south eastern suburb of the ancient city of Nara, http://www.tubaki.co.jp/ a former capital of Japan. It too is designated a natural monument, one of three most famous camellias in Nara. The Temple, built in 715, is reached by climbing about 150 stone steps, but this 400 year old camellia, and others almost as old in its grounds, and the view across the whole of the Nara Basin are well worth the effort. With thanks to Shigeo Matsumoto for information about this historic camellia. J.E.T. 

International Camellia Journal 2010 No. 42

An official publication of the International Camellia Society

Aims of the International Camellia Society To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and maintain and increase their popularity To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with camellias To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies To disseminate information concerning camellias by means of bulletins and other publications To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities

MAJOR DATES ON THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CALENDAR

International Camellia Congresses

2012 --- Chuxiong, Yunnan, China. ICS 50th (Golden) Anniversary.

2014 --- Galicia, North West Spain.

2016 --- Dali, Yunnan, China.

2018 --- Nantes, Brittany, France.

Symposium

2011 --- Goto, Japan. Historic Camellias.  Contents Message from the President - Patricia Short 4 Notes from the Editor - ����������������Jennifer Trehane 6 Report of the ICS Web Editor - Patricia Short 7 First ICS Symposium on Historic Camellias - Chuji Hiruki 8 International Camellia Congress 2012. Chuxiong, Yunnan, China 9 Chuxiong Congress 2012. Pre-congress Tour. 12 Chuxiong Congress 2012. Post-congress Tour. 15 Events in 2010 International Camellia Congress. Kurume 20-24 March 2010 17 Pre-Congress Tour 2010 – Charles Lee – Camellias Australia 20 Post Congress Tour 2010 – Jennifer Trehane 25 2010 International Camellia Congress – Congress Papers Japan’s Camellias: How they won the West 32 Herb Short Sakuden and his work with special emphasis on Hyakuchin-shu 38 Kazuyo Suzuki Camellia history and future in the Benelux and renewed links with Japan 42 Marc de Coninck Identification, history, cultivation, and conservation of heritage camellias in Hawaii 46 Martin F. Stoner Spanish camellias in the International Camellia Register 50 María González, Carmen Salinero, Pilar Vela, J. Luis Couselo Higo Camellias 54 Shigeo Matsumoto Introduction of Higo-sasanqua 58 Takayuki Tanaka The difficulties and pleasure of collecting and growingHigo Camellias in Germany 65 Beate Ackermann Environmental adaptation and biodiversity of Camellia japonica L. 68 Chuji Hiruki The current state of camellias on Izu Oshima and our company’s initiatives in camellia regeneration projects 73 Yukitaka Hihara and Genki Fukui Survey of Camellias utilization in Yangtze River Delta 76 Li-cui Wang, Ya-Li Zhang, Jian Li, Qing-hua Li, Yong-hong Hu In vitro effect of four biofungicides on control of Ciborinia camelliae Kohn 79 Dolores Montenegro, Olga Aguín, Carmen Salinero, J. Pedro Mansilla Camellia chuangtsoensis, another re-blooming species discovered after Camellia azalea in China 84 Jiyin Gao, Xinkai Liu, Wanjian Huang, Yuling Liu, Guanghui Chen Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. St. (Theaceae):Molecular and morphological comparison of selected samples from Viet Nam, China and the USA 89 G. Orel, D. Marchant, A. S. Curry A preliminary report on heat tolerance of Camellia sasanqua 95 Biyu Xu, Tianfei Li, Tian Li  Population variations in Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu and its conservation strategies 100 Yun Xie, Jiyuan Li, Sui Ni, Gaopu Zhu, Zhenqqi Fan Propagation of some varieties of Camellia japonica in Reikanji-temple and a variety of Camellia sasanqua in Ankokuronji-temple. 104 Kentaro Nakamura, Remi Nakagawa and Mineyuki Yokoyama Chloroplast DNA variation in Camellia japonica and C. sasanqua in Japan 107 Kumiko Hayashi, Nobumine Tateishi, Yukio Ozaki and Hiroshi Okubo Expression of the white marginal picotee in the petals of ‘Tamanoura’ 112 Nobumine Tateishi, Yukio Ozaki and Hiroshi Okubo Characterization and differentiation of old Camellia japonica cultivars using simple sequence repeat (SSRs) as genetic markers 117 Jose Luis Couselo, Pilar Vela, Carmen Salinero, Mª Jesús Sainz Compositions and variations of anthocyanins in camellia cultivars of China 123 Jiyuan Li, Sui Ni, Jianbi Li, Xiaoqing Zhang, Zhenqqi Fan, Xinlei Li Somatic embryogenesis and somatic embryo germination of Camellia azalea × Camellia japonica ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ 127 Matthew Taylor, Edwin Leinbach and Jason Lattier Other Articles Camellia luteocerata sp. nov. and a new section of Camellia (Dalatia) from Vietnam 131 George Orel and Peter G. Wilson A New Species of Camellia Sect. Stereocarpus (Theaceae) from Vietnam 137 George Orel and Peter G. Wilson Seemingly I Already Knew the Ancient Camellia Trees in Taiwan 141 You Muxian, China Camellia Nurseries are Booming in China 144 Greg Davis, past ICS President. USA News and Reports Otomo Endowment Research Fund - Herb Short 146 International Camellia Registrar’s Report - Neville Haydon 147 ICS Gardens of Excellence - Jennifer Trehane 148 Historic Camellias Group Formation - Chuji Hiruki 149 New Books 150 Deceased 2010 152 Obituaries 153 News from the Regions 155 Retiring Treasurer’s Report & Accounts - Neville Haydon 162 ICS Membership - Ines Kasimir 164 Directors and Officers 171 Contents’ Translations page 174 Voir page 174 pour la traduction du resume du message de notre President et des articles principaux dans ce Journal. Translated by Marc de Coninck s.S.176: Zusammenfassung der Mitteilungen des Praesidenten und der wesentlichen Artikel dieses Journals. Translated by K�arin���� J�acobs-������G�ebauer������ 中文翻译的主席致辞和主要内容摘要，请见178页。Translated by Wang Zhonglang 「会長メッセージと主要記事の要約の日本語訳については180頁をご覧下さい。」 Translated by Shigeo Matsumoto 

Message from the President Patricia L. Short

It was the end of an era, when Greg Davis – president since 2002 – passed the presidential baton over to me at the ICS Congress in Kurume, this spring. I want to thank Greg and the key members of his team – Morris Waller, secretary, and Neville Haydon, treasurer – for all the fine work they have done for the ICS over the years. I would also like to welcome the new treasurer, Colin Cook, and the new secretary, Joan Jones, both here in the U.K. I hope that their time representing the ICS will be enjoyable for them. It is amazing how quickly time has passed for some of our ICS projects. For example, we have now had 10 years during which our Gardens of Excellence program has run. In the first year, 2001, the ICS recognized five gardens of excellence; more have followed. And as garden owners and administrators realize the cachet of this accolade, more are applying for recognition. By our rules for the Gardens of Excellence program, recognition is for 10 years, after which recognition must be reaffirmed. Accordingly, this coming year I will be writing tothe original five gardens to see if they still wish to have this recognition, and if so, how they and we can arrange for inspection and reaffirmation by directors and officers from other regions, as required by the rules. At the Directors’ meeting in Kurume, Neville Haydon, who continues to serve as the International Registrar, explained that a new supplement will be published early 2011, bringing the registration of camellias up-to-date in hard copy form. It is the culmination of ten years’ work. The Web Register is already updated several times a year. (See International Registrar’s report.) Herb Short, director of the ICS Otomo Research Fund, led the discussion about the two grants which were subsequently approved by directors in Kurume, and the new investment account opened in the U.S. to secure interest income for grants – grants, as stipulated in our rules, can be made solely from interest income, not from capital. (See Otomo Fund report.) The ICS Otomo Fund – the pre-eminent fund supporting camellia research on an international basis -- has this year been joined by the Riggall Foundation as a major supporter of research in the international camellia community. Mrs. Gladys Riggall, whose husband Leslie established the foundation before his death in 2005, this year approved a grant to fund a post-graduate student in a three-year program in research into camellia flower blight, at Massey University, in New Zealand. The Panama-based Riggall Foundation will operate as an independent body; we look forward to many years of a warm relationship of mutual support and productive cooperation. Directors reached other decisions at the meeting. Perhaps the most notable was the affirmation of Greg Davis, outgoing president, as Patron of the ICS, to succeed the late Charles Puddle. Directors also named six new gardens as ICS Gardens of Excellence: three in Japan, one in South Africa, one in Italy and one in Switzerland. And delegates interested in old camellias formed a historic camellias working group, chaired by ICS Vice-President Chuji Hiruki; this group is organising a symposium in Goto City, Japan, in February 2011. 

The Kurume Congress also saw the debut of The President’s Medal, awarded at the discretion of the president to people whose contributions have been of great value to the camellia world.

The inaugural medals were presented to Neville Haydon for the enormous contributions he has made to the ICS, most recently as treasurer and as Registrar, and to Shinichiro Kishikawa, who has produced inexpensive reprints of his priceless first-edition camellia books, thereby making historical information widely available to camellia researchers. The directors officially set the schedule for future ICS Congresses for 2014 through 2018, as detailed on Page 1 in this journal. All the venues chosen are exciting places of beautiful camellias, breathtaking scenery and locales, and gracious people eager to welcome us to their communities. Those qualities certainly are displayed by Chuxiong, Yunnan, China, where our colleagues have arrangements for the 2012 Congress well underway. They have worked out a program for the Congress, scheduled for February 5-10, 2012, plus the week before and the week after for associated tours; now they await only an updated list of members in order to mail out full information, with booking forms, to all members. Preliminary information is included on the ICS website, www.camellia-ics.org , and in this journal. The membership list – which also is used to prepare mailing labels to all members for the ICS Journal – is extremely important. It is imperative that information be complete and up-to-date, which means that the ICS Membership Registrar Ines Kasimir needs to receive full membership information promptly from the membership representatives in our various regions. We probably don’t say often enough how much we all value the work done by our membership representatives. They must keep accurate records of new members, resignations, deaths, and other changes. As well, they work with directors to organize events in their regions, and to disseminate information about the ICS. They ensure that the ICS functions smoothly, so they very much deserve our gratitude for their hard work on behalf of us all.  Notes from the Editor Jennifer Trehane I hope you approve of your new, bigger sized Journal. The decision was made to increase its size for two main reasons:- The advent of digital easy-to-use, good quality cameras and modern computer programmes for handling the resultant images has resulted in a huge increase in the number of excellent colour images being received. We are thus able to illustrate articles and reports with many more photographs. Along with this there has been a significant increase in the number of texts received from around the world. We have decided to print edited forms of all the papers submitted at the International Camellia Congress in Kurume. I am very grateful to all the presenters for providing Dr Chuji Hiruku and Tetsushi Tsutsumi with their texts and illustrations in understandable English and in a digital format on a single disc that made it easy to edit and prepare for printing, with minimal need to contact individuals. The contact information given with most paper/presentations is included in this journal to enable anyone wanting further information, or permission to use any or all of the text or pictures to write to or e-mail the author. I am grateful to those who have afforded me, as editor of this Journal, the additional courtesy of asking for permission to reproduce some of the papers in the journals of their own camellia societies. It is good to know that they appreciate that these are items initially produced for International Camellia Society members. The number of interesting places visited before, during and after the Kurume Congress is hard to convey in short articles, but I hope the pictures and brief descriptions provide a glimpse of what was enjoyed by many ICS members in Japan. Space has been allocated to give readers just a taste of what is in store in 2012 during our Congress in Chuxiong. I have incorporated most of the speech of the Mayor of Chuxiong, presented by Mr Zhang Fangyu in Kurume, into the feature article about the Congress and its tours. Full information is ready to be posted to all members. I first met Mr Fangyu in 1993, when he entertained and escorted our small party of mostly Australian camellia enthusiasts to see the camellias and much more on Zixi-shan. He had already planted an extensive collection of Reticulatas and knew exactly where to take us to see wild plants of several other species. He has also been very instrumental in both preserving and publicising the life and customs of the Yi people. He and his colleagues will give us a truly memorable time in 2012. As the “Journal of record” for the genus “Camellia” it is felt appropriate to include full details of the new species still being discovered in Vietnam and Cambodia. In addition to the two described here, George Orel has another two awaiting publication in the botanical journals after which they will be included in the 2011 edition of this journal. Our members continue to travel to interesting “camellia” places and it is good that they are happy to report their journeys to us for publication. Two regular travellers and correspondents have added to this journal. Greg Davis reports on his visits to camellia nurseries in China and You Muxian tells us about his visit to see friends and camellias in Taiwan. Our excellent web-site, under Web Editor Pat Short’s control, goes from strength to strength and is very popular as a means of keeping in regular touch with camellia affairs and events around the world and much more. I am grateful to Pat for sharing the information she receives. It is always sad to report the deaths of ICS members, particularly those who have been an active presence with us for many years. Vi Lort-Phillips 100th birthday was reported in last year’s Journal and Lew Fetterman’s considerable presence at congresses has been missed in recent years. There has been plenty of activity in the Regions, some of which is reported in this journal. With an unusually cold winter in the northern hemisphere there have been some interesting, and sometimes surprising reports of the effects on camellias in several different countries. There is insufficient space to give them proper consideration so they have been held back for publication in the 2011 Journal. A comprehensive article under the title of “Camellias and cold conditions” is planned. Camellias in Norway, Sweden, and Northern Ireland will be included, and it is hoped to also include new information from North America and other countries. The International Camellia Society Camellia Gardens of Excellence scheme is developing steadily and the six newly approved gardens are reported but, due to lack of space, not properly described. This omission is due for 

correction in the 2011 Journal, along with news of the five original gardens due for re-appraisal next year. Additional articles and news contributions are most welcome. Please send as attachments to e-mails, (definitely no more than 4MB per e-mail please), or as a disc. Finally, I should like to thank all those who have contributed to this Journal, both in terms of providing text and illustrations and in giving advice and support. Special thanks are due to:- Proof-reader, Mayda Reynolds and translators, Zhonglang Wang, Shigeo Matsumoto, Karin Jacobs-Gebauer, Marc de Coninck. The ever patient Graham Mallett has as usual been a vital contributor with his expertise in working with me to get the layout ready for printing by Minster Press. [email protected] Copyright: Articles and photographs are subject to copyright. Please contact individual authors or the Editor if all or part of any article is required for reproduction.

Report of the ICS Web Editor Patricia Short Our Internet address is www.camellia-ics.org As part of our ongoing project to bring the International Camellia Journal to the ICS Website, in a controlled way, I have posted the cumulative index of the journal, for issues 1-41, on the website. The index will be updated to include issue 42, this Journal, as soon as possible. We now move on to our next step, to provide abstracts of all the significant major stories in the Journal over the years. I’m seeking your help with this part of the project: I would be most grateful if some of our members could volunteer to prepare abstracts for major articles from one or two Journals (we could provide Journals for any you might wish to work on, if you don’t have them). If you are willing to help, please contact me at the e-mail address below. Meanwhile, a committee chaired by Carmen Salinero Corral, ICS Director for Spain, is working to digitize all the old journals, so they can be posted on our website. Still to be determined is the precise means to control access to ICS members, with arrangements for paid access by non-members, libraries, and so on. Eventually, we will have a fully searchable document for index and abstract, with links to the Journals. The “Camellia of the Month” continues to grace our opening pages, with photos being submitted by camellia enthusiasts from around the world. When our genus flourishes in both the southern and northern hemispheres, there is no month of the year without camellias blooming somewhere. The Web Register, under the guidance of ICS Italy Director Gianmario Motta, continues to flourish. It can be accessed either through the ICS website, or directly at www.camellia-international.org . At last look, the Web Register had received more than 133,000 “hits” since its launch – an indication of the value it gives the camellia community worldwide. We continue to work on the website’s calendar of camellia activities around the world, with frequent updates. I continue to add to our section on camellia gardens, both those of national pride and excellence and those that bear the accolade, “ICS Garden of Excellence”. And I am working with our different regions to see how we can revitalize and strengthen the ICS regional websites. Each year, we repeat our basic plea: tell us what is going on in your camellia world. Is there information you would like to see on our website? Let me know. And when you set events in your region (whether ICS or national or local), please let me know or encourage the organizers to let me know. We can post details about them immediately, for a newsy section that will encourage planning for visitors. [email protected]  First ICS Symposium on Historic Camellias

February 17-21st 2011. Goto City, Nagasaki Prefecture. Japan.

Organiser:- Chuji Hiruki [email protected]

The Historic Camellias and Conservation Working Group was established during the ICS Congress in Kurume in 2010. There are now 26 members from 10 countries.

The Symposium titled “Protection and Utilisation of Camellias” is supported by ICS (Japan and other Asian regions) and the Japan Camellia Society.

Each out-of-town visitor will receive a US$70 coupon redeemable for accomodation in the city.

Summary of events

February 11-27th Camellia Festival

Feb 17th Evening get-together with Symposium participants

Feb 18th Morning: Paper presentations and discussion. Afternoon: Lecture, camellia forum and panel discussions. Evening: Camellia gourmet tasting.

Feb 19th Visits to camellia gardens. Island torch show.

Feb 20th Camellia forests and church visits, get-together with local groups

Feb 21st End of program.  International Camellia Congress. Chuxiong, Yunnan, China. February 5th – 9th 2012 Pre-Congress Tour. Feb 1st – Feb 5th Post-Congress Tour. Feb 10th – Feb 14th

The 2012 International Camellia Congress is to be a very important occasion as it coincides with the 50th anniversary of the formation of the International Camellia Society. A special celebration is planned for this in Chuxiong. It is also the lunar Year of the Dragon which is celebrated by the Lantern Festival. Also being celebrated are the 8th China Camellia Expo and the 6th Chuxiong Camellia Cultural Festival. We, the International Camellia Society, are warmly welcomed by the Mayor of Chuxiong, Mr Yuan Ancient C. reticulata on Heiniu Mountain Peng and by the organising Committee led by Mr More than 20 of these have a base trunk measurement Zhang Fangyu, President of the Chuxiong Camellia of over 3 meters in circumference and some of these Society. are thought to be 1000 years old.

Mr Zhang Fangyu at the podium in Kurume

In addition to seeing some stunning camellias this area is home to the Yi people and we are privileged to see some of their culture and colourful folklore. Chuxiong is named Deer City and it is the capital city of the Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, located on the Central Yunnan Plateau at an altitude The basal trunk of a king of camellias of 1780m, surrounded by mountains and with the Longchuan River passing through the city. It is a Other wild species include C. crassipes with its prosperous city with a population of 200,000. fragrant white flowers, C. yunnanensis and several others. Chuxiong is the hometown of Camellia reticulata with more than 2000 individuals that are over 100 In addition to the presentation of papers we will be years old distributed in the surrounding mountains. visiting some of the scenic spots :- 10 Zixi mountain. The Zixi Species Garden, in the Ten-li Featured Flowers Zone is an area that core of the National Forest Park is regarded as an focuses on camellias and consists of a number of important gene pool for many genera of the Theaceae private gardens forming an integrated tourist area. family so, in addition to Camellia reticulata in its In addition there are nurseries and other sightseeing different flower forms, we will see ancient specimens and leisure facilities. near the temple sites.

The area is important in the culture of the Yi people and their worship of camellias. Other Ericaceous genera such as Eurya, Schima, Gordonia and Michaelia can also be seen. The wild woods of Heinu Mountain is where we will see many ancient, spectacular Camellia Yihai International Camellia Cultural Garden. reticulata trees. The 20 hectare Camellia Island is part of a newly Camellia Garden of Chuxiong Western Hills. developed leisure park themed on and around a This is a city park which includes 1000 field-planted 40 hectare lake. It has 1000 camellia varieties and C. reticulata and over 100 other species. 10,000 camellias planted. 11 Fortune Pagoda Cultural Park features a 9 storey, 59 meter high pagoda with decorative painting, wood carving, stone sculpture and copper casting. Camellias are featured throughout the park.

Chuxiong Prefectural Museum and the Ancient Town of the Yi nationality both provide a fascinating insight into the culture and customs of the Yi people, including over 300 ethnic Yi costumes.

World Dinosaur Valley. This is the largest dinosaur site (Guinness World Records), recreating the lost dinosaur kingdom. 12 Chuxiong Congress 2012. Pre-congress Tour Feb1st to Feb 5th.

The city of Kunming has the nearest international airport for Chuxiong and it is where the Pre- Congress tour starts. The tour begins with a visit to the Camellia Garden of the Golden Temple. Here, in an area of 10 hectares,there are 10,000 camellias including nearly 70 species collected from all over China. The Kunming Camellia Festival is held here every February. Nearby is the famous Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which has 3800 individual plants in 950 varieties of camellia including more than 1,200 big plants in 206 varieties of Camellia reticulata, the city flower of Kunming.

Also in Kunming is the huge garden of the 1999 Kunming Expo with its exhibits of gardens typical of various ethnic communities of China, its stunning displays of mass planting and much more. 13 Kunming Stone Forest Scenic Area is a World Heritage site featuring a dramatic water-weathered karst landscape.

Beside Dianchi lakeside is the Yunnan Nationalities Village, which shows examples of the architecture and folklore of the 26 ethnic groups of Yunnan.

Wanjiawa Camellia Village, as its name implies, is devoted to camellias. More than 200 villagers plant camellias, providing 60% of the whole Yunnan market. Shuanglu Garden has over 100 varieties and 10,000 individual camellias.

Wuding Lion Mountain Scenic Area, Chuxiong. Said to be “the First Mountain in Southwest China” and “One of the Top Eight Small Buddhism Mountains in China” it is famous for Peonies, and has over 40,000 in 120 varieties. 14

Dayao Santan Waterfall, Chuxiong.

The last two visits on this tour take us to the heart of Yi culture with a visit to the Yao’an Meige Cultural Yuanmou Earth Forest Scenic Area, Chuxiong. Park for a full picture of the culture of the Yi people, This is the cradle of humankind in Asia. ending with the Nanhua Miyilu Scenic Vale where 9 Yi ethnic hamlets are visited. 15 Chuxiong Congress 2012. Post-congress Tour Feb 10th to Feb 14th. Dali Zhang’s Garden. Eight famous camellias are planted here.

Dali Distinctive Flower Science and Technology R&D Base Camellia and other plant breeding, using local sources, takes place here along with work on growing these plants in a soil-less medium. There is a choice of routes :- Tour 1. Chuxiong-Dali-Lijiang-Shangri-la Tour 2. Chuxiong-Dali-Baoshan-Tengchong

Both tours visit the old town of Dali, once the capital city in both the Tang dynasty and in the Song Dynasty. The old town was built in AD 1382 and “streams pass along every family’s doorway and camellias blossom in every family’s yard”. The gate towers of the old town are majestic. 16 Tour 1 travels to Lijiang Old Town, a picturesque town with an 800 year old history, sometimes known as “Oriental Venice” due to the number of streams running through it.

Tour 2. Leaves Dali, heading west, eventually arriving in Tengchong. Tengchong Volcano Group. There are 97 dormant volcanoes with 23 well conserved volcanic vents in this group. Women of the Naxi people wear their colourful costumes with their distinctive head dresses as they go about their daily chores.

Yufeng Temple, Lijiang is where the famous Ten Thousand Flower Camellia is seen. With a crown reaching 56 square meters and its beautiful blooms, produced throughout the spring, it is a magnificent sight.

Tengchong Hot Springs. There are 80 fairly large geysers and hot springs with ten reaching 90ºC.

Yulong Snow Mountain is the holy mountain for the Naxi people, with its highest peak, Shanzidou 5596 meters high, capped with snow all year round and visible from almost all aspects of Lijiang.

This tour ends at Shangri-la, Diqing where the scenery in this Tibetan Region is conserved for its natural unspoilt ecology and ethnic traditional culture. It is one of 24 famous Tibetan tourist attractions. Laifengshan Camellia Garden. 2500 individual camellias, 110 varities, are collected in this garden. 17 Events in 2010 International Camellia Congress. Kurume Japan. March 2010.

We have come to expect wonderful, happy, well organised congresses when hosted by Japan and this was no exception. Chaired by Dr Chuji Hiruki, the organising committee did a splendid job. We cannot blame anybody for the unusually cold and wet weather, so the well organised hotel accomodation, the congress facilities at the New Plaza hotel and the warmth of our welcome were especially appreciated. Unfortunately our new President, Pat Short had developed a severe sinus infection during the Pre-Congress Tour and was unable to take any part in Congress proceedings until the Directors’ meeting when she was able to take over from outgoing President, Greg Davis, who had carried out presidential duties until then. A colourful welcome dinner on Saturday 19th March opened the Congress. The first full day was spent seeing a wide variety of “camellia” venues. These included two gardens that had made application to be considered at the Directors’ meeting next day as International Camellia Gardens of Excellence. The Ishibashi Cultural Centre is surrounded by its gardens, set in a public park in the town. Built in 1956 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Bridgestone Tyre Company, by Shojiro Ishibashi its founder, it was given to Kurume City for public enjoyment. It has many facilities but we headed first for the 6 hectare garden which has about 1500 camellias, (260 cultivars and many naturalised seedlings). We admired the camellias on display in the camellia show, found time to have a brief look at some of the antique and modern pictures and books featuring camellias in the gallery, and to watch folk dancing and singing in the garden, and some even managed to buy gifts from stalls too. An important stop was the second applicant for International Camellia Garden of Excellence status, the Kurume Camellia Garden, planted to commemorate the 2010 International Camellia Congress and only really created since 2008. The 3 hectare site in the Kusano district already had many old camellias, some forming a crowded camellia “forest”, several of which have been moved 18 to new areas. The recently moved plants provided much discussion and fascination because of the network of poles and ropes used to support them in their establishment stage and the fact that they had not, as is the western manner, been cut right back. There were also many very newly planted modern cultivars and a number of species, including some of the tender yellow ones.

Past President Greg Davis, stepped into new President Pat Short’s shoes to take part in a camellia planting ceremony. Ceremonial spades were the order of the day.

During the Congress, visits included one to see the huge old tree of ‘Kurume Mikenjaku’ being carefully preserved at Kusano Primary School.

There was also a quick visit to see a comprehensive collection of camellia species being grown under protection at the Hisatomi Nursery. A pleasant walk through the streets took us to see the famous old trees of ‘Masayoshi’ and ‘Miyakodori’ in the private gardens of the Imamura residences.

Music was heard so some of us followed it and found an exhausted team of men in C. euphlebia costume, who had carried a heavy religious icon, arriving at their destination.

The visit to Kumamoto Castle next day was marred by rain, but we were awed by the wonderful show of bonsai, using the famous Higo camellias. Some also managed to find the Higo C. impressinervis garden. 19 The final day’s visits in and around Kurume were again wet and cold but enthusiasm was undampened. At the Ishikikakizan Kannonji Temple some of the stone characters were even dressed with woolly hats.

The main objective for this visit was to see the famous 350 year old C.x vernalis, which had finished flowering. Undaunted, our smiling guides had large pictures to show us its true glory.

The experimental work being carried out at the Fukuoka Prefectural Nursery Plant Institute was a complete contrast. Here hybridising work was being carried out to try to produce good yellow hybrids. This, combined with the use of C. amplexicaulis and some fascinating and complex grafting techniques, proved of major interest. Single plants bearing multiple seedling grafts were used to speed up production. Outside, the cold resistance of C. japonica x C.amplexicaulis plants was being tested. 20 The Congress ended with a splendid banquet, Pre-Congress Tour 2010 entertainment, toasts and good cheer. th th We thank our hosts, the Mayor and city of Kurume, 14 - 20 March 2010 the Japan Camellia Society, the owners and staff Charles Lee – Camellias Australia of the gardens we visited and the many volunteers and helpers who were unfailingly cheerful and On 14 March 2010, 90 intrepid travelers assembled helpful, for making the 2010 International Camellia at Fukuoka in Japan to start the ICS Congress Pre- Congress a memorable and highly enjoyable one. Tour. Following registration and a contribution towards excess baggage, we enjoyed the first of many fine dining experiences at the Welcome Banquet. Up bright and early the next morning, we were whisked away in buses to visit the 1100 year old Dazaifu Temmangu Shrine. This is the resting place of a man worshipped as the God of literature and calligraphy; a favourite tourist spot for students at exam time. The shrine’s gardens include more than 6000 ‘Prunus mume’, Japanese Plum, with over 200 varieties. One tree at the entrance gate is named ‘Tobi-ume’, which means ‘Flying Plum Tree’. Legend has it that the tree flew from Kyoto to Dazaifu following the God and has been growing there for more than 1100 years. C.j. ‘Tama-no-ura’

Dazaifu‑Temmangu Shrine C.j. ‘Masayoshi’ Due to rough seas our arrival on Goto Island was delayed until the following day but the re-scheduled programme went off without a hitch thanks to the efficiency of Dr Chuji Hiruki and the organising committee Those of us fit enough formed Group 1 and trekked through the wilderness to visit the monument that marks the original place where C.j.’Tama-no-ura’ was found by a charcoal worker in 1947. It was quite hard yakka but worth it in the end. Although the original plant has died, due to excessive removal of cuttings taken for propagation during the early years after its discovery, a second generation plant C.j. ‘Myakodori’ is now flourishing near the monument. 21

Charles Lee with Dr Chuji Hiruki Camellia Tunnel * at the original site of ‘Tama-no-ura’

“Yabu-tsubaki” C. j ‘Tama-no-ura’ Our first day on Goto ended with a formal dinner The other group visited two Catholic Churches (from and entertainment. Talks on the history and current among more than 50 situated on Goto), an ancient status of ‘Tama-No-Ura’ (by Dr. Chuji Hiruki) and camellia windbreak with camellias 400 years old, a phylogenetic study of ‘Tama-No-Ura’ (by Prof. and a factory which produces camellia oil. Many of Yukio Ozaki) were preceded by an address from the gifts given to us as part of the congress and tours the mayor of Goto Mrs. Ikuko Nakao. A letter of were manufactured from camellias; they included request/invitation for the 2020 ICS Congress to be cosmetic oils, cooking oils, perfume and soaps. held on Goto Island was presented to ICS President The windbreaks were mostly native Camellia Pat Short. Following dinner we were entertained japonica, (‘Yabu-tsubaki’) which had been planted by a primary school choir and a local Taiko Drum to protect crops from the annual typhoons and cold group. northerlies. These plants obviously cope with After the rugged natural scenery of the Osezaki Cape extremes of heat and cold, and also must be quite area, day two took us to more formal gardens on salt tolerant. Goto. The 2.2 hectare Ondake Botanic Gardens and Goto also gave many of us our first view of native 6.0 hectare Goto Camellia Garden are located in the camellia forests during our visit to the Osezaki Cape Ondake Nature Park of the Saikai National Park. Set region. These forests were mainly species japonica on the gentle slopes of a mountain, visitors are given and were well past their flowering best (their season sweeping views across Goto and out to sea whilst is mid-February) but still quite spectacular from strolling through the 3000 camellias planted here the outside. Interestingly the inner view was rather since the garden opened in 1998. We were treated stark with rather “leggy” camellia plants reaching to a traditional Japanese tea ceremony and sweets in for sunlight with the first leaves showing at about the shape of a camellia in glorious sunshine on the 2-3 metres above the ground. lawns of the Botanic Gardens. 22

Tea ceremony * Samurai house Our somewhat shortened but never-the-less very interesting visit to Goto Island and city was completed when we were bade farewell by the Mayor and the local high school brass band at the ferry terminal. Fortunately the seas were nice and smooth for the return trip to Nagasaki.

Camellia sweet A box lunch of local delights was served at the Goto Country Club before our bus took us to the Abunze Visitor Centre to see a camellia planted by the Emperor and Empress Showa during a visit in 1969. Views and access to the rugged volcanic coast, with similarities to Hawaii, were experienced Greg Davis says farewell to the Mayor of Goto before returning to Goto city and a visit to an old – Home of C. japonica ‘Tama-no-ura’ * Samurai house. A fine exhibition of camellia bonsai was on show within the grounds. On Thursday the 18th March we toured historic sites around Nagasaki. These included the Oura Catholic Church, the first in Japan and built in 1865. At the rear of the church was a magnificent historic park which housed many old buildings dating from the mid-1800’s when Japan was re-opened to the west after a long period of closure. One of the buildings belonged to a Scottish settler named Thomas Glover who helped Japan modernise by developing ship building, coal mining, tea manufacture, and trade. Glover also introduced Kirin beer and was linked to the Mitsubishi family. The park was beautifully landscaped and offered splendid views across the main harbor of Nagasaki. Botanic Garden View 23 for many centuries, some moving to Goto, and used the image of the camellia rather than a cross to avoid detection that they were Christians. see p102-108, International Camellia Journal 2005 for Dr. Chuji Hiruki’s more detailed article. He explained to us during our travels that “Japanese Christians considered the sturdy nature of camellia trees analogous to what they had endured: camellia trees survive even after being cut at the main stem, producing many suckers and side shoots and finally recover from the severe damage. So the camellia became a source of encouragement in keeping their faith.”

Oura Church

The monument to the 26 Martyrs

During the period of isolation by Japan to the outside world Nagasaki was the only port open to foreign traders, with access via a man-made island known as Dejima which is surrounded by reclaimed land so that Dejima is now actually 3 km from the coast. The whole complex has been fully restored and acts as a museum. It consists of housing, wharves, warehouses etc. once used to support trading ships from the likes of the Dutch East India Company.

Glover’s House

Prior to the closure period, St. Francis Xavier introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549. Acceptance was reasonably widespread until its prohibition by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In 1597, 26 martyrs, including 6 Jesuit Priests were marched from Kyoto to a hillside in Nagasaki where they were all crucified. After a trudge up a very steep and narrow road we visited the rather stark monument and museum at the crucifixion site. Christians remained hidden Dejima model 24 Back to the bus for a night’s stay at a Dutch theme park called “Huis Ten Bosch”, which comprised 152 ha of forests and buildings, and more than 6 kms of canals. Tulips were in bloom throughout the complex of very large hotels and replicas of Dutch houses and streets. Friday saw us travelling to Arita, a city famous for its fine pottery. Tours of a manufacturing facility which has been making its products for 260 years, two ceramics museums and a retail complex filled more than half the day. The factory also had a magnificent formal Japanese garden, with typical attention to detail and cleanliness. Higo Bonsai

The last day of the pre-tour took us to a Nuclear Power Station at Genkai, to inspect the 450 year old camellia named “Taiko-tsubaki”. This magnificent old tree was transplanted into the power station site in 1984 and acts as a symbol of the wild camellias which thrive in the district. A newish camellia garden with over 800 plants and 100 varieties completes the landscaping around the site’s Tea House. Lunch was served in a huge glass house, heated by the power station, which contained many warmer climate plantings such as orchids, ferns and Huis Ten Bosch palms. Once again we were treated to a Taiko Drum recital and some traditional Japanese dancing. Tea was served in the Tea House before we set off to Kurume for registration and a Congress Welcome Banquet.

Arita Pottery garden

The day was rounded out with a visit to the Fukushima Coast area, to see more native camellia forests, Taiko Drums, a bonsai exhibit and grafting demonstration. Whilst in the forest area, a representative from each country participating in the congress took part in a Camellia Forest camellia planting ceremony. 25 Japan Congress 2010 Post Congress Tour Jennifer Trehane This provided an interesting variety of climatic conditions, enough to provide some excitement on occasions. Camellias remained the focus, but the scenery, culture and people we met were a major part of the tour – and we saw plenty of temples too. We set off from Kurume, our first stop being to 450 years old “Taiko-tsubaki the Suizenji Park, a ‘refined circular garden in the Momoyama period style’. A water hydrant cover attracted attention in the road outside the park.370. Artificial hillocks had been created and a large pond, fed with water from Mount Aso, was alive with carp and ducks. Cherry blossom provided a contrast to some of the trees and shrubs pruned and shaped in traditional manner.

Young girl learning tea ceremony (All part of the Genkai Power Station visit)

Acknowledgements: 1. * Photos taken by Joe Neuschwanger – Camellias Australia. 2. All remaining photos by Charles Lee – Camellias Australia.

A fine Yabu-tsubaki (C.japonica),tree was in flower beside the Izumi Shinto shrine,(1878) in the park. 26 Our visit to see the active volcano on Mount Aso Despite the drama we also saw the pale yellow was somewhat spoiled by low cloud that not only flowers of Hamamelis amongst the dominant covered the mountain, but the chill wind and Andromeda, with oaks and Cryptomeria providing drizzle, with the odd flurry of snow, sent us into the the tree canopy at lower levels and pines higher up. warmth of the Volcano Museum which proved quite It was also interesting to see Pieris japonica in less fascinating. The excellent facilities of the Hotel shaded spots. Asono cheered us up as did the bright sunshine next As we travelled we could see steam from hot day, which allowed us to take photos of Mount Aso springs rising from the hillsides. After lunch at the across the fertile plain of the huge crater. Oita Agriculture Park, a large reception committee was waiting to welcome us. We took an interesting but very cold walk around its excellent camellia collection, (which is when my camera stopped functioning for the day), then we travelled on to the Oita Floriculture Research Institute. Here the geothermal activity provides the focus for work on a wide range of horticultural projects. Established in 1952, the Institute has drilled 350m down to harness the energy from the hot springs below, harnessing 2.5t/h volume of steam at 120ºC and 11.0t/h of hot The drive next day provided some excitement as water at 100ºC. This provides all the heat needed for the road up the Makinoto Pass, the top of which is, its laboratories and greenhouses, soil sterilisation etc. at 1330 meters, the highest point on Kyushu, was Behind the laboratories is a well labelled collection covered in snow. This was the first time some of our of camellias, which are grown on clean bare soil to friends from warm climates had experienced this reduce the incidence of flower blight. so there was great relief and cheers for our coach We finally arrived in the “hot springs” seaside drivers when they reached the top of the pass. We town of Beppu where some of the rooms in our had passed another coach fitting snow chains and hotel looked down to its desalination plant and to met a snow plough coming down the pass. the fishing harbour where an active fleet brings in mackerel, sardines and prawns.

Pieris japonica 27 Another facility which proved popular was the public bath in the basement where a number of us shed our inhibitions, donned our yukata robes and went down to enjoy the healthy sulphur smelling hot water, as nature intended, along with a large number of locals. Ladies in one pool men in the other next door. A highlight of our visit to Beppu was to see a very old sasanqua at Hiji town. Estimated to be more than 400 years old it is believed to have been planted in the grounds of a samurai residence. Today it is regarded as a national treasure with every care being given to the support of its old branches.

Shigeo Matsumoto Next day we travelled by coach and by Shinkansen train, via Hiroshima and Okayama, to Kyoto for a couple of days visiting temples and their Thankfully the weather had improved and our camellias. As it was Sunday we were up early in escorted visits to several different hotsprings and order to enjoy our first venue before the crowds their surrounding gardens proved both interesting arrived. Our excellent guide “Casey” proved to be and enjoyable. 28 an entertaining and very knowledgeable escort who explained that the entrance gates to the Nijojo Castle, our first stop, were very expensively thatched with bark from the Japanese cypress trees. Cycads in the garden were still wrapped for winter protection.

On Monday we visited the Silver Temple where the ‘double deck’ hedge of tsubaki camellias greeted us.

The Golden Temple and its surrounds were very crowded and it was a relief to drive out to the suburbs to see the Okumura family’s wonderful old camellia, Goshi-Yae-Chiri-Tsubaki. 29 The lower, potentially more shaded ‘deck’ is its trunk and its surface roots protected from winter apparently pruned more vigorously in order to frosts with sacking. Camellias of different ages, keep it growing more actively, with well covered including other ancient specimens, were planted up branches. the hillside. There was even a plant of C.j. ‘White Nun’ amongst them. The beautiful temple buildings have a chequered history going back to 1490 and are regarded as an After welcome cups of tea and sweetmeats we important centre for the Arts and Flower Arranging. applauded the presentation by well known artist, Masahiro Kobayashi of a beautiful screen which he Some of us had been waiting with great anticipation had painted for the temple. to visit the Reikanji Temple where we were to see two well known ICS members; Nun Sato is the current Chief Priest and she kindly welcomed us and posed for photograhs beside the ancient tree of ‘Chiri-tsubaki’.

There was much to see in this small temple but it is called a “camellia temple” so we spent some time exploring the gardens. We found a very famous three hundred year old camellia, Jikko, with both 30 In complete contrast was the Byakugoji temple; a haven of peace at the top of a hill, which meant a long climb up 150 stone steps. Here we saw three very old camellias, one of which, a ‘Goshi-yae-chiri- tsubaki’, is said to be 400 years old and a natural monument of Nara Prefecture.

We later departed for Nara where we arrived at the Yakushiji temple, an important centre for medicinal plants and dyes, to be formally welcomed by the director of the Yakushiji Temple, the City Mayor and members of the Nara branch of the Japan Camellia Society. ICS Vice President, Max Hansen, responded.

The final day of the Post-Congress tour was spent in and around Nara, starting with a drive through the enormous Nara park where thousands of deer roam freely. Our objective was the Kusaga Shrine, to see the Great Buddha and the amazing buildings around it. 31 We were all exhausted by the time we arrived for our final visit, the Camellia Forest around the Gogokujinja Shrine, so the rice soup, cups of tea and goodies, some of which were camellia-themed, were extremely welcome. The forest was started in 1980 with the plan to plant 29,245 camellias to commemorate the same number of soldiers who have died in the wars since the Meiji era. The 50 year old ‘Wish-come-true’ camellia near the reception area is the oldest tree in the forest.

Kyomi Shinoda, Shigeo Matsumoto, Jennifer Trehane at the Byakugoji Temple, with Goshi-Yae-Chiri-Tsubaki On the way down, walking in warm sunshine through a semi-rural area with fine views over Nara we passed an obviously treasured camellia, planted in the grounds of a private house.

It had been a memorable tour with so much to see, experience and learn. All wonderfully organised and escorted by our ICS colleagues in Japan, members of the Japan Camellia Society and many local hosts, and in the company of fellow ICS members from all parts of the world. How lucky we are to be members of such an organisation ! 32 2010 International Camellia Congress – Congress Papers

Kurume, Japan

Japan’s Camellias: beginning of the 1600s. The center of trade was How they won the West Hirado Island, northwest of Nagasaki. The most important commodity was silver. The Portuguese Herb Short – and later the Dutch – carried silver from the mines 41 Galveston Road �L���������ondon SW15 �2��RZ �E������ngland of Japan to China where it was minted into coins. e-mail: [email protected] And in return, Chinese silk was taken back to Japan. Later in the 1600s, when the silver mines were low, In the early 1600s, under the rule of Hidetada, the Japanese curtailed the silver trade and copper the second shogun of the Tokugawa family that became the big commodity – minted into coins in ruled Japan for 250 years, the fashion of growing India. camellias for their ornamental value spread throughout the country. Camellia���������������� ��������japonica was in great favor, particularly among the court nobles, while C.sasanqua was not as fashionable. Mizuno Motokatsu’s “Kadan Komoku”, a three- volume work, is regarded as the first gardening book in Japan. It is believed to have been written in 1664, although it was not published until 1681. A total of 66 varieties of C.japonica are named, but C.sasanqua is not even mentioned. The first gardening book in which varieties of C.sasanqua Niju-benten are mentioned and described is Sannojo’s “Kadan But by the beginning of the 1600s, the shogun Chikinsho”, published in six volumes in 1695. Of the rulers began to feel threatened, mainly because the 205 camellia varieties described, 50 are sasanquas. Portuguese Jesuits had converted about one-half But until the shogun rule of the Tokugawa family million Japanese to Christianity. In 1614, the first was overthrown in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Tokugawa shogun, Ieyasu, issued an edict ordering few camellias of any kind left Japan. The Portuguese all Christians to leave or face torture or death. And had established trade with Japan by the 1550s and Japanese converts to Christianity were ordered to were followed by the Dutch and English at the become Buddhists. 33 After Ieyasu died in 1616, his son – the camellia- Cleyer, who never returned to Europe, died in loving Hidetada – issued new edicts stating that Batavia in 1698. He is probably most famous for anyone suspected of sheltering Christians would be his 1682 book “Specimen medicinae sinicae”, the put to death. In 1623, the year Hidetada abdicated first illustrated book on Chinese medicine published in favor of his son Iemitsu, the English closed their in Europe. He was a member of the Academia trading post on Hirado Island and left the country. Naturae Curiososum, the oldest academy for Iemitsu tortured the few remaining Jesuits and any scientific research in Germany, and his description Japanese converts. Then in 1634, Iemitsu, decided of C.japonica, written in Latin, appeared in the to confine the remaining Portuguese traders to academy’s journal in 1689. the small artificial island of Deshima in Nagasaki Meister’s description of C.japonica, written in harbor. In 1635, he ordered the expulsion of other German, appeared in his book “Der Orientalisch- Europeans from the country. In 1637, the Portuguese Indianische Kunst- und Lust-Gärtner”, published traders were ordered to leave completely. in Dresden in 1692, where he was employed by The merchants of the Dutch East India Company the Elector of Saxony as gardener of the oriental (Verenigde Oost-Indische Company or VOC), who pleasure gardens after his return from Batavia in were only interested in trade, had been allowed to 1688. remain, but were evicted from Hirado and confined Cleyer called the plant ‘Tzumacky’, not too different to Deshima Island in 1641. The Dutch were also than the modern ‘Tsubaki’. His description fits the subjected to severe restrictions. When ships arrived, species until the final sentence: “In the months of the Japanese removed the sails, which were returned October and November the leaves are deciduous; only when the Japanese permitted them to leave. in March and April they come forth anew with the The VOC’s chief commissioner was replaced yearly flowers”. and had to report to the shogun in Edo (now Tokyo) yearly. The Chinese were the only other foreigners Meister’s account is headed “Arbor Zuwacky oder allowed to land in Japan. Sasanqua auf Chinesisch”. This would seem to indicate that he confused C.japonica and C.sasanqua, Cleyer and Meister Firsts and also thought that C.sasanqua was Chinese rather Andreas Cleyer served as the VOC’s chief than Japanese. However, his description follows commissioner of Deshima twice: during 1682- Cleyer’s so closely that it is evident that Meister is 1683 and during 1685-1686. Each time, he was describing C.japonica and that he and Cleyer were accompanied by Georg Meister, his gardener in following the same text. Batavia. They were greatly interested in Japanese Most of the information on Japanese horticulture horticulture and wrote the first descriptions of Meister and Cleyer obtained was through Japanese C.japonica to appear in the West. interpreters, who were attached to the Dutch at Cleyer was born in Kassel, Germany. He had been Deshima. Meister suggests in his book that he in the service of the VOC, probably since 1664, at could communicate in Japanese and that he also its eastern trading and administrative headquarters was permitted to make occasional trips into the in Batavia (Jakarta) on Java. Although there are no countryside, accompanied by Japanese, to collect records of Cleyer obtaining a medical degree, he was plants. in charge of the VOC’s medical services. He ran Cleyer had to make the official yearly visit to the two pharmacies that were supplied with medicinal shogun with gifts -- and Meister did not accompany plants grown in his extensive garden. him. The trips to Edo would have taken more Meister, who was born in Sondershausen, Germany, than a month and would have enabled Cleyer to began working as a gardener in Saxony, but through observe the countryside. Cleyer also was able to a desire to travel, joined the VOC in Amsterdam as commission Japanese painters to making paintings a soldier on a ship bound for Batavia in 1677. After of some plants. At the end of his posting in 1686, minor military service, Meister came to the attention Cleyer was banished for life from Japan for failing of Cleyer because of his gardening experience, and to control the smuggling trade. Apparently, he did he was put in charge of Cleyer’s garden in 1678. control smuggling – to his own advantage. And he Use ‘Dejima’, Hijirimen or Shiratoma.

34 was lucky to escape with banishment for life. His rare plants in the garden of Cornelius van Outhoorn, Japanese accomplices were executed. Director General of the VOC. In May 1690, he set out for Deshima as trading-post physician. Cleyer and Meister did manage to get plants, including the tea plant, to Batavia and perhaps were In his two years in Japan, Kaempfer made two visits able to get C.japonica to there as well. That might to Edo with the chief commissioner. His travel explain why Cleyer and Meister thought C.japonica was restricted, but after a visit to Buddhist monks was deciduous. Plants newly taken from temperate in Nagasaki he became the first western scientist Japan to tropical Batavia would have suffered from to describe the Ginkgo biloba growing at a temple the heat. At the end of the dry summer season, they there. All ginkgos were thought to be extinct. He would probably have lost their leaves in October brought back seeds to Holland, where the oldest and November before the rainy season began. The ginkgo in Europe is said to be growing from one of camellia plants would not have survived very long Kaempfer’s seeds in the Utrecht Botanical Garden. in the heat of Batavia. But they could have grown By coincidence, the first ginkgo known to be grown in the mountains at altitudes above 1,300-1,400 in England was at James Gordon’s Mile End nursery meters, where tea is now grown commercially on in London in1754. the island. Gordon had been Lord Petre’s gardener at Thorndon On 10 December 1687, Meister left Batavia for Hall in Essex, near London, at the time when the Europe. He was homesick. Cleyer did not hold this first two C.japonicas were recorded the West – a against him, and sent him off with good references. large double crimson and a double white growing in He delivered plants to the Governor of the Cape one of Lord Petre’s hothouses about 1739. Gordon of Good Hope. Among them were tea plants he also propagated and sold tea plants from two that had grown from Japanese seeds. He arrived in arrived from China in 1768. Amsterdam on 16 August 1688. He delivered letters, plants and seeds to various European botanists and Kaempfer said that the tea plant, called Tsianoki, plant collectors. At Cleyer’s request, he presented to was one of the most useful plants in Japan, and the botanist Jacob Breyn in Danzig (Gdansk), plants that Japanese told him there were 900 varieties of and seeds, and 300 paintings of Indian and Japanese Tsubakki, C.japonica. In addition to the tea plant, herbs that had been commissioned by Cleyer. he named and described 23 garden camellias in “Amoenitatum Exoticarum Politico-Physico- Although Breyn described remarkable plants in Medicarum”, an account of his travels and flower gardens he visited in Holland in the late observations published in 1712. 1600s, it has never been proved that tea, or any other camellias, actually grew there. If they had, it Of the 22 japonicas listed by Kaempfer, five appear probably was not for long. The period from 1560- to have links with those still grown in Japan 300 1850 was known as the Little Ice Age in Europe and years later. These are: ‘Benkei’, ‘Hijirimen’, the worst years were 1675-1704, when the Baltic ‘Karaito’, ‘Shiratama’ and ‘Shokk�������ob�����eni’. Sea and most rivers were frozen solid. Kaempfer and Japan Less than two years after Meister left Batavia, Engelbert Kaempfer arrived. Like Meister and Cleyer, Kaempfer was a German. He was born in Lemgo in the principality of Lippe, Westphalia. After graduating with a Ph.D. at Kraków, he spent four years at Königsberg in Prussia studying medicine and natural science. He joined the fleet of the VOC in the Persian Gulf as chief surgeon and reached Batavia in September 1689. He met Cleyer, but did not mention Cleyer’s garden in his writings. Instead, he was particularly impressed by the great number of ‘Hijirimen’ (Oita Agricultural Park) 35 The one sasanqua Kaempfer listed was ‘Commakura 1830, where 2,000 plants he brought from Japan Sasanqua’. This could have been one of three were planted in the botanical garden. He arrived in camellias. One was ‘Kamakura’, a deep red with Antwerp in July 1830. His herb collection was sent white spots and large, long petals, and actually to the Botanical Garden of Brussels and 260 live a C.x vernalis (a cross between C.japonica and plants, including several camellias, were sent to the C.sasanqua) believed to be extinct. A second was Ghent Botanical Garden. ‘Kamakura-sazanka’, also a C.x vernalis believed The camellias, which had preceded him to Antwerp extinct. The third was ‘Kamakura-shibori’, another at the end of 1829, were near death, but Andries C.x vernalis with small red, mottled white blooms; Donkelaar, who was gardener at the Botanical many old trees of this camellia are still to be found Garden of Leuven (Louvain), near Brussels, managed in the Chûbu district, south of Tokyo. to save them. ‘Masayoshi’ (named ‘Donkelaari’), ‘Candidissima’ and ‘Ochroleuca’ flowered in 1832. Three others were named ‘Tricolor’ (‘Ezo-Nishiki’ in Japan), ‘Decipiens’ and ‘Multiflora’. An additional camellia was considered useless because its flowers were not interesting. All were C.japonica varieties with the exception of ‘Multiflora’, which remains a mystery. Donkelaar entered Camellia multiflora as “Rarest Plant” in an 1833 horticultural exposition in Leuven. In his 1837 Monograph, Berlèse called it C.sasanqua rosea plena, or multiflora. The description seems to ‘Shiratama’ (Floriculture Research Park, Beppu City) match that of C.maliflora, the species brought from The First Camellias from Japan China to England by Captain Rawes in 1816 and The first camellias that can be documented as never found in the wild. arriving in the West from Japan are those sent by An inventory of the Botanical Garden of Leuven, Philipp Franz von Siebold at the end of 1829. Von taken in 1829 before von Siebold’s camellia arrived, Siebold, another German physician who worked mentioned two C.japonica and two C.sasanqua – all for the VOC, was born in Würzburg. He arrived unnamed and origin unknown. Whether the two at Deshima on 11 August 1823 and, like many of sasanquas were actually sasanquas is questionable. the other VOC physicans who arrived in the later The only camellias considered, wrongly, by years of the shoguns, was allowed to treat Japanese some botanists to be sasanquas at that time were patients and teach Japanese students. He was even C.oleifera, the semi-double oleifera ‘Lady Banks permitted to buy a house in Narutaki, on the outskirts Camellia’ – and C.maliflora. of Nagasaki, where he looked after his patients. It became the Narutaki School for medicine. Sasanqua Confusion He had a Japanese companion, Sonogi. Their While the popularity of C.japonica varieties, first daughter, Ine, became the first female practitioner obtained from China, spread rapidly throughout the of Western medicine and eventually was appointed world from the early 1800s onward, specimens of court physician. C.sasanqua generally were not seen outside Japan until the end of the 1860s. C.sasanqua had been Von Siebold’s stay in Japan was to end in 1828, but described by Kaempfer in his 1712 “Amoenitatum the ship on which he was to sail was caught in a Exoticarum”, although it was not recognized as a storm and driven onto the shore. His luggage was species until Karl Peter Thunberg described it in his discovered to contain maps and other articles that 1784 “Flora Japonica”. were not permitted to be taken out of the country. He was detained and although he would not name C.sasanqua was thought by English botanists to have others, many were punished. He was deported on 30 been brought to England from China by Captain December 1829. He arrived in Batavia in January Robert Welbank on the English East Indiaman 36 Cuffnells in 1811 for the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Japanese varieties were given Western names, Kew. It was named ‘Lady Banks’ Camellia’, in creating a nomenclature headache that probably will honor of the wife of the head of the Royal Society, never be completely sorted out. Sir Joseph Banks. Later, however, it was decided that ‘Lady Banks’ Camellia’ was actually a semi- double form of C.oleifera, the oil-seed camellia. C.oleifera had been described by Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, who compiled the work of Jesuits in the Far East and published a general history of China in 1735. A specimen of C.oleifera, brought from China to England in 1798 by Lord Macartney on his return as ambassador to the Emperor of China, was erroneously called C.sasanqua; it did not survive. The typical single form of the C.oleifera species was identified in China and named by botanist Clarke Abel in 1818. It arrived in England in 1820, brought from China by Captain Richard Nisbet on the East Indiaman Essex. Botanists continued to confuse C.oleifera and C.sasanqua until the differences were finally clarified in 1915 by E.H. Wilson, of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, USA, who studied both species in the wild. Both species are autumn-to-winter flowering, but C.oleifera is native to China and Vietnam where it has been grown for its oil seed, rather than its flowers. C.sasanqua is native to Kyushu and the C.sasanqua var. foliis variegatis (left), with C.japonica var. foliis variegatis (right) southern islands of Japan and has been grown for its decorative value as a winter-flowering plant. In Japan, C.japonica and C.sasanqua are grown both Bibliography for oil seed and decorative value. Adachi, T., G. Iimura, S. Kirino, N. Hakota, and The first record of the true species C.sasanqua or N. Uemura. �������1998. “Nippon Tsubaki – Sazanka sasanqua variety arriving in the West from Japan is Meikan”. The Japan Camellia Society. Seibundo of ‘Sasanqua Follis Variegatis’ in the E.G. Henderson Shinkosha Co. Ltd., Japan. Nursery Catalogue in England in 1867. It is illustrated Akveld, L. and E.M. Jacobs. 2002. “The Colourful in L’Illustration Horticole, Volume 16, published in World of the VOC”. Thoth Publishers, Netherlands Ghent in1869. The illustration shows a single red Maritime Museum Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum sasanqua and a single red japonica side-by-side. Both Amsterdam, Maritime Museum Rotterdam. blooms are with variegated foliage. The illustration Andoh, Y. and T. Savige. 1983. Kaempfer’s bears a striking resemblance to that of ‘Nijû-benten’ Camellias. International Camellia Journal 15: 49- in “Nippon Tsubaki – Sasanqua Meikan”, a book of 50. 2,200 C.japonica and 200 C.sasanqua published by the Japan Camellia Society in 1998. It is said to be Andoh, Y. 1984. The Cultivar Names of Camellia an old variety, history unknown. Japonica in the First Half of the 17th Century. International Camellia Journal 16: 45-50. In 1868, after the overthrow of the shogun rule of the Tokugawa family in Meiji Restoration and the Armstrong, A.W. 2002. “Forget not Mee & My loosening of trade restrictions, Japanese camellias Garden. . .” Selected Letters 1725-1768 of Peter began reaching the West in greater numbers. �����Like���� Collinson, FRS. American Philosophical Society, the Chinese camellias that arrived earlier, many of Philadelphia. 37 Beasley, W.G. 1972. “The Meiji Restoration. Short, H. 2005. The Truth About Lord Petre’s Stanford University Press. Camellias. International Camellia Journal 37: 56- 59. Berlèse, L. 1837. “Monographie du genre Camellia”. L. Bouchard-Huzard, Paris. (English translation by Stokes, J. 1950. Early Occidental Camelliana. Part H.A.S. Dearborn. 1838. Joseph Breck, Boston.) I. American Camellia Yearbook. Caroni, M. 1999. Siebold and Nagasaki. International ______1952. Early Occidental Camelliana. Part Camellia Journal 31: 52-56. II. American Camellia Yearbook. Chandler, A. and W.B. Booth. 1831. “The Tooby, J. 1981. The Early Introductions of Camellias Illustrations and Descriptions of The Plants Which to England from China. International Camellia Compose The Natural Order Camellieæ, and of The Journal 13: 32-36. Varieties of Camellia Japonica, Cultivated in the Yashiroda, K. 1950. Notes on Varieties of Camellia Gardens of Great Britain”. John and Arthur Arch, Sasanqua. American Camellia Yearbook. Cornhill, London. (Computer scanned copy by S. Kishikawa, Osaka.) De Coninck, M. 2005. Andries Donkelaar (1783- 1850). International Camellia Journal 37: 60-65. Farrington, A. 1999. “Catalogue of East India Company Ships’ Journals and Logs 1600-1834”. The British Library, London. Hakoda, N. 1990. Sasanqua – Its Variety and Histories. International Camellia Journal 22: 55- 57. Hiruki, C. 2005. Camellias and the Roman Catholic Church in Japan. International Camellia Journal 37: 102-108. Hume, H.H. 1946. “Camellias in America”. J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg. Lemaire, C.H. 1869. �����������������������������Camellia Japonica var. Foliis Variegatis; Camellia Sesanqua var. Foliis������������������ Variegatis. L’Illustration Horticole 16: 581. Ambroise Verschaffelt, Brussels. (Computer scanned copy by S. Kishikawa, Osaka.) Milton, G. 2002. “Samurai William”. Hodder & Stoughton, London. Riedel, M. and M. Riedel. 2005. Saxony’s Camellias. International Camellia Journal 37: 69-77. Savige, T., C. Puddle, R. Philbrick, E.G. Waterhouse, R. Gimson, A. Sevesi, Y. Andoh and S. Shinoda. 1993. “The International Camellia Register”. International Camellia Society. Sealy, J.R. 1958. “A Revision of the Genus Camellia”. The Royal Horticultural Society, London. 38 Sakuden and his work Sakuden was also known as a master of tea ceremonies as well as in Kado, the art of Ikebana, with special emphasis on Kodo, the art of incense, and Sado, the art of the tea Hyakuchin-shu ceremony. In addition, Sakuden was well known as an expert of (A collection of one hundred preaching with illustrated sermons of the Mandala notable camellias) of Kan-Muryou-Ju-Kyo. The Seisuisho is a joke book which was presumably used by priests for Kazuyo Suzuki their preaching and later became a popular script of Machida branch of the Japan Camellia Society the rakugo, Japanese sit-down talk. Home address:A-103 2-1-10, Shikatebukuro, It may be concluded that Sakuden had broad interests Minami-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan 336-0031 and was unusually multi-talented. e-mail: [email protected] Table 1. Sakuden Anrakuan and related Sakuden and his time historical incidents The author, Sakuden Anrakuan(1554-1642, Figure 1) was a Buddhist priest of the Jodo 1554 Anrakuan Sakuden is born. 1560 Enters the Buddhist at Mini-Jo-onji Temple in Mino. 1564 W. Shakespeare (baptized ~1616) 1567 Trains in Zenrinji temple in Kyoto 1573 Collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. 1578 Serves as a sermon monk in Sanyo. 1582 Honno-ji Incident. 1590 Hideyoshi Toyotomi unifies Japan. First invasion of Korea. (Second 1592 invasion,1597) 1594 The chief priest of Sho-ho-ji Temple in Sakai. 1596 The chief priest of Jo-onji Temple De Liefde washed, W. Adams reaches Japan. 1600 Battle of Sekigahara

Figure 1. Portrait of Sakuden Anrakuan 1603 Establishment of Tokugawa shogunate(~1867) (Kyoto-Seiganji Temple) 1604 Authorized ships bound for Southeast Asia. sect. He was born at the end of the���������� Muromachi 1607 Joseon Tongsinsa sent to Tokugawa shogunate. period as the half-brother of Nagachika Kanamori 1609 Trades with Holland begin in Hirado. who was a military commander under the Toki clan, 1612 Anti-Christian policy is enforced a ruler of Mino Province ,the southern part of Gifu. British open the office in Hirado. Sakuden entered the Buddhist priesthood at 7 years 1613 The master of Daihonzan Kyoto-Seiganji old. He played an active part as a sermon monk in various parts of Sanyo, the Province located on the 1615 Extinction of Toyotomi Family. Inland Seaside of the Mainland, from the mid-20’s. 1616 Nurhaci found Manchu dynasty. It was 2 years before the extinction of the Toyotomi 1623 Retirement from the head priest period (1585-1603) when he was appointed to a new 1624 Spanish visit to Japan is terminated post of the master of Daihonzan-Kyoto-Seiganji 1630 Hyakuchin-syu is written by Sakuden Anrakuan Temple in Kyoto at 60 years old. Hyakuchin-shu was written at the age of 77 after his retirement from 1635 Hyakutin-zu edited by T.Matudaira. the position of head priest (1630). 1642 Sakuden dies 39 Critical analyses of Hyakuchin-shu 2. Themes of episode Hyakuchin-shu is the oldest gardening book in Japan Hyakuchin-shu contains a detailed history and the that classified the camellias. The original has not yet literature of China. Broad knowledge and learning been found, and only some early modern transcripts of the Buddhist scriptures and others are included are available. at length and breadth through different ages and countries. And Sakuden’s story frequently leaps. There are no illustrations of camellias in Hyakuchin- shu. Hyakuchin-shu is a collection of small episodes. The Buddhist scriptures are expressed in literature One hundred camellias are classified into several by using a figure of the camellia, so it made an categories as 20 white camellias , 25 red camellias, interesting story to make people want to listen 38 camellias with variegated patterns or picotees, 4 instinctively. Above all, Muryou-jyu-kyo, one of pink camellias, 2 purple camellias and 11 unusual the sacred books of the Mahayanist Buddhism, is camellias. Each one has a graceful name and especially treated. description. However, I think there are some themes hidden in Hyakuchin-shu contains some camellias of each episode. When I read it carefully, the situation botanically doubtful nature or those assumed not and culture of the days of Sakuden can sometimes to be in Japan at that time yet, such as black, blue, be seen. I think that there are some common yellow and dark blue camellias. Also, the book background themes, but the themes as arranged describes flowers in a wide size range, and single seem unconnected to each other. Background and double flowers blooming together on a single themes, such as Karma, a sense of the evanescence tree. Natural crossbreeding has occurred during of life and the decline of a clan, is based apparently the 400 years since his time. While most of these on what Sakuden felt through his experiences. camellias presumably remain today, only a few could be identified among the modern camellias. 3. Structure of 100 camellia Hyakuchin-shu is a book with mysteries. In this book arrangements; Connection with Renga Sakuden introduced a hundred unusual camellias. In (the linked poem) our modern sense, he was a great camellia collector. I firmly believe that Sakuden loved camellias, but Renga is made in a serial form by many people in a he was not a common collector. group. This became very popular in the Muromachi and Edo eras. The essence of Renga is in the idea of I translated Hyakuchin-shu into modern Japanese “Change” by succeeding the image, and as a whole, in 2003 with the cooperation of the camellia club it presents a harmonized atmosphere. The idea of the Chinyu-kai which was edited by the late Mr. Totsuro pattern of Renga is to avoid repetition and monotony, Nakamura. In the following, I present my critical yielding an unexpectedly pleasant development. analyses of Hyakuchin-shu. Because of these reasons, the episodes of camellias written by Sakuden change dramatically in several 1. Format; The relation to the incense places, it originated from the image idea of the service record linked poems, I think. Many quotations of waka are conspicuous in the Supposing that Hyakchin-shu follows the linked descriptions of individual camellias, though it poem form and I roughly rearranged the structure does not apply to all cases. These are related in the of this book by tracing each one in connection with constant form of the image of contents associated Renga, for a camellia that has not been explained with names of camellias. This resembles the form of with a meaning till now. incense record of the game of Kumikou. Kumikou The waka in the first poem was made by Yoshitsune is a game in which people guess incenses. Those Kujyo, a son of Kanezane Kujyo who had been incenses are selected from elements of waka and supporting Hounen, the founder of the Jodo Sect. story. The literary Kumikou game was perfected in Yoshitsune suddenly died a year before Hounen’s the days of Hyakuchin-shu. exile. 40 In the next poem, an Owari-tsubaki that Sakuden Anrakuan to see flowers and made a waka ofa called Oboroyo-no-tuki is recorded. The waka was Shiratama-tsubaki. One of the two attendants was made by Prince Shikibu-kyo who had been a feudal Tokiyoshi Nishino-touin, Tokitsune Hiramatsu’s lord of Mino porovince in the 9th Century. Owari, a father, who loved camellias. Sakuden did not show part of Mino Province, once belonged to the Toki camellias to them willingly in those days, Sakuden’s clan, was destroyed just before Sakuden was born. garden was famous for a cherry tree and azaleas also. In the third and fourth, wakas which were made by people related to Izumi-Sikibu who entered the Tokitsune’s and Michifusa’s Tanzaku with pictures Buddhism at Seiganji Temple. Camellia in the fifth, in detail were gorgeous. It expresses the atmosphere was owned by the feudal lord of Mino Province. of the time, the war-torn days were finished Also the waka was made by Yoshitsune’s grand before national isolation. Farm production and father. Next, Kikyou-tsubaki was painted in white population were increasing. Michifusa Kujyo had color. A family crest of Toki, a bell flower (kikyou a close relationship with Nobunaga Oda, Hideyoshi in Japanese), is sky blue in color. It seemed that Toyotomi and the second Shogun Hidetada white camellia is not color intended originally. One Tokugawa’s wife, the mother of the Empress. will find in the 93rd poem that it is sky blue camellia, Sakuden’s Tanzaku was sent to Norihira Takatsukasa a color of Kikyou. When the pages come close to whose son was adopted by Michifusa. the end, the rhythm goes slowly and happily. As for the background theme of 99th Samuyo-no-tami 5. Hyakuchin-shu’s camellias (People in cold night), turns to a famous, historical In the preface of the book, Sakuden mentioned in story that upon meeting with Zendou in his dream, 1615 that “camellias have increased day by day Hounen decided to start the missionary work. The from the end of the year.’’ And “the camellia which 100th Koshin-no-Sonae (The manners and customs sprouted at the time of Emperor Goyozei grew that came from Chinese Taoism) is the last episode marvelously by the time of Emperor Kinjo.’’ which ended comically, including Sakuden’s self- reflection in this way. ``I wish an insect in my body Hyakuchin-shu, provides a glimpse into the will not tell my sin to Ten-Tei (The Emperor in the gardening technology such as growing from seeds Heaven)`` which means that I hope my thoughts and natural crossing between different camellias.. will not be against the God’s discipline. In addition, I think that his rare camellias are the Hyakuchin-shu is a book that is hard to understand. products of artificial graft or a literal expression such Or he might have made it hard to understand on as ‘Goshiki-tsubaki’ (camellias with five colors). purpose. However, the name of Bokui, the owner of The camellias of Hyakuchin-shu were selected Yawata-tsubaki (Table 2, no.42), can be found in the from Hyakuchin-zu with the helpful advice of Mr. Shuoka-do-chakai-ki as a guest. Therefore, it could T.Nakamura in reference to the text of Hyakuchin- be said that Sakuden wrote facts in Hyakuchin-shu, syu. I think. Conclusion 4. An analysis of writings Hyakuchin-shu (Collection of 100 In the early Edo era, the long-lasting war was settled, notable camellias) and the Edo’s first but the situation was not clear among townsfolk, the camellia boom Temple, the samurai, the court noble and even the daimyo of the Tokugawa family how it turns out 1) Economic factor until the shogunate system is in order. Based on the fact that an imperfect cultivar of Karako-saki was included in Hyakuchin-shu, it I figured out something came into my view in is apparent that the cross breeding technique was question from Sakuden’s writing and contemporary available at that time. In addition, it is important to books of the time. consider the hobby of growing camellias from seeds Ryoujyo-housinno was a brother of the Emperor was an important economic factor. The economic Goyouzei. On the fifth of March, 1633, he visited development resulted in the expansion of personal 41 movement and the distribution. early Edo era. Camellias are highly valued in the Renga poets used to move actively between the east art of flower arrangement for a tearoom, but it was and the west as song monks. ‘Kanga-haha’ was a only twice described on Rikyu’s 100 tea parties song monk’s camellia. in the book of` Nanbo-roku. In the description of Tennouji-ya Jikai-Ki, camellias were used several 2) Possibility of early importation of camellias times, but there is no record of Gamei. It should be Yoichi Suminokura who owned Suminokura-tsubaki emphasized that camellias appear frequently as tea traded with Vietnam. It was called Annan Trade. flowers at about the time immediately before the Recently, it was found that yellow camellias can Edo era. There were names for the precious incense, be used for medicinal use. Yoichi’s family included called Gamei. doctors, so that he probably imported materials for medicinal use. Thus, it could support a notion that The first camellia boom in the Edo era discovered yellow camellias were imported for it. Under official the beauty of the camellia, and it seems that the authorization, trade was conducted with countries in boom coincided with the time the Gameis were put southeastern Asia including China. As Suminokura on camellias. family, a feudal lord in Goto-Islands and Kiyomasa There were some people who carried camellias of Kato, a feudal lord in Higo actively engaged in their favor on their shoulders from mountains and international trades. villages and they put Gamei to the flower of their 3) Gamei (Graceful name) choice when it bloomed. Sakuden survived a series A traditional system was formed of a flower/ tea/ of wars, therefore, it seems that he was the one who incense called a ‘Gamei’ (Graceful Name) in the prayed for peace above all.

Table 2. Camellias of Hyakuchin-shu

Sakuden’s name Hyakuchin-zu Sakuden’s name Hyakuchin-zu Sakuden’s name Hyakuchin-zu Shizugayano- 1 Mituno-hikari 34 next Shiratama 67 Touka-ba chasen 2 Oboroyono-tuki 35 Watano-hara next Shimo-furi 68 Shimono-momiji 3 Kasumeru-tuki 36 Kanga-haha 69 Ume-housi 4 Naniwa-gata 37 Hansoga-kuti 70 Nou-isyou 5 Semino-hagoromo Tokunaga 38 Shiba-onkou 71 Takigino-nou 6 Kkyou-tubaki nere Narasite 39 Chiri-men 72 Gomen are 7 Sazanka-tsubaki Sazanka-tubaki 40 Tonase-gawa nex Narajite 73 Shinobuno-koromo 8 Katsurano-hana Narasite 41 Koshimino Koshi-mino 74 Hinodono-tubaki 9 Sa-go-si Myoren 42 Yawata-tubaki Yawata 75 Yoruno-nishiki 10 Takino-shiraito nere fudo 43 Rankei-tubaki Botan 76 Takano-tume Aka-sazanka 11 Rosyuku-oumin Kitano 44 Suminokura-tubaki nere Hoshi 77 Kinpai-kouban Tsushima 12 Shirafuno-taka next Hoshi 45 Fuuki 78 Futukano-tuki 13 Shirotaeno-sode Machi-tubaki 46 Rakutyuu-rakugai 79 Asaneno-toko 14 Kmo-ka 47 Kogarashi 80 kannnonnji-tsubaki next Honin-bo 15 Hoshi hitotsu 48 Fujino-takane 81 Gessyoku Kawari 16 Katsugino-okata 49 Takukin-kou Tsuruga 82 Udonge nere Kitano 17 Kaeru tamazusa 50 Hahasono-mori nex beni-chiri-tsubaki 83 Gyohuno-amamino 18 Kouya-san 51 Sezeno-shiranami next Botan 84 Wagamama 19 Ikuyono-shimo 52 Tyuu-nishiki hyakuman-tsubaki 85 Nanzezu 20 Yuusenno-makura 53 Someyano-teishu 86 Honin-bo Honin-bo 21 Akeno-tamagaki Oumi 54 Nishikino-tachisasi near Kuwana 87 Ousuiro next Mii-dera 22 Kara-nishiki next Hoin-bo 55 Koyano-ike 88 isiyama-dera 23 Iroteru-yama hanayo-Hayo 56 Koma-nishiki near Narashite 89 Gozan-no-ue 24 genna Chouka-O 57 Mineno-shirayuki Kuwana 90 Suru sumi nere Genji 25 Oso-momiji 58 Kyouno-kure 91 Asahi-yama next Shiratama 26 Shikano-koe 59 Sonatano-mine 92 Yoini mon sasu 27 Irihino-kage Fudo 60 Kaeru-yamabito Shimo-furi 93 Haruno-iro 28 hanano-sakari Beni-Chiri-tsubaki 61 Shizumu-ariake 94 Dai-4-no-tyousi 29 hitomotono-sigure next O-Shiratama 62 Mukasi-otoko 95 kituneno-kotobuki nextDai-oushoku 30 Amewa fure next Koushi 63 Genji Genji-tsubaki 96 Yakumo-tatu Osi 31 Hatsuhana-zome 64 Tumabeni next Genji 97 Goino-sato 32 Kikuno-sakari 65 Han-syouyo 98 Kuro-boshi 33 Sanno-shina 66 Setano-nagahashi Mii-dera 99 Samuyono-tami 100 Koushin-no-sonae 42 References Camellia history and future in Anrakuan Sakuden 1631. Hyakuchin-shu (in the Benelux and renewed links Japapanese) Kaga-bunko. Tokyo Metropolitan Library, Tokyo. with Japan Tsuboi, S. 2002. Jodo Sanbukyo Gaisetsu, (in Marc de Coninck Japanese), Hozo-kan, Kyoto. Place St. Sébastien 28, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Sekiyama, K. 1990. Anrakuan Sakuden-Osho-no Belgium Shogai. (in Japanese), Hozo-kan, Kyoto. E-mail: [email protected] Tomita, T. and Nakamura, T.1980. Tsubaki, (in Japanese), Heibon Color Shinsha, Tokyo. The first arrivals Watanabe, M.2003. Hyakuchin-zu. In: Adachi The first camellias arriving in Belgium came from Toko-no Sekai-no Meika, Tsubaki Monogatari-ten, England and were introduced in the late 18th (in Japanese), Tokyo. Century. They were of Chinese origin. Early in the 19th Century, more of these camellias arrived in the Hiruki 2008.Tama-no-ura Camellia: the current region of Ghent. Nurserymen such as Verschaffelt, situation, history, and future possibilities, Inter. Van Damme, Casier, De Cock, Mortier, Van Cassel, Cam. J. 2008:66-70. Van Houtte and many others, began the propagation Ming, T.L. 2000. Monograph of the genus Camellia, of camellias on a large, industrial scale. Kunming, P. R. China. Thanks to Louis Casier, who invented in 1816 the Sealy, J. R. 1956. Syn. Camellia Review, Vol.17, so-called ‘Belgian graft’ (graft of a variety by using no.8, 18-44. a scion with heel on an understock), multiplication occurred much faster and easier than before. In 1830, the first consignment of Japanese camellias arrived in Antwerp. Our nurserymen obtained new varieties by seed and sports and in the middle of the 19th Century, approximately 800 different cultivars, mostly Japonicas, were available in Belgium. All the propagation was done in glasshouses, in the region of Ghent about 600 of them had been built by that time by fewer than 126 growers.

The beginning of camellia business Growing camellias became huge business and plants were sold at very high prices. In Belgium, their owners took care of them in orangeries and glasshouses and only the very wealthy could afford these expensive plants. Thousands of camellias were exported all over the world as far away from Belgium as the U.S.A., Australia, New Zealand and Russia. Although most of these camellias came from the Ghent region, some were also grown in and around towns such as Antwerp, Brussels and Liège. 43 Camellia and our Royal family Alas the most impressive and oldest camellias, most of them dating from the 19th Century, and the special The camellia was a success story partly due to the glasshouse protecting them, are not accessible to the influence of our Royal family. public. One may not forget that, when in 1830 Belgium Decline of camellias became an independent country, our government was looking for a King. Among several candidates After 1860 however the camellia was no longer it was finally Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg who trendy and the decline began. Growers had new agreed to become King of the Belgians. Leopold opportunities growing orchids, palm trees and lived in England at that time. He had a great interest azaleas. Nevertheless, some camellia growers in horticulture and he already grew camellias at stayed in the trade and offered new varieties on a Claremont House, his London residence. regular base. The first World War (1914-1918) was a hard time He started collecting camellias in the large and for we Belgians and our horticulturists. splendid orangery of his new Belgian residence, the palace of Laken near Brussels. Glasshouses were bombed and destroyed and the lack of coal resulted in a near total loss of most of Later, his son King Leopold II, built a huge complex the plants. of splendid glasshouses of 14.000m2 that still exist and opens its doors to the public each year in spring. Victor De Bisschop, who had started his horticultural business in 1895 in Mariakerke near Ghent, was When in Belgium during early April to early May, one of the victims and had his glasshouses bombed visiting the royal glasshouses is a 'must'. in mid-winter 1917. Temperatures during that extremely harsh winter went down to –22°C in the region. Without heating or glass cover, all his plants, apart from most of his camellias, died. From then on he grew only camellias! In 1943, during the second World War Mr De Bisschop’s son, Roger continued his father’s business but due to war conditions he managed only to preserve the most important mother plants. Recovery of camellia business When in autumn 1944 the Germans withdrew, Roger started propagating again and produced in the early Royal glasshouse fifties approximately 60,000 camellias each year. Only a small percentage of his production was sold Leopold II was a real ‘camelliaholic’. He was in Belgium, the rest was exported to the U.K. and extremely wealthy and he spent a fortune buying France. camellias in Belgium and abroad. He personally took care of his plants and during the winter he slept Roger De Bisschop stopped his activities in 1989 in a bedroom next to his camellia house. By doing and passed away in 2006, age 91. so he could control the temperature and observe his Current situation beloved plants. Nowadays we have only a few camellia producers left It is said that it was there, in his superb glasshouses, in the Benelux. Most of the plants they propagate are that he died in December 1909. imported and of European, American and Japanese Old camellias origin. Alas they don’t create new varieties. At one time King Leopold II owned more than 1.000 Each year in spring, white, red and pink, mostly camellias and over 300 huge camellias are still the unlabeled, camellias are sold in supermarkets at pride of the royal plant collections. very low prices. 44 Today our I.C.S. Benelux Region is doing its utmost to promote camellias by introducing as many of them as possible in public gardens all over the Benelux. Nowadays you can admire camellias in 8 Belgian and 2 Dutch public gardens and next year our National Botanic Garden at Meise near Brussels will start planting a collection of camellia species in the open as well as in the orangery. Camellia connection with Japan As I mentioned, Belgium has had a special camellia connection with Japan since 1830, but please allow me to explain what the political situation was at that time in our country. C.j. ‘Masayoshi’, C.j. ‘Tricolor Sieboldii’

In 1815, Belgium became the Southern part of ‘Andries Donkelaar was of Dutch origin. He arrived The Netherlands or Low Countries but, due to in Antwerp in 1803 where he became responsible religious and linguistic differences with the Dutch, for the gardens and glasshousses of Mr. Smedt, an the Belgians decided to fight for their freedom and Antwerp banker. He took care of Mr. Smedt’s special declared their independence in 1830. collections of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Kalmias and As everyone knows, the first Japanese camellias Camellias. For the camellias he developed special arriving in Belgium were smuggled out of Japan to grafting techniques which made propagation of what was then known as The Netherlands, by von newly imported plants easier. He had also a special Siebold who worked at Deshima for the Dutch East technique used for forcing the flowering period. India Company. Von Siebold was not only a doctor Soon he became well known all over the country but also a botanist and plant hunter. and in 1818 he was offered a job as gardener at the Leuven Botanic Garden. Andries Donkelaar refused The consignment of several hundreds of Japanese as he preferred to stay loyal to Mr. Smedt but a year plants arriving in Antwerp in the Southern later, after Mr. Smedt’s death, he accepted the new Netherlands in 1830, right in the middle of the challenge. He became co-responsible for the creation revolution, was destined for Leiden in the Northern of the brand new Botanical Garden of Leuven. Netherlands but was confiscated and never reached its final destination. On the 29th of June 1823, Andries Donkelaar was honoured and praised by Mr. Van Hulthem, President Among the plants were some camellias, grafted on of the States-General who congratulated him heavy understocks but nearly dead. saying: ‘the new garden of the Leuven University, Andries Donkelaar although only four years old, contains already a rich plant collection with some rare species. Recently Mr Andries Donkelaar (1783 – 1858), at that beautiful glasshouses and a splendid orangery where time head-gardener at the Botanical Garden of built. Entrusted to the care of the head-gardener, Leuven in the Southern Netherlands, asked for the the honourable colleague Andries Donkelaar, this camellias and managed to save them. The rest of the garden will soon become one of the most beautiful consignment was dispatched to the botanic gardens of the Kingdom’. At present this garden is a real of Ghent and Brussels. gem. Unaware of the Japanese names of these camellias In 1834, after the death of the local head-gardener, Donkelaar gave his own name to the first camellia Andries Donkelaar was transferred to the Ghent that flowered two years after arrival and called it Botanical Garden. His son, Hendrik, stayed at ‘Donkelaarii’ (Masayoshi). The other camellias Leuven. were named ‘Ochroleuca’, ‘Candidissima’, Tricolor Sieboldii‘ (Ezo-Nishiki), ‘Delicatissima’, At the Botanical Garden of Ghent, Donkelaar ‘Multiflora’ and ‘Decipiens’. accomplished a splendid job by restoring the 45 completely neglected garden. New glasshouses were In Europe I track them down in parks, gardens, built and numerous plants of commercial interest orangeries, glasshouses, private collections and were introduced. New camellia cultivars such as nurseries in countries such as France, Switzerland, ‘Reine des Fleurs’, ‘Van Dyck’, ‘Rubens’, ‘Agathe Italy, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Georgia (the former Royal’, ‘Blanche de Castille’, ‘Louis I’, ‘Pompon USSR state on the Black Sea), Germany and the Royal’, ‘Reine de France’, ‘Reine des Belges’, United Kingdom. When participating at the ICS ‘Cantoniana’ & ’Schuurman’, were obtained by Congress in Australia I found some varieties in seed and named by Andries and his son. Sydney and brought them back home. One of our last arrivals came from New Zealand and was sent Around Ghent, the horticultural production of to me by two of our ICS members over there. ornamental plants and flowers became more and more important after receiving strong inspiration Tracking historical Belgian camellias is an ongoing from the local botanic garden. task that I fulfil with the help of one of our Benelux Andries Donkelaar passed away on the 22nd of members, Doctor Frederic Bertin and some good February 1858 at the age of nearly 75 years. ICS friends from abroad. Since we began our investigations in 2002, hundreds of e-mails and letters were sent to nurserymen, botanical gardens, camellia societies, private collectors, parks etc. Sometimes we are successful, sometimes not. But it is worth the effort as nothing is more beautiful and satisfying than bringing back an almost lost patrimony. When we began our investigations, only four or five varieties where available in our country. Notice that we are already swapping young plants or scions with other camellia fanatics in the world.

One may not forget that the cuttings arriving by post or brought back by one of us from abroad, need care for at least five years before we can plant them in the open. On top of that if we want to secure our collections we need some stock of each variety.

Many thanks to all those in the Benelux and abroad, for helping us realise this dream, but there is still a lot of work to do.

I wish I was only 20 instead of 72!!

A planting of historic ‘Donkelaarii’ at the Botanic At the moment, 185 historical varieties of Belgian Garden of Leuven origin have been located throughout the world.

Contribution of Belgium to the camellia 90 among them are back in Belgium and 35 have world already been planted in the ‘Jardin du Fleuriste’ At that period, Belgium played an important role in (the Florist Garden) in Brussels. This garden, the camellia domain. Nearly 450 different cultivars once belonging to King Leopold II and situated were created by our local, and by that time world in the near vicinity of the royal domain and his famous, nurserymen. glasshouses, was donated by the royal family to the city of Brussels, and is now under the control of the Thousands of plants were exported throughout Brussels Administration. the world and some of them are still thriving in countries as far away from Belgium as Australia, On the 16th of June 2005, our National Camellia New Zealand and the U.S.A. Collection was inaugurated by Queen Paola. Pictures e-mail attachment 3rd Oct.

46 Renewed links with Japan Identification, history, But there is something very special going on at cultivation, and conservation the moment. Something that undoubtedly will strengthen the links and friendship with Japan. of heritage camellias in Hawaii Two years ago, on their way back home from the Martin F. Stoner, Ph.D, Professor Emeritus fantastic ICS Congress in Falmouth, a Japanese delegation visited Belgium and inaugurated the first Biological Sciences Department, California State public Higo garden out of Japan at the magnificent Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA Groenenberg Domain near Brussels. e-mail: [email protected] Actually 63 Higo varieties are present in Belgium Introduction and several of them have already been planted in the In 2008 I initiated a project to locate, collect, beautiful park. I am sure that with the help of my identify, cultivate and ensure the conservation and honourable Japanese friends, Mr Shigeo Matsumoto continued availability of camellias, including the and Mr Mikio Akashi, together with my friends in earliest introductions to Hawaii. Also their derivative Switzerland, Italy, France and Germany we will be cultivars, which are part of the horticultural heritage successful and manage to collect the still existing of Hawaii. 123 Higo varieties officially recognised by the Higo Camellia Society! There are no native camellias in Hawaii, and present knowledge indicates that the earliest introductions Acknowledgments were brought here in the form of seeds or cuttings by Japanese people who first arrived as contract Dr Wytze Hoekstra, ICS Benelux Director for laborers in the sugar and other agricultural industries technical help. or, in subsequent years in other immigrant capacities Shigeo Matsumoto for the use of pictures taken in during the first third of the 20th Century. Evidence Belgium. indicates that these early introductions were limited to Camellia japonica and C.sasanqua. It is possible Post Script that other introductions could have occurred in Please when in the Benelux visit and admire our the late 1800s, and could have involved Chinese (young) camellia gardens and collections. immigrants. However, so far, known introductions of Chinese camellia species and cultivars appear to BENELUX means BE(lgium), have occurred only indirectly, via nursery material the NE(therlands) and LUX(emburg). from the USA mainland after 1950. These 3 small European countries were once one Various evidence points to Hawaii Island (within the country called THE NETHERLANDS. State of Hawaii), and most specifically to its Volcano township area (hereinafter called Volcano), located Please contact Marc de Coninck for a list of near the summit of the active Kilauea Volcano, as gardens and public parks where camellias may be a focal point of earliest introductions and the area seen in the Benelux region. where camellia culture became highly developed. Volcano has a cool, wet, semitropical rainforest climate with moderate temperatures and frequent cloudiness. Acidic (pH 4-5), well-drained soils support camellias which generally grow vigorously to a large size, flower freely, and, with some site and cultivar exceptions, appear well-nourished with minimal care. Importantly, Volcano is replete with sites of early camellia culture, including some early estate large gardens, older individual hobbyist collections, and at least one former nursery which retains some stock plants. Pictures e-mail attachment 3rd Oct.

47 Logically, Volcano was selected as the initial and principal focal area for project collections and research, and the location for founding a clone germplasm repository and primary propagation area.

Outstanding, purplish-red, medium-sized anemone-form C. japonica seedling originated mid-20th Century at Volcano Village, Hawaii Island Since Hawaii is generally semi-tropical, seasons are not sharply defined; but in a place such as Volcano A medium-sized C. japonica single with crepe-textured, which is well above sea level ,1128--1219 m.( 3700- luminous scarlet, pinwheel-like petals; unique to Volcano -4000 ft), there is a more pronounced progression and probably a natural, chance seedling from a warmer, sunnier season (usually about Methods May to October), which generally supports mostly The first and continuing activity in the project has vegetative growth and flower bud formation in the been to explore active or abandoned garden and camellias, to a cloudier, wetter winter season (late farm areas in the Volcano area, as well as a few October to April) which supports mostly flowering other areas at various other elevations on Hawaii and vegetative bud maturation. Average daytime Island. This is to formulate a concept of camellia temperatures are approximately 24º C (75 ºF) in distribution and to observe, photograph in situ, and summer and 20º C (68º F) in winter. Average low collect camellias for propagation, further study, and temperatures in Volcano vary from approximately conservation. 12º C (55º F) in winter to 17 ºC (62 ºF) in summer; winter lows of 7º C (45 ºF) or lower, and summer Care has been taken to record exact source locations highs over 29 ºC (84º F) are unusual. and extensive descriptive information on each collected specimen to facilitate identification, Although most camellias observed in Volcano and comparative studies, determination of potentially other climatically similar areas on Hawaii Island related cultivars, and naming of heretofore demonstrate some seasonality (e.g., early, middle, unreported cultivars. and late) in their time of principal and most typical/ best quality bloom within the flowering season, Each camellia is given a code number and usually many cultivars produce at least some to many a short descriptive name as a memory aid. In some blossoms over a relatively long period. A few cases, specimens of a perceived cultivar taken cultivars produce reasonably numerous, typical from different sites or parts of singular plants blooms for almost the entire “fall” through “spring” showing possible sports are collected and added period. Some cultivars may produce a few flowers in to the repository to later aid in the determination the warmest “summer” seasons, but such blossoms or evaluation of genetic variability, health, or usually are of smaller sizes, inferior colors, and/or superiority of certain sub-cultivar clones. Efforts entirely different morphologies. Significant changes have been made to select and propagate apparently in color of blossoms during the regular blooming virus-free clones. A few collected cultivars appear to season have been seen after heavy rain, probably show viral symptoms in all respective source plants. due to leaching of nutrients and/or lowering of soil The majority of collected cultivars so far show pH. Some flowers formed by certain cultivars at the no viral disease symptoms. Of course, laboratory end of their normal bloom period may be extremely diagnostic testing will be needed to confirm virus- atypical. free clones. 48 A secondary clonal repository has been established or scent gland-like projections on some petals of in Pomona, California to ensure conservation and all flowers seen in the field. Clones of this plant to facilitate the study of the growth and behavior are under observation to determine whether these of clones outside of Hawaii, thus allowing a more unusual structures will be produced routinely in complete evaluation of cultivars for variability clonal repositories in both Hawaii and California. or stability of characteristics and adaptability to So far this structure is not believed to be of parasitic cultivation in various environments. Movement or pathological origin. Further microscopic study of clonal material between Hawaii and California of the structures awaits the 2009-2010 blooming is subject to inspection by the United States season. Department of Agriculture. In one unidentified, late-season floweringC. japonica Camellias have been grown historically also on the cultivar with a large number of petals of variable islands of Oahu and Maui in the State of Hawaii; coloration, I have noticed that long periods of high however, further study is necessary to determine if humidity strongly prolongs flower life, enlargement, any early camellia introductions involved these or and the formation of extremely long, twisted, other islands in the chain. Studies at Volcano and ribbon-like central petals with flamboyant colors other research endeavors should provide a basis instead of very small petals. Such observations and for determining the nature and history of camellias others, together with the environments of Hawaii found on other islands. It is known that some reinforced my desire to grow collected camellias commercial, named cultivars of various species, in the very different climates of southern California including C. reticulata and various interspecific and elsewhere to determine whether cultivars will hybrids, were shipped from California to Oahu and retain some of their desirable horticultural features other Hawaiian islands in the latter half of the 20th outside of Hawaii. Initial results may not be known Century. Confirmation of other sources of camellias until 2011. imported to Hawaii awaits further inquiry. Dramatic increases in the amount of volcanic Initial Results and Discussion gases (forming polluted fog locally called “vog” containing sulfur dioxide, minerals, and other Initial exploration and collections have netted over substances) released by Kilauea Volcano and 40 different camellias which appear to be likely periodically impacting the Volcano area supported early introductions from Japan. All but one of these many observations of effects of vog on camellias. belong clearly to C. japonica or C. sasanqua. A Generally, many C. japonica, C. sasanqua, and C. few of these, such as Daikagura and Pink Perfection reticulata and Reticulata hybrids appeared by leaf (‘Otome’) cultivars, have been identified. Some symptomatology to be relatively tolerant to brief of the unknowns have flowers of unique shapes or (i.e., minutes as opposed to hours) or relatively low- other structural features, and/or spectacular color intensity exposures to vog. Exposure to longer (i.e., combinations. Some collected camellias appear to be hours at a time) or relatively intense concentrations wild-type Japanese forms. Others appear possibly of vog resulted in minor to severe marginal and/or to be members of hybrid swarms occurring at interveinal necrosis of leaves and flower petals of Volcano, some of which may have been selected for certain cultivars of all above-mentioned species cultivation, while others have occurred as volunteer or interspecific hybrids. Flower necrosis was seedlings or sports. Considerable effort so far to more likely to occur at lower-levels of exposure match many of these flowers with published, named than leaf necrosis, and flower necroses were camellias has been largely inconclusive. Since more encompassing than in leaves and produced there are many additional areas to be searched, I blotches of light-brown necrosis. Leaf necroses am confident that many more cultivars, volunteer resulted in dark purple to brownish black, limited seedlings, and sports will be found. marginal plesionecrosis to necrosis after lower level As the project proceeds, some unique insights to injury; and more pronounced, wider marginal and camellia biology have been gained. For example, interveinal necrosis after high-level exposure. Tiny, one apparent C. sasanqua plant found so far at only darkly pigmented oedema-scab spot symptoms have one location in Volcano produced indented nectar been observed in several cultivars following low- 49 level exposures to vog. It is more difficult to assess Hawaii Island and specifically the arrival of some of long-term effects on stems or the physiology and these immigrants to Volcano where they purchased development of camellias in the area. Longer-term agricultural land for fruit and vegetable growing. It observations are needed. was during this period, as indicated by the present- day size of camellia cultivars from early plantings, Based on general understandings of the effects of Volcano became Hawaii’s first major area of camellia air pollution on plants support a high probability cultivation. The diversity of camellias cultivated, that chronic exposure of individual perennial, by all indications, expanded during this period. woody plants to vog (or other air pollution) could have subtle but significant impacts on the general Interviews with descendants of Japanese families health, progress, and productivity of camellias. A and others in Volcano, and various other facts, few cultivars have been noted in Volcano that show including the known appearance of certain hybrids chronic yellowing and blackish spotting of leaves, and significant nursery or advanced hobbyist leaf loss and slow growth. While magnesium or collections, have led to an understanding of the other mineral deficiencies may be responsible for Third Period from the late1930s to the 1950s. This this, chronic exposure and acute sensititivity to vog was a period of broader expansion of camellia might be involved in these cultivars. plantings, breeding, and sales and collections of camellias. It was during this period that many non- Japanese people living in Hawaii became involved with camellia collecting. Some Japanese-Americans and others began ordering camellias from mainland USA, from growers such as Nuccio’s Nursery and possibly other sources. This trend continued into the Fourth Period, as indicated by the later appearance in Volcano as well as other Hawaii gardens and nurseries, of cultivars C. sasanqua. ‘Fuji-no- Unknown C. japonica. such as Guilio Nuccio, Kramer’s Supreme, and mine’ brought to Hawaii by with distortion attributed in various C. reticulata hybrids. Japanese immigrants in the part to the soil and climatic early 20th Century conditions The Fourth Period (1960s – present) is characterized Periods of cultivation by the decline of camellia propagation, breeding, and collection. This is attributed in part of the attrition Project research is revealing four apparent periods of aging growers and the departure of many young in camellia cultivation on Hawaii Island. The First Japanese-American young people from Volcano and Period clearly was underway in the 1920s with other agrarian places in search of modern endeavors. cultivars and wild forms of C. japonica and C. While camellias remain a feature in some Hawaiian sasanqua were introduced by early Japanese contract gardens, interest is dulled by stagnation in cultivar laborers and other contemporary immigrants from choices and availability, and the general absence of Japan. These introductions were probably sporadic camellias in nurseries. and may have resulted in the scattered presence of camellias at lower elevation sites in old agricultural Final Comments towns and abandoned areas around Hawaii Island It is hoped that my project on identifying historical in the historic sugar and vegetable-growing areas ornamental camellias in Hawaii and the development of Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo, Puna, Ka’u, and Kona of a clonal germplasm repository of cultivars will districts. Careful studies of extant cultivars in these serve to renew interest in camellias in Hawaii and areas are needed to clarify this period. Future field help share the camellia heritage of Hawaii with investigations of the Kohala district should help people around the world. Further involvement with determine whether early Chinese immigrants played cooperators in Japan and elsewhere is sought to a clear role in camellia importation. determine if these collected camellias are already The Second Period involved the later 1920s into known or truly unreported additions to camellia the 1930s with further Japanese immigration to culture. 50 Spanish camellias in the were not incorporated in the register until the 21st century. International Camellia Register At present, nurseries and private growers have some María González*, Carmen Salinero, Pilar Vela, varieties waiting to be registered. The inclusion J. Luis Couselo of these new cultivars in the ICS Register in the Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Deputación near future will bring about the possibility to Pontevedra. Subida a la Robleda s/n 36153, commercialize well-identified Galician cultivars. Pontevedra. Spain.������ This work will deal with the history of the early e-mail:������ [email protected] Galician cultivars, the registration of new varieties in our region in the recent years and the future Introduction perspectives on this matter. At present, the camellias have completely adapted to our environmental conditions and are widespread in northwestern Spain, being part of almost every public garden or private house. Moreover, this plant has become part of our culture, traditions and history.

Figure 2. Galician cultivar ‘Eugenia de Montijo’

Early history of the Galician camellias Although camellias in Galicia could have been introduced by Spanish or Portuguese navigators as early as in the 16th century (Salinero & González, Figure 1. Camellia ‘Methuselah’ at the historical garden 2006), there is no written evidence supporting this of the Pazo de Castrelos theory. However, we know that many camellias Today some camellias more than two centuries old growing in the Galician parks and gardens nowadays are thriving in the historical gardens in our region were imported from its neighbor country, Portugal (figure 1). Some of these plants could have been in the middle of the 19th century. originated in Spain and others could have been At that time in the Iberian Peninsula, there was an introduced from other countries such as England, increasing interest in gardening. In Portugal, and France, Belgium, Italy and Portugal. However, we especially in the city of Porto, the camellias were lack information regarding the age and origin of one of the most fashionable and in-demand plants. most plants (Salinero & Vela, 2004). This fact brought about the creation of an important Although many of the old camellias planted in our number of camellia nurseries in that city. The most region are thought to be Spanish, the International important nursery in Porto was the Establishment of Camellia Register (Savige, 1993), a publication Marques Loureiro, founded in Porto in 1849. This comprising all available written information on centre was the creator of many Portuguese varieties, camellia cultivars, with more than 30,000 entries, and also imported camellias from nurseries in other only lists 10 Spanish cultivars originated before European countries (Van Houte, Luzzatti…) chosen 1855 and 2 between 1952 and 1980. From 1980 from old camellia slides found in publications dating up to date 14 Spanish cultivars are listed, of which from the 19th century (Verschaffelt, Van Houte, all of them except ‘Eugenia de Montijo’ (figure 2), etc…) (Loureiro, 1865). 51 publications available at that time, thus they could be originated in the School in Pontevedra. They were ‘Lalandi’, ‘Mateni’ and ‘Nanaza’ and they are also listed in the International Camellia Register as cultivars originated in Spain. Unfortunately, the Spanish catalogue does not include a description of the cultivars (Barbazán et al, 2009). Thus, in case they are still planted in any of the historical Galician gardens, it is very difficult to identify them. Other Spanish cultivars included in the ICS Register were listed in 1855 by the Establecimiento de Figure 3. Escuela Práctica de Agricultura de la Caeira Horticultura of Jose Maria Serra. These were ‘Alba by Zagala (taken after 1880) Eleonora’, ‘Clemencii Vera’, ‘Mariana Favorite’, ‘Mark’, ‘Parathan’, ‘Rosa (Schirlinge)’ and ‘Soloia’. Marques Loureiro nursery exported camellias to All of them are believed to be extinct and without a Galicia in the middle of the 19th century. Some of description. these camellias still thrive in the Galician gardens. There is evidence of the acquisition of camellia In the 20th century we have evidence of the plants from Marques Loureiro nursery by the Escuela registration of two Spanish varieties. The cultivar Práctica de Agricultura de la Caeira (Agricultural ‘Doña Maria-Anna’ was included in the Bisschop School in Pontevedra) (figure 3). This school Nursery Catalogue in 1935, a nursery in California, edited several plant catalogues, their Catálogo de but it was originated in Spain and ‘Rosea Perfecta los árboles, arbustos, herbáceas, plantas, bulbos Superba’ was included in the Gran Jardin de la y semillas (Catalogue of trees, shrubs, grasses, Bomba Catalogue, presumably a Spanish nursery. plants, bulbs and seeds) lists 130 camellia varieties, In 1952, Marie Pacetti, a camellia of Spanish origin 70 originated outside the Iberian Peninsula, 57 of being 135 years old was registered in Jacksonville, Portuguese origin and three probably Spanish. Of the Florida. The camellia could have been introduced varieties included in the Caeira School Catalogue, by the Rev. John Freeman in Florida in one of only eight were not sold by Marques Loureiro at that the travels he made around the world (McArthur, time. Five of these were of foreign origin and could 1952). have been bought from a European nursery, and A list of the cultivars originated before 1980 and two were not included in any of the catalogues or included in the ICS Register is displayed in Table 1.

Table1. List of registered Spanish camellia cultivars originated before 1980

Name of the cultivar References ‘Alba Eleonora’ Jose Maria Serra, 1855-1856, Catalogue, p.3. ‘Celmencii Vera’ Jose Maria Serra, Establecimento de Horticultura, 1855, p.4 ‘Doña Maria-Anna’ De Bisschop Nursery Catalogue, 1935, p.14 ‘Lalandi’ Catálogo de la Escuela de Agricultura de la Caeira, 1882 ‘Marie Pacetti’ American Camellia Yearbook 1952, p.246 ‘Mariana Favorite’ Jose Maria Serra, Establecimiento de Horticultura, 1855, Catalogo, p.6. ‘Mark’ Jose Maria Serra, Establecimiento de Horticultura Catalogue, 1855, p.7. ‘Mateni’ Catálogo de la Escuela de Agricultura de la Caeira, 1882. ‘Nanaza’ Catálogo de la Escuela de Agricultura de la Caeira, 1882. ‘Parathan’ Jose Maria Serra Establecimiento de Horticultura 1855, Catalogue, p.7. ‘Rosa (Schirlinge)’ Jose Maria Serra Establecimiento de Horticultura 1855, Catalogue, p.8. ‘Rosea Perfecta Superba’ Martin y Girard, 1978-1979, Gran Jardin de la Bomba Catalogue, No.4, p.40 52 Camellias in the ICS Register are propagating identified cultivars, mostly from The Camellia sector in Galicia is the most important USA, New Zealand, Belgium, France…, or even in the Iberian Peninsula. According to ASPROGA Portugual. However in recent years they are starting (Association of Ornamental Plant Producers in to identify and create Galician cultivars. Thus, Galicia), there are 30 camellia nurseries producing during the 90s up to the present day, a number of 3,000,000 plants a year. However, in most cases Spanish varieties were registered by nurseries and these nurseries sell camellias without knowing private owners (Table 2). the name of the cultivar, and only classify plants according to their colour: red, white, pink, etc. In addition, both the Regional and the Provincial Tourist Board are making efforts to promote the plant as the Flower of Galicia (figure 4), thus attracting a number of visitors eager to get to know the gardens with camellias in Galicia.

Figure 5. Camellia japonica ‘Albear’

Figure 6. Camellia japonica ‘Alejandro Mansilla’

Figure 4. Promotional poster of Camellia Galicia edited by the Galician Tourist Board

In recent years Galician nurseries have experienced a rapid development. However, most nurseries in Galicia collect cuttings from adult camellia plants growing in different places, which are subsequently propagated and produced, in most cases without knowing the name of the cultivar collected. Nowadays the market is demanding that plants be properly identified, thus a number of nurseries Figure 7. Camellia japonica ‘Cereixa de Tollo’ 53 Table 2. List of Spanish camellia cultivars originated in the 21st century

Name of the cultivar References ‘Albear’ Sociedad Española de la Camelia, Camelia, July 2006, p.41 ‘Alejandro Mansilla’ International Camellia Journal 2005, p.127 ‘Cereixa de Tollo’ Sociedad Española de la Camelia, Camelia, July 2008, p.33 ‘Do Pozo’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.113 ‘Eugenia de Montijo’ Sociedad Española de la Camelia, Camelia, July 2006, p.42 ‘Filla de Tollo’ Sociedad Española de la Camelia, Camelia, July 2008, p.34 ‘Jaspeada’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.133 ‘Leonor Magariños’ International Camellia Journal, 2005, p.127 ‘Manchada’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004 ‘Millarenga’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.151 ‘Reboreda’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.156 ‘Sangre de Pichón’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.158 ‘Sangre de Toro’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004, p.159 ‘Torre de Lama Roja’ La Camelia en la colección de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, 2004

Now efforts are being made on the identification References of the old Galician cultivars disseminated in the Barbazán A., González, M., Salinero, C., Valle, gardens of manor houses, and Galician nurseries are J.C. 2009. La camelia en los catálogos de los eager to obtain attractive camellia varieties, to be establecimientos de agricultura de la Caeira. La subsequently registered. At present, there are several Camelia, 14. Pp. 13- 22. attractive Galician varieties waiting to be included. Escuela de agricultura de Pontevedra.1882, Catálogo de los árboles, arbustos, plantas, bulbos y semillas. Sus precios, Imp. de Rogelio Quintans, Pontevedra. Loureiro J. Marques. 1865. Catálogo do Establecimiento de Horticultura de José Marques Loureiro (nº1). Porto. Portugal Macoboy,S.,1998. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Camellias. Timber Press, 304 pp. McArthur, W.E. 1952, Jacksonville’s Old Camellias. American Camellia Yearbook, 243- 248. Salinero C. & Vela P. 2004. La camelia en la Diputación de Pontevedra. Ed. Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra. Pontevedra. Spain. Salinero, C., González, M. 2006. La camelia en Figure 8. Camellia japonica ‘Millarenga’ Galicia. Camelia��������������� 9:5-14. Savige T. 1993. The International Camellia Register, vols. 1 & 2. International Camellia Society. Acknowledgements Australia. This work was funded by Xunta de Galicia Project Ventura, A, Pires, M, Delgado, M. 2004. À sombra PGIDIT06RAG26103PR de árvores com história. Edición Campo Aberto. 142 pp. 54 Higo Camellias with stripes and spots, purity of colors is always demanded. Shigeo Matsumoto Finally, Higo camellias should be registered and 1-7-26 Takasu-higshi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, recognized by the Higo Camellia Society. They have 808-0144 Japan strict regulations in order to recognize a camellia as e-mail: [email protected] a Higo camellia. In addition to the flowers satisfying the above conditions, the committee scrutinizes the Unique features of Higo Camellias stability of those features for the candidate flowers First let me show you an example of Higo camellias, for 5 years. There are only 123 cultivars officially a cultivar called ‘Yamato-nishiki’ which means recognized as Higo camellias so far. ‘Brocade of Japan’. This is one of the traditional Higo camellias inherited and treasured among Higo camellia enthusiasts. The most unique, distinguishable feature of Higo camellias is the stamen system. A number of stamens flare out at the center, free from the base, like a sunburst.

‘Ume-jin’ ‘Kago-tsurube’ ‘Wa-jin’ ‘Daikanbô’

The place where Higo camellias originated The neighboring Prefecture to the south of Fukuoka Prefecture where Kurume City is located was called Higo Province in the Edo period until 142 years ago. Higo camellias were inherited among Higo samurai and wealthy families in this district for generations. That is the reason why they are called Higo camellias. ‘Yamato-nishiki’ Kumamoto Castle is another pride of the Kumamoto th Higo camellias have some particular features: people. They are celebrating the 400 anniversary of its foundation in 2010. There is a Higo camellia Firstly, they are of single flower form with 5 to 9 collection in the domain of the Castle. petals. The main purpose of visiting Kumamoto is to see a Secondly, the flowers are flat, saucer-shaped. camellia bonsai show held by courtesy of the Higo Thirdly, the flowers have a special stamen system. Camellia Society, to co-incide with the holding of The center is filled with a cluster of independent the Kurume Congress. You will be amazed by many stamens, resembling that of Prunus mume, Japanese masterpieces made by the members. apricot or ‘Ume’ in Japanese. So we call the best History of Higo camellias stamen system ‘Ume-jin’. The early history of Higo camellias is not always Strictly speaking, there are two kinds of stamen evident. The very beginning of the cultivation of systems; ‘Ume-jin’ and ‘Wa-jin’ or a ring stamen Higo camellias is no doubt closely related to samurai system. in the Higo Province. Fourthly, while there is a full range of camellia In the beginning of the 17th Century, the Edo Period colors from white to red including several brocades (1630~1867) was started by the first Shogun, Ieyasu 55 Tokugawa, who laid the foundation of the Tokugawa considered. In fact, the year of 1830 was when regime which lasted for about 260 years in Edo, now ‘Masayoshi’ or ‘Donckelaeri’ was introduced to Tokyo. Belgium by Dr. Philip Franz von Siebold. The cultivatation of Higo camellias must have been The Tokugawa regime imposed on all local feudal started several decades earlier than their appearance daimyos (lords) a system called ‘Sankin-kotai’ or in the document, so that the history of Higo camellias the alternate residence system. According to the may be traced back more than 200 years to between rule, every daimyo should live in Edo every other the middle and the end of the 18th Century. year and the rest in his local domicile, leaving his wife and his succesor in Edo. Origins of Higo camellias In the meantime, everything was centralized in Edo so that the gorgeous Edo culture flourished, while There are four species of camellias in Japan, Kyoto had been the capital of Japan for centuries, C. japonica, C. sasanqua, C. rusticana and inheriting traditional culture including Kyô-tsubaki C. lutchuensis. Higo camellias don’t form an (Kyoto camellias). Some shoguns were enthusiastic independent species, but they are considered to be about growing camellias, and they collected many one of the groups of C. japonica cultivars. They rare camellias from all over Japan. are not direct descendants of C. japonica, wild camellias, which are very abundant in the mountains It can be easily speculated that on the occasions of Kumamoto. of making Sankin-kotai to Edo Higo samurai brought home the original Higo-type camellias Morphologically, Higo camellias seem to have from Edo and Kyoto. The simplicity, sturdiness some influence from C. rusticana, the wild form of and the magnificence of the Higo-type flowers which has a stamen cluster like Ume-jin. Therefore, just matched the sentiment of Higo samurai, and at first it was believed that Higo camellias could they kept growing and improving those camellias have a close relationship with C. rusticana, but it exclusively among them for generations. There is a was found later that the cell structures of their leaves Japanese saying ‘Mongai-fushustu’ meaning ‘to be were different from those of C. rusticana, but rather treasured exclusively within one’s gate’. Actually similar to those of C. japonica, suggesting that they Higo camellias have been kept ‘Mongai-fushutsu’ could be mutations of C. japonica. However, they until the end of the Second World War. are considered not to be simple descendants of C. japonica, and the myth has not yet been resolved. Dr. Takayuki Tanaka of Kyushu Tokai University has recently started shedding light on the origins of Higo camellias by molecular DNA analysis. He has a hypothesis that Higo camellias could be interspecific hybrids between C. japonica and one of the Chinese species camellias.

The First record of Higo camellias in 1830 Higo camellia groups The first document dealing with Higo camellias The number of Higo camellia cultivars officially is ‘Uekiya Bunsuke Hikki’ (Notes of Nurseryman registered in August, 2009 by the Higo Camellia Bunsuke) which was written in 1830 in Edo, and Society is only 123 (see the table attached). It is included 29 Higo cultivars. Some 9 out of the an unexpectedly small number considering that 30 29 cultivars, such as ‘Yamato-nishiki’, ‘Kôbai’, cultivars were already listed in the first document in ‘Goshozakura’, ‘Osaraku’, ‘Ôta-haku’, etc. are still 1830, even though there must have been many ups cultivated and included in the registered list of the and downs in camellia cultivation since that time Higo Camellia Society today. until today. Surprisingly enough, it seems that Higo camellias They mainly relied on bud mutation to obtain new appeared much more recently than generally cultivars and they were not so interested in 56 List of Higo Camellia Cultivars Authorized by the Higo Camellia Society as for August, 2009 Pink Flowers Red Flowers White Flowers Brocades Akatsuki-no-kaori Asahi-no-mai Fuji Asahi-nishiki Asagao Asahi-no-minato Fuji-no-yuki Asahizuru Bebizakura Beni-osaraku Gogaku-no-yuki Azuma-nishiki Bishônen Beni-tanchô Hakkaku Beni-fubuki Egao Higo-hagoromo Hakuhô Chôshô Fûki Higo-kumagai Hakurakuten Daikanbô Goshokagami Higo-momijigari Hakusen Gairinzan Goshozakura Higo-nikkô Higo-hakutaka Harugasumi Haresugata Higo-ôzeki Higo-shirayuki Haru-no-umi Higo-chôjuraku Hi-no-hakama Hirose-haku Hatsumago Higo-hatsuwarai Hinomaru Maizuru Higo-kyônishiki Hitomi-no-hime Hi-no-tsukasa Manazuru Hoshi-momiji Kazue-no-tsuki Hiodoshi Mangetsu Ichifusa Kiyô Ichû Narutaki Jitsugetsusei Miyako-no-haru Imakumagai Ôta-haku Kakehashi Miyako-osaraku Kagotsurube Shiro-osaraku Kôbai-no-zu Nobuko-no-fu Kôbai Suishô-haku Kokka Oborozuki Kuni-no-hikari Kôraku Osaraku Nioibeni Kyokkôkan Ôzora Shinhagoromo Manzairaku Sakuragari Shintsukasa Meikatsukasa Sakurakomachi Shiranui Mikuni-no-homare Sakuratsukasa Shugetsu Mine-no-yuki Sensuikyô Tsukasabeni Mushagaeshi Seto-egao Umegaki Myôjô Shichigosan Nakoi-no-haru Shô-ô Nanakomachi Shûrei Nioi-fubuki Taiheiraku Nishiki-shikô Takasago Ôaso Tenju Ôkan Tenkô Sankô-nishiki Usugeshô Shinonome Shin-tsukasa-nishiki Shokkô-nishiki Shôwa-no-hikari Shukô-no-tsuki Tabaruzaka Tanchô Tenryô Tsuboi-no-haru Tsukasa-nishiki Uchû-no-hikari Yamato-nishiki Yatsuhashi Yozakura Yûgiri Zuikô-nishiki

Subtotal : 33 Subtoral : 25 Subtotal : 17 Subtotal : 48 Total : 123 57 hybridization. That could be the reason for the small of the strict rules of the Higo Camellia Society. In number of cultivars. fact, I myself have realized that a certain cultivar is especially prone to change its flower color pattern Among the Higo groups ‘Yamato-nishiki’ is the in a short period. largest with 9 sports and one seedling, and includes such famous cultivars as ‘Showa-no-hikari’, Every camellia is considered to be in the process ‘Ôkan’, ‘Kokka’, ‘Kuni-no-hikari’, etc. The second of its evolution changing slowly or rapidly. In fact, largest is ‘Shintsukasa-nishiki’ group with 7 sports. if we closely observe the flower shapes or colors The third one is ‘Osaraku’ with 4 sports and one of even wild camellias or wild sasanquas, we can seedling. There are some other groups with several recognize that they are subtly different individually. sports. About 40 cultivars in the list are the sports Therefore, it can be said there is not exactly the same and seedlings of Higo camellias themselves. It flower color pattern even in one cultivar. suggests that Higo cultivars are not easily available The flowers which have distinctly diverted from from other japonica groups. As far as the cultivars the original pattern should be discarded, and if the officially recognized by the Higo Camellia Society diverted one is stable by itself, it could be treated as are concerned, there is no record that any of them a new mutation. was produced from other origins. Higo camellias grown as bonsai In Japan the technique of cultivating plants by means of bonsai has been inherited since ancient times. Growing Higos as bonsai must have been particularly convenient for Higo samurai, because they raised Higo camellias exclusively and secretly only among themselves and they could take care of their favorite plants always near at hand.

‘Shintsukasa-nishiki’ In the list of officially recognized cultivars by the Higo Camellia Society there are only 5 hybrid cultivars. All of them are produced by using Higo cultivars as both parents. No other japonica cultivars are concerned. Stability of Higo camellia cultivars The Higo Camellia Society has strict registration rules for newly introduced flowers which are controlled by the Registration Committee consisting of five members: First, a new flower proposed for registraton should be scrutinized for stability of flower color patterns for 5 years. Second, the owner must prepare more than 100 saplings of the same cultivar so that the new cultivar should be available in the market. Some persons claim that Higo camellia cultivars are somewhat unstable in flower color patterns in spite Bonsai of ‘Kyokkôkan’ 58 There are some other merits in growing Higos as Introduction of Higo-sasanqua bonsai. Since the Higo flowers are single with relatively large flower size, with flat petals, so that Takayuki Tanaka outdoors they can easily be damaged even with School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Minami- weak wind and rain. aso-mura, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan Therefore, it is the best way to appreciate the flowers Introduction for a longer period in bonsai indoors. In the winter season, they can be placed in a greenhouse to protect Editor’s Note:- them from cold. Sasanqua is the general name given to all autumn Plants in bonsai can be appreciated close at hand flowering camellias, as distinct from spring flowering not only in their blooming season but also in all camellias (tsubaki), in Japan. seasons, creating an atmosphere that gives us a similar impression to that which we may feel from Higo sasanquas are those bred in the old province camellias growing in the wild. of Higo (see page 54). The camellia bonsai became widely known after the bonsai of Higos were introduced to the public In Kumamoto, we have the famous six ornamental mainly after the end of the Second World War. flowers, Higo-camellia, Higo-chrysanthemum, Higo-peony, Higo-iris, Higo-morning glory and Acknowledgements Higo-sasanqua. Most of them were developed in the Edo period (1603 – 1868). All the Higo- The author wishes to thank Professor Takayuki ornamentals were bred not only for the beauty of the Tanaka for his kindness in providing him with flowers, but also for representing the beautiful spirit unpublished information from his research in of the breeders. Large but single flowers with regular progress. stamens are the common flower characters of the References Higo- ornamental flowers, which put emphasis on the traditional Japanese virtues of modesty, frugality, Taizo Hiratsuka. 1964, Higo Camellia (in Japanese), sense of shame, refined manner, purity, etc. 138p, Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo, Japan Preamble. It is not only in Japan, but also all over Franco Ghirardi. 2000, Higo Camellia, 167p, maria the world, that the classification of sasanqua is pacini fazzi editore, Rome, Italy confusing. Though the wild sasanqua is a Japanese The Japan Camellia Society. 1998, the Nomenrature endemic plant distributed mainly in Kyushu Island, of Japanese Camellias and Sasanquas (in Japanese), most of the so-called sasanqua cultivars are not 359p, Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo, Japan Camellia sasanqua Thumb., but C. hiemalis Nakai in scientific terminology. Higo Meika Hozonkai. 1974, Higo Rikka Sen (in Japanese), 375p, Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo, In Japan, the sasanqua is a complex of four groups Japan (species) ; wild sasanqua type group (C. sasanqua Thumb.)������������������� Vernalis������������������ group (C. × ��������������������vernalis (Makino) T. Tanaka et al.) , Hiemalis group (C. hiemalis Nakai ) and Oleifera group (C. oleifera ��������������Abel.). Though C. oleifera is a wild species introduced from China in olden times, C. × vernalis and C. hiemalis are not wild species but cultivated ones. In my previous studies, C. × vernalis was reported as being of hybrid origin between C. sasanqua and C. japonica (Uemoto et al. 1980 ; Tanaka et al. 1986 ; Tanaka et al. 1987 ; Tanaka, 1988a ; Tanaka et al. 2008) and C. hiemalis is reported as their backcross generation with C. sasanqua (Tanaka, 1988b) . 59 Cultivars of the Hiemalis group are more fertile than and allowed the members to release the cultivars to those of the semi-sterile Vernalis group and produce the public. semi-fertile offspring with C. sasanqua or the semi- It is a pity that the beautiful cultivars of Higo- fertile intragroup hybrids. The representative and sasanqua should be unknown to the camellia the oldest cultivar of this group is ‘Shishigashira’, world, comparing with the famous Higo-camellia. synonym of ‘Kan-tsubaki’. Therefore, in this paper, the author introduces the 30 Though the chromosome number of ‘Shishigashira’ cultivars of Higo-sasanqua. was 2n=6X=90, hexaploid, the same as C. sasanqua, Materials and Methods and a reproductive barrier did not exist between them, the cultivars of the Hiemalis group were Thirty cultivars among 43 Higo-sasanqua distinguished from typical wild sasanqua by the nominated were used in the present study: traits of C. japonica by introgression (Anderson, ‘Akebono’�����������������������������, ���������������������������‘Akeyukusora’��������������, ������������‘Benibotan’,� 1949 ; Tanaka, 1985 ; Tanaka, 1988b) ; red ‘Benizakura’,���������������������������������� ��������������������������������‘Chigozakura’,������������������� �����������������‘Chisato-no-aki’,� pigmentation, thicker and wider leaves and flowers ‘Enishi’,�������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������‘Fuji-no-yuki’,���������������������������� ��������������������������‘Gingetsu’,���������������� ��������������‘Hakurakuten’,� than C. sasanqua. ‘Higo-Irihi-no-umi’,�������������������������� ������������������������‘Hiinko’,���������������� ��������������‘Hikarugenji’,� ‘Hinotsukasa’,��������������������������������� �������������������������������‘Hohoemi’,���������������������� ��������������������‘Iromokamo’,��������� �������‘Kiken- ‘Shishigashira’ normally had semi-double flowers jo’,��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������‘Kohan-no-aki’,����������������������� ‘Momozono’���������������������������������, ���������‘Nara-no- but its offspring occasionally showed double miyako’,������������������������������������������ ‘Saito-Ohnishiki’����������������������������������������,����������������������� ‘Yamazaki-Ohnishiki’���������������������,� flowers. Then, the cultivars of so-called sasanqua ‘Ohzora’,�������������������������������� ‘Sakura-zukuyo’������������������������������,��������������� ‘Shikishima’�������������,� with pink or red flowers, semi-double or double ‘Seikaiha’,������������������������������������� ‘Seishun’�������������������������������������������������������������, ‘Sekiyo’������������������������,���������������� ‘Setsuzan’�������������� and flowers and/or thicker and wider leaves are classified ‘Shirokokonoe’. as C. hiemalis. The characters of flowers investigated were color Higo-sasanquas. and form of flowers, number of petals and stamens, ‘Ohnishiki’ was reported as the oldest cultivar of petal width and length and flower diameter. The Higo-sasanqua in 1879 by Sadatsugu Yamazaki. characters of leaves investigated were leaf length Then ‘Nara-no-miyako’ and ‘Akeyukusora’ were and width, petiole length and number of brown cork reported in 1900 and 1902, respectively. warts on the abaxial surface of leaf. Pubescence of leaf and ovary were investigated on abaxial and adaxial surfaces of petiole, midrib and lateral vein. More than 500 pollen grains were stained by 1% aceto-carmine for pollen fertility. Pollen germination was carried out in the 25 C incubator for 5 hours using 1% agar medium supplied with 10% sucrose. Results and Discussion Flower characteristics of Higo-sasanqua are shown in Table 1. Avoiding the sensitive difference of the flower color, they were classified into red (14 cultivars), white (9 cultivars) and pink margin (7 cultivars). Two types of wild sasanqua grow on ‘Yamazaki-Ohnishiki’ Kyushu Island : the real wild type plants, with small The members of the Higo-sasanqua group, who narrow thin leaves bloom usually with white flowers were named Bankokai, had bred many cultivars having narrow petals, while cultivated plants for the but kept the cultivars in secret. Compared with the seed oil industry on hillside areas have large wide other five Higo-ornamental flower groups which and thick leaves and blooms with white petals and developed in the Edo period, Higo-sasanqua is still occasionally with pink margins. ‘Higo-Irihi-no-umi’ considered to be rather a newcomer in Kumamoto. could be distinguished easily by the color of flowers After the Higo-sasanqua Society was established in from other cultivars; it changed from vivid red to 1962, they held the Higo-sasanqua Show every year dark purple red. While, ‘Sekiyo’, ‘Hinotsukasa’,� 60 ‘Hiinko’ and ‘Benibotan’ had red flowers, ‘Nara- no-miyako’,���������������������������������������� ‘Benizakura’��������������������������������������,�������������������������� ‘Shikishima’������������������������,������������ ‘Seishun’�����������, ‘Iromokamo’, ‘Enishi’ ���������������������, �������������������‘Sakura-zukuyo’ and ‘Momozono’ had pink flowers and ‘Kohan-no-aki’ had pale pink flowers. ‘Setsuzan’, ‘Shirokokonoe’, ‘Chisato-no-aki’, ‘Fuji-no-yuki’, ‘Hakurakuten’, ‘Hohoemi’, ‘Gingetsu’ and ‘Seikaiha’ had white flowers. ‘Saito-Ohnishiki’,����������������������� ���������������������‘Yamazaki-Ohnishiki’, ‘Hikarugenji’, ‘Akeyukusora’, ‘Kiken-jo’, ‘Akebono’, ‘Ohzora’ and ‘Chigozakura’ had flowers with a red margin. The width and the density of the ‘Akeyukusora’ colored margin differed from narrow to wide and from pink to red. In Higo-sasanqua, the flower size was mostly larger than wild type sasanqua, especially ‘Akeyukusora’, ‘Higo-Irihi-no-umi’, ‘Hakurakuten’, ‘Ohzora’, ‘Gingetsu’, ‘Saito-Ohnishiki’, ‘Yamazaki- Ohnishiki’, ‘Sakura-zukuyo’, ‘Momozono’ and ‘Setsuzan’ were more than 10 cm in diameter showing the largest flower group in all of the sasanqua cultivars. ‘Setsuzan’, ‘Higo-Irihi-no-umi’, ‘Iromokamo’, ‘Akebono’ and ‘Sekiyo’ had semi-double flowers ‘Nara-no-miyako’ (10-20 petals) and ‘Hiinko’, ‘Chigozakura’, ‘Kohan-no-aki’, ‘Nara-no-miyako’, ‘Hohoemi’, ‘Shirokokonoe’, ‘Chisato-no-aki’, ‘Shikishima’, ‘Fuji-no-yuki’, ‘Enishi’ and ‘Seikaiha’ had rose form to formal double flowers. Leaf characteristics of Higo-sasanqua are shown in Table 2. Most of them were wider than wild type sasanqua. Though there were two type of ‘Ohnishiki’�, ‘Yamazaki-Ohnishiki’ could be distinguished by the narrower leaf size from ‘Saito-Ohnishiki’. ‘Nara- no-miyako’, ‘Shikishima’ and ‘Akebono’ had narrower leaves than other cultivars. ‘Saito-Ohnishiki’ Both leaves and ovaries of C. japonica were glabrous and those of C. sasanqua were pubescent. All of the cultivars of Higo-sasanqua showed pubescence on both adaxial surface of petioles and ovaries. Pubescence of adaxial vein and abaxial petiole and vein differed between the cultivars. Though Higo-sasanqua has been considered to be a cultivar group of C. sasanqua developed in Kumamoto, they were different from the wild type sasanqua. Even Higo-sasanqua cultivars, having white or red margined flowers like wild type sasanqua, showed large flowers, double flowers, ‘Sakura-zukuyo’ wide petals and /or wide thick leaves. These traits 61 were not seen in the wild sasanqua. The flowering season of Higo-sasanqua was from late October to December, except the late cultivar Fertility and germination rate of pollen grains of ‘Enishi’. Higo-sasanqua are shown in Table 3. From some double flowers such as ‘Shikishima’, pollen grains C. sasanqua blooms from September to October could not be obtained enough for the research. The and has small and narrow leaves and petals, while pollen fertilities of Higo-sasanqua were more than C. japonica blooms from February to April and 58%. The germination rates of pollen grains were large and wide leaves and petals. The chromosome quite low comparing with pollen fertilities. Seed number of C. sasanqua was 2n = 6X = 90, hexaploid, set ratios were also lower than wild type sasanqua, and that of C. japonica was 2n = 2X = 30, diploid. suggesting that they are of hybrid origin. Cultivars of Vernalis were distinguished from other

Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the flowers of Higo-sasanqua

Cultivar Flower No. of Flower name color form petals stamens diameter

Akebono Pink margin Semi-double 11〜14 ４２〜８１ 9.7±0.2 Akeyukusora Pink margin Single ４〜１０ ７４〜８５ 13.1±0.4 Benibotan Red Single ７〜９ ４４〜９９ 9.9±0.3 Benizakura Pink Single ６〜８ ５１〜６７ 8.8±0.2 Chigozakura Pink margin Formal double ２２〜３０ ８〜２２ 7.1±0.1 Chisato-no-aki White Formal double ２６〜４２ ８〜１９ 6.7±0.5 Enishi Pink Formal double ４４〜４８ １７〜３５ 7.7±0.3 Fuji-no-yuki White Formal double ３０〜４２ １〜９ 7.4±0.3 Gingetsu White Single ８〜１１ ４５〜６７ 11.1±0.3 Hakurakuten White Single ８ ９４〜１０３ 11.9±0.1 Higo-Irihi-no-umi Dark red Single ９〜１３ ５９〜９３ 12.0±0.2 Hiinko Red Formal double ２３〜３３ ０〜７ 7.7±0.8 Hikarugenji Red margin Single ６〜８ ５３〜１００ 9.2±0.4 Hinotsukasa Red Single ６〜９ ６７〜９９ 9.9±0.4 Hohoemi White Rose form double ２３〜３４ １７〜３８ 9.6±0.5 Iromokamo Pink Semi-double １２〜１４ ７１〜９２ 9.8±0.3 Kiken-jo Pale pink Single Kohan-no-aki Pale pink Rose form double ２２〜３０ １４〜３２ 8.4±0.3 Momozono Pink Single ７〜９ ７３〜８０ 10.4±0.5 Nara-no-miyako Pink Rose form double ２３〜３２ ２４〜６４ 9.5±0.4 Saito-Ohnishiki Red margin Single ８〜１０ ８２〜９１ 10.4±0.2 Yamazaki-Ohnishiki Red margin Single ７〜１１ ８９〜１２２ 10.9±0.2 Ohzora Pink margin Single ８〜１１ ８１〜１１４ 11.7±1.1 Sakurazukuyo Pink Single ７〜１０ ７３〜９７ 10.9±0.2 Seikaiha White Formal double ４３〜５４ ８〜２９ 9.7±0.3 Seishun Pink Single ５〜８ ３９〜８１ 8.4±0.5 Sekiyo Red Semi-double １３〜１８ ５６〜８０ 9.0±0.6 Set_uzan White Single １０〜１１ ８２〜９７ 10.2±0.3 Shikishima Pink Formal double ２６〜３５ ６〜１３ 8.8±0.5 Shirokokonoe White Formal double １９〜３５ ９〜１６ 9.1±0.1 62 three group of sasanqua by their flowering time, 2n = 4X = 60, triploid group, 2n = 3X = 45, ‘Egao’ intermediate characters and their ploidy levels type tetraploid group, 2n = 4X = 60 and pentaploid between the two putative parents, C. sasanqua and group, 2n = 5X = 75. Cultivars of Higo-sasanqua C. japonica (Uemoto et al. 1980 ; Tanaka et al. were much more similar to C. sasanqua than those 1986; Tanaka et al. 1987 ; Tanaka, 1988a ; Tanaka et of Vernalis morphologically and the ploidy levels al. 2008). They were classified by the chromosome of some Higo-sasanqua cultivars investigated were numbers, morphological characteristics and their hexaploid by the flow cytometric analysis and putative origin into ‘Gaisen’ type tetraploid group, chromosome counting (unpublished).

Table 2. Morphological characteristics of the leaves of Higo-sasanqua.

Cultivar Leaf Pubescence of Petiole adaxial abaxial name length width length surface surface petiole midrib vein petiole midrib vein Akebono 5.1±0.1 1.9±0.0 0.3±0.0 + + - - - - Akeyukusora 5.9±0.1 2.9±0.1 0.3±0.0 + ± - - ± - Benibotan 4.5±0.1 2.0±0.0 0.3±0.0 + ± - - - - Benizakura 5.6±0.0 2.9±0.1 0.4±0.0 + - - - - - Chigozakura 4.6±0.1 2.1±0.0 0.4±0.0 + + - - ± - Chisato-no-aki 5.4±0.1 2.2±0.0 0.4±0.0 + + - - - - Enishi 4.1±0.0 1.7±0.0 0.3±0.0 + + - - - - Fuji-no-yuki 5.1±0.2 2.3±0.1 0.3±0.0 + - - - - - Gingetsu 4.7±0.0 2.5±0.1 0.3±0.0 + + - - ± - Hakurakuten 5.2±0.0 2.8±0.0 0.3±0.0 + ± - - - - Higo-Irihi-no-umi 4.7±0.1 2.6±0.1 0.4±0.0 + ± - - - - Hiinko 5.8±0.1 2.3±0.0 0.4±0.0 + + - ± ± - Hikarugenji 4.8±0.1 2.8±0.0 0.3±0.0 + + - - - - Hinotsukasa 5.8±0.1 2.7±0.0 0.3±0.0 + + - - - - Hohoemi 5.3±0.1 2.6±0.0 0.3±0.0 + ± - - ± - Iromokamo 6.2±0.1 2.8±0.1 0.4±0.0 + + - - - - Kiken-jo 5.3±0.1 2.6±0.0 0.4±0.0 + + - ± ± - Kohan-no-aki 5.2±0.1 2.5±0.1 0.5±0.0 + - - - - - Momozono 5.1±0.1 2.3±0.1 0.5±0.0 + - - - - - Nara-no-miyako 5.0±0.1 1.7±0.0 0.4±0.0 + + - - - - Saito-Ohnishiki 5.0±0.1 2.5±0.1 0.4±0.0 + + - + - - Yamazaki-Ohnishiki 6.3±0.0 2.7±0.1 0.4±0.0 + - - - - - Ohzora 4.4±0.1 2.3±0.1 0.3±0.0 + ± - ± ± - Sakurazukuyo 5.4±0.1 3.0±0.0 0.3±0.0 + + - - + - Seikaiha 5.0±0.1 2.8±0.1 0.4±0.0 + + - - - - Seishun 5.1±0.1 3.0±0.2 0.4±0.0 + + - ± ± - Sekiyo 5.6±0.1 3.4±0.1 0.3±0.0 + + - - ± - Set_uzan 5.7±0.0 2.6±0.0 0.5±0.0 + + - - + - Shikishima 6.2±0.1 2.1±0.1 0.4±0.0 + + - - - - Shirokokonoe 4.8±0.1 2.2±0.1 0.3±0.0 + + - ± - - 63 ‘Shishigashira’ is a representative old cultivar of the or red margined flowers like wild type sasanqua Hiemalis group, C. hiemalis. Leaf shape and size of showed large flowers, double flowers, wide petals most Higo-sasanqua were similar to ‘Shishigashira’ and /or wide thick leaves similar to the Hiemalis or Hiemalis group. Especially, ‘Sekiyo’ had flowers group. Therefore Higo-sasanqua should be classified similar to ‘Shishigashira’ with red semi-double as C. hiemalis of the Hiemalis group. flowers. Even Higo-sasanqua cultivars having white

Table 3. Pollen fertility and germination rate of Higo-sasanqua.

Cultivar name Pollen Germination English Japanese fertility (%) rate (%) Akebono 曙 76 1 Benibotan 紅牡丹 69 5 Benizakura 紅桜 93 16 Chigozakura 稚児桜 97 1 Chisato-no-aki 千里の秋 93 - Enishi 艶姿 91 0 Fuji-no-yuki 不二の雪 83 1 Gingetsu 銀月 85 3 Higo-Irihi-no-umi 肥後入日の海 84 - Hiinko 緋音紅 83 - Hikarugenji 光源氏 59 9 Hinotsukasa 緋の司 89 3 Hohoemi 微笑 94 0 Iromokamo 色も香も 77 2 Kiken-jo 喜見城 91 12 Kohan-no-aki 湖畔の秋 87 0 Momozono 桃園 94 4 Nara-no-miyako 奈良の都 96 0 Saito-Ohnishiki 大錦(斉藤) 86 0 Yamazaki-Ohnishiki 大錦(山崎) 81 0 Ohzora 大空 87 0 Seikaiha 静海波 87 - Seishun 青春 84 1 Sekiyo 夕陽 80 24 Set_uzan 雪山 83 13 Shirokokonoe 白九重 94 - 64 In the Western countries and China, they prefer the Tanaka, T., T. Mizutani, M. Shibata, N. Tanikawa showy flowers. While in Kumamoto, large but single and C. R. Parks. 2008. Estimation of the seed parent flowers and regular stamens are the preferable flower of C. x vernalis. International Camellia Journal���� ���No. characters as Higo-ornamental flowers, there is little 40 : 74 – 84. doubt that they could not bear to omit the beautiful Tanaka, T., S. Kirino, N. Hakoda, K. Fujieda and T. double flowers among their sasanqua seedlings. Mizutani. 2001.��������������������������������������� Studies on the origin of Camellia Though other societies of Six Higo Ornamental wabiske. Proc. Sch. of Agriculture, Kyushu Tokai Flowers complained to the Higo-sasanqua Society, Univ. 20 : 1-7. they registered the double flower cultivars as Higo- sasanqua. However, the Higo-sasanqua, ‘Ohnishiki’ Tanaka, T., S. Uemoto and C. R. Parks. 1987. Studies is still considered as an ideal of Higo-sasanqua, on the origin of Camellia x vernalis. American because it has large single flowers with spreading Camellia Yearbook 42 : 5-12. stamens. Uemoto, S., T. Tanaka and K. Fujieda. 1980. Summary Cytogenetic studies on the origin of Camellia There are many unknown local cultivars in Higo- vernalis. I. On the meiotic chromosomes in some sasanqua and most of them are superior to the related Camellia forms in Hirado Island. J. Japan. commercial cultivars of sasanqua. Most Higo- Soc. Hort. Sci. 48 : 475-482. sasanqua cultivars have red, large and /or double flowers and wide thick leaves similar to the Hiemalis group of so-called sasanqua. From these morphological characteristics and ploidy level, Higo-sasanqua should be classified as Camellia hiemalis Nakai or Hiemalis group.

Literature Cited Ackerman, W. L. 1991. ‘Winter’s Rose’, ‘Snow Flurry’, and ‘Polar Ice’ camellias. HortSci. 26(11): 1432-1433. Anderson, E. 1949. Introgressive hybridization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. pp.109. Tanaka, T. 1985. Studies on the origin of Camellia vernalis. Doctor Dissertation of Kyushu University. pp.121 (In Japanese with English summary). Tanaka, T. 1988a. Cytogenetic studies on the origin of Camellia x vernalis. III. A method to identify the cultivars using self-incompatibility. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 56 : 452-456. Tanaka, T. 1988b. Cytogenetic studies on the origin of Camellia x vernalis. IV. Introgressive Hybridization of C. sasanqua and C. japonica. J. Japan Soc Hort Sci 57 499-506. Tanaka, T., N. Hakoda and S. Uemoto. 1986.����� Cytogenetic studies on the origin of Camellia vernalis. II. Grouping of C. x vernalis cultivars by the chromosome numbers and the relationships between them. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 55 : 207- 214. 65 The difficulties and pleasure My close friends Shigeo Matsumoto and Mikio Akashi provided more information on Higo of collecting and growing Camellias, Higo Camellia Bonsai and the Higo Camellia Society with their own deep interest in Higo Camellias in Germany these beautiful plants. Beate Ackermann A visit to Franco Ghiradi boosted my enthusiasm by e-mail: [email protected] admiring so many beautiful Higos in his garden. My route to Higo Camellias That was the time when my interest in these fabulous Although I was always fond of Higo Camellias I plants became unforgettable. actually got fascinated by their beauty and special My experiences with Higo Camellias under the local charms when I obtained Dr. Franco Ghirardi’s book climate conditions on Higo Camellias in 2000. • Higo Camellias can be grown outdoors. Higo Camellias were not very common in Germany • Several varieties have to be taken into the and Europe at that time and only a few varieties greenhouse during wintertime. were available from nurseries. Furthermore, only • The first year of planting Higos outdoors as well very few people knew details about their origin. as in pots appears to be difficult. Dr. Ghiradi`s book was the first detailed information • With the second growing season plants tend to on Higo varieties and their origin available to me. stabilize. Growing Higo Camellias outdoor • Younger plants do not set flower buds well, and in Germany often show petaloid stamens mixed into their bursts of apricot stamens. At first sight, growing Higo Camellias appeared to me quite similar to growing other camellias. • Aged plants develop quite well by displaying However the climate in Southern Japan is very typically smaller flowers than in Japan. different from that in Germany. Drawbacks on the quality and growth of Higos in a The area where I live, the Rhine valley, is relatively cool climate mild compared to other parts of the country. In this • Lower average temperatures around the year part of Germany the coldest temperatures normally result in lower flower quality (petaloid stamens, do not fall below -10°C. These cold periods generally smaller flowers, reduced number of stamens, do not last longer than about one week. and imperfect arrangement of stamens). • Temperatures below -10 °C for several days lead In comparison to the climate of Kumamoto, in to black stamens and loss of leaves. Germany Higo Camellias do have shorter periods of warm and hot temperatures. • Frost for a longer period of time (like 2 weeks or more) could lead to the death of the plant. Kumamoto’s winters only last from December to February and periods with frost are rare. Summers Extreme conditions during winter are always hot, so that flowers have sufficient time 2008/2009 to develop a perfect shape and colour. This was the coldest winter for about 50 years in So my question was: Would it be possible to grow Germany. During this winter in the month of January Higo Camellias in Germany‘s cool climate? all of my camellias suffered a lot from temperatures as low as -25°C. Since the period of heavy frost Let’s give it a try held on for several weeks, many camellias died. Driven by the beauty of these flowers I decided to Nevertheless several plants survived with few or try to grow them despite all odds of the German no leaves at all. As to the Higo camellias the plants climate. Eventually, I got my first Higo plants and of Higo Kyo-nishiki somehow survived, badly I tried to widen my experiences. There were very damaged. One plant of Asagao died and a plant of few possibilities to obtain further information on the Shugetsu (Daikanbô) survived, however frozen to subject at that time. the ground. 66

Shugetsu Kyo-nishiki On the average, they do not suffer at all in German Eventually, in this winter there was no way to protect winters when they are planted out in the ground. the plants from frost because the period of extreme Their flowers are mostly of good shape with no temperatures was too long. Additionally the very petaloid stamens at all. Thus, they display perfect long time with frozen ground hindered the plants yellow stamens in the right quantity arranged like from getting enough water. the spokes of a wheel. Yamato-nishiki Experiences with Higo Camellias and The Higos of the “Yamato-nishiki family” (see their sports in my������� garden picture of ��������������������������������������Yamato-nishiki) generally���������������������� grow well in our climate but their growth is a lot weaker than that Like many other camellia varieties Higo camellia are of Kyo-nishiki. prone to produce sports. The sports of these Higos are frequently classified into new Higo varieties whereas their features concerning frost tenderness, growing habit and flowering remain quite similar. In order to give an idea of the behaviour of Higos and their sports I chose the Higo varieties: • Kyo-nishiki • Yamato- nishiki • Shintsukasa-nishiki • Daikanbô • Tanchô Yamato-nishiki Higos related to Kyo-nishiki They are less frost hardy and have to be grown in a more sheltered position. Their flowers are more The Higos of the “Kyo-nishiki family” (see picture susceptible to frost too. Black stamens and petaloid of Kyo-nishiki)��������������������������������������������� are�������������������������������� the Higos performing best in stamens might appear in cold years and the number cooler climates. They are usually strong growers of stamens can also be reduced. Young plants do not with many sprouts and are very frost hardy. flower very well. This is a pity because I’m very fond of Ôkan and Kyokkokan. I think it is better to grow them in pots while the plants are young. 67 Higo Daikanbô and its sports The plants of Higos deriving from Daikanbô (see picture of ��������������������������������������Daikanbô) have���������������������������� a strong growth and can withstand some frosts. Nevertheless, they should be grown in a sheltered position outside because their big fantastic flowers will be of a better quality when they are grown in a warmer place. On young plants the number of stamens often turns out to be of inferior quality in cooler climates. Shintsukasa-nishiki (In Kyushu I have seen a perfect flower on a one year old plant) Their beautiful flowers often have several petaloid stamens and a reduced number of stamens in our climate even when grown in pots and taken to the greenhouse in winter. The flower quality is getting better on older plants but it takes quite a while. The flowers are also very beautiful even though some petaloid stamens appear. Higo Asagao and Higo Choshô Higo Asagao and Higo Choshô (see picture of both) are not as frost hardy as Kyo-nishiki but can get along well with average German winters. Unfortunately, their flowers often show petaloid stamens or frost damage after longer periods of frost. They can only Daikanbô be grown in the ground at a really mature age. The family of Higo Tanchô The Higos of Tanchô (see picture of Tanchô������������)����� show very slow growth in the German climate. For this reason it is easier to grow them in pots before they are mature plants. They are more frost tender.

Asagao

Tanchô Higos deriving from Shintsukasa-nishiki The Higos which are related to the big family of Shintsukasa-nishiki (see picture of ������������Shintsukasa- nishiki, Ôaso, Shintsukasa)������������������������� are pretty frost tender. Choshô 68 Conclusion Environmental adaptation and All in all, regarding the detailed examination of several Higo camellias and their sports it can be biodiversity of said that it is always worthwhile cultivating these Camellia japonica L. wonderful plants even though the growing conditions are not ideal in Germany. Dr. Chuji Hiruki When it comes to the unique beauty of Higo flowers, Department of Agricultural, Food and they are magnificent even when their flowers are Nutritional Science, Faculty of�������������� Agricultural,������������� not always perfect due to the lack of warmth. Their Life and Enviromental Science, University of dark green leaves, always provide a beautiful shrub Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada in summer too. The distinctive beauty of Higo Home address: 2-11 Fukue-cho, Goto-shi Nagasaki- Camellias always compensates for the extra care I ken 853-0007, Japan have given to them. e-mail:[email protected] Acknowledgement Introduction To all my camellia friends around the world who It is generally accepted that camellia seedlings, were of a great support to me in the recent years. grown from seed under normal field conditions, rarely initiate flowering in less than four years. Usually, one must wait������������������������������� ������������������������������for five to eight years before References a group of seed-germinated seedlings can be indexed Franco Ghirardi: Higo Camellia, a flower for the for their characteristics such as color, petal number, third millennium, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore, Lucca and form of flower.��������������������������������� ��������������������������������Therefore, it is advantageous to 2000 grow camellia��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������seedlings in growth-control����������� ����������facilities with fixed environmental conditions. Taizo Hiratsuka: Higo Camellia, Seibundo- Shinkosha CO Materials and Methods Plants Case 1: Cuttings of an�������������������� �������������������English accession (Camellia japonica L).������������������������������������� were a gift from Dr.������������� A.������������ A. Brunt, Glasshouse Research Institute, Littlehampton,����� ����West Sussex, UK (Hiruki, 1984�������������������������)������������������������. After rooting in 1983, they were������������������������������������� ������������������������������������maintained in greenhouse������������ �����������conditions. Case 2: Cuttings of���������������������� a���������������������n������������������� ������������������American accession C. japonica �L. ��������������������������������������were obtained from Seattle,����������� ����������WA in 2002. and were raised������������������������������������� in the same conditions as Case 1 for��� comparison. Case 3: A set of seeds were obtained in Goto-shi, Nagasaki-ken, Japan������������������������ i�����������������������n��������������������� 2005��������������������.��������������� The�������������� seeds were incubated at 4°C for a month, then germinated in a greenhouse, where the seedlings were raised for observation and analysis of their growth under fixed environmental conditions. Case 4:������������������������������������������ �����������������������������������������A camellia tree with clustered����������� fruits���������� was found in rural Shin-kamigoto-cho, Nagasaki-ken, Japan in 2007. Seedlings were grown from seeds of another��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������tree���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������growing in Goto-shi in a greenhouse for Observation. 69 Case 5: A camellia tree bearing abundant spindle- shaped fruit was discovered in Goto-shi, Nagasaki- ken, Japan, in 2002.������������������������ �����������������������Young plants were newly established from���������������������������������� ���������������������������������cuttings in a greenhouse and were observed for fruit morphology. Growth conditions Unless otherwise stated, camellia plants were grown in 17cm-diameter plastic pots����������� containing���������� a commercial premixed soi�������������������l. Registere����������������d������ name:����� Sunshine mix LA4,������������������������������ �����������������������������peat/perlite/vermiculite/sand from��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������Sun Gro������������������������������������� ������������������������������������Horticulture Canada Ltd, Seba Beach, AB T0B 2B0, Canada. Greenhouse temperature was maintained at 21±1°C during the day and 18°C at night. Light period was 16 hrs with a light intensity of 400mv provided with C5F54T5/835/color HO Highoutact band lamps. Figure 1. A diagram showing a growth cycle of wild Fertilizer (15/30/15) was provided biweekly at a camellias in open fields on Goto islands. concentration of 200 ppm. shoot growth, fruit formation, Results �����������������fruit maturation, floral bud formation, ����������flowering. Normal growth pattern of wild camellias Normal growth cycles of wild camellias (yabu- Under normal outdoor conditions, the blooming tsubaki) as observed in the open-field on The Goto season ranges November to April. New shoots Islands are����������������� ����������������described������� ������below. start to grow from February to April, soon���������� ���������after the flowers���������������������������������������������� ar���������������������������������������������e������������������������������������������ finished�����������������������������������������.��������������������������������� �������������������������������In the greenhouse, the behavior The vegetative growth of camellias is seasonal. has been������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������drastically different: the plants produces Successive growing periods are separated by resting young shoots and flower buds continually all year periods during which flowers are produced. Main round (Figure 3). flowering time in the Goto area is of three to four months’ duration during the period December to March, varying by weather conditions. After flowering, vegetative growth resumes during the months of spring. During the growing season, the terminal buds of existing shoots and branches elongate, and new branches develop from buds in the axils of the leaves. The green shoots mature during the season, followed by the formation and maturation of fruits during the summer, eventually forming floral buds, after which the growth cycles is repeated (Figure 1). Environmental adaptation Case 1: Camellia japonica (���������������������������������������������unknown��������������� cultivar��������������)������ from���� UK Figure 2. An UK accession of C. japonica Figure 2 shows this camellia plant which has been New seedlings from cuttings obtained from���������� the��������� plant grown under the above mentioned greenhouse in 2003 started to bloom in 2006. As long as they conditions for 26 years. It produces double flowers remained under the same environmental conditions, that do not yield fruits. they showed the same growth and blooming behavior 70 as their predecessor by producing flowers and new the greenhouse������������������������������������ produces����������������������������������� new shoots and floral buds shoots in parallel. all year��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������round.�������������������������������������� To������������������������������������� confirm this observation, cuttings of the greenhouse-raised plant were made in 2008 to raise more seedlings under the same����������� ����������greenhouse conditions. This project is still in progress. Case 3: Camellia japonica L.����������������� ��������������(�������������unnamed������ yabu-����� tsubaki)������������ ����������from Japan In 2005, approximately 50 seeds of Camellia japonica were collected from yabu-tsubakis grown����� on the Goto Islands. A set of seedlings����������� was ������raised in the greenhouse after germination.Unlike their parents that bloom once a year during winter, the plants grown������������������������������� in������������������������������ the greenhouse produced new shoots and������������������������������������������� floral������������������������������������������ buds continuously.����������������� The���������������� first flower sopened�������������������������������������� �������������������������������������in December 2008, three years and two months after seeding, and the plants continued to set floral������������������������������������� buds������������������������������������ throughout the year. New shoots developed vigorously in parallel with floral bud formation.����������������������������������� ����������������������������������The seedlings were grown in 12 cm- Figure 3. A diagram showing the growth cycle of diameter pots in the first year and repotted in 15 the UK accession of C. japonica growing under cm-diameter pots in the second year, and in 17 cm- greenhouse conditions. shoot growth, diameter pots in the third year. flower bud formation, flowering Diversity in growth capability of seedlings In the first year after germination of the seeds in Case 2: Camellia japonica ���������������������L.������������������� (�����������������unknown���������� ���������cultivar)� Case 3, considerable differences in the growth from USA behavior among the seedlings became apparent. Figure 4 shows a camellia plant grown under the Therefore, it was decided to group them into three same greenhouse conditions for 7�������������������� �������������������years after rooting categories; A, fast-growing seedlings; B, medium- of a cutting from a camellia��������������������� ��������������������tree growing outdoor growing seedlings; C, slow-growing seedlings. Five seedlings from each category were selected for precise comparison and their yearly growth was recorded. After������������������������������� ������������������������������three������������������������� ������������������������years, some seedlings��� ��in categories A and B started to produce flower buds. The earliest flower was open three years and���� ���two months after germination.����������������������� ����������������������In A (Figure 5 extreme left) the growth of seedlings was so rapid and both the plant height and stem size were remarkable. In C only one flower bud���������������������� ���������������������formed among the five plants even four years������������������������ after����������������������� germination under the same conditions.����������������������������� In���������������������������� this category, the plants exhibited slow growth, small leaves, shortened internodes and stems, and dense, bushy growth habits. Camellia flowers observed on individual Figure 4. An US accession of C. japonica growing under seedlings are different in size, color and the time of greenhouse conditions. flowering. Figure 6 shows a visual comparison of in Seattle in 2002. The����������������������� ����������������������original plant growing categories A, B, and C and Figure 7 shows the result outdoor blooms once a���������������������� ���������������������year from December to of comparative measurements during four years in April. However, the���������������������������� newly��������������������������� raised plant grown in the greenhouse. 71 Diversity in fruit settings, and shapes. Case 4: In 2007, a yabu-tsubaki tree growing in rural Shin-kamigoto-cho was found to produce abundant clustered fruits (Figure 8). In the following year, the production of clustered fruits was minimal, perhaps due to the over-production of fruits in the previous year. The examination of the same tree, conducted on November 7, 2009, suggests that the production of clustered fruits will be repeated as the tree bears numerous clustered floral buds.

Figure 5. One-year-old seedlings germinated in the greenhouse from the seeds of yabu-tsubaki grown on the Goto Islands.

Figure 6. Comparison of camellia seedlings in three growth categories: A (right), B (middle), C (left).

Figure 8. Cluster formation of fruits���������������� ���������������of yabu-tsubaki C. japonica L.��������������������������������� ��������������������������������found in Shinkamigoto-cho in the Goto Islands, Japan. Almost every branch of the tree formed clustered floral buds that differed from other yabu-tsubakis in the same area, suggesting that it is a genetic variant. The flowers are characteristically small in size. In a separate experiment, one���������������������� camellia��������������������� seedling out of 50 plants raised from seeds obtained in Goto-shi, produced aggregated floral buds on almost������ every����� branch. The recorded numbers of aggregated floral buds in each cluster on separate branches were as Figure 7. A comparison of plant heights in three follows:������������������������������ �����������������������������5.��������������������������� ��������������������������6.������������������������ �����������������������6.��������������������� ��������������������5.������������������ �����������������6,��������������� ��������������8.������������ �����������6,��������� ��������5,������ �����9,��� 7�. categories in camellia seedlings grown in the greenhouse Case 5: Figure 9 shows a camellia with abundant for four years. A, fast-growing; B, medium-growing; spindle shaped fruits. The tree has produced the same C, slow-growing. spindle-shaped fruits every year since its discovery 72 in 2002. Young plants,��������������������������������������������������� newly established in the In Case 5, the �����������������������������persistence of the same fruit greenhouse from cuttings, maintained the same fruit morphology and productivity as the parent camellia morphology and productivity as the parent plant. plant suggests that genetic control of these properties is probably influenced by factors other than the environmental conditions controlled in this study. Biodiversity As expected, seedling selection of camellias based on germinated seeds was found to offer���������� ���������excellent opportunities for the selection of new��������� variants�������� suitable for novel horticultural���������������������� undertaking���������������������s��������� (�������Hiruki, 2008b���������������������������������������������) �������������������������������������������and industrial����������������������������� ����������������������������uses such as oil production. Under the greenhouse conditions programmed in this������������������������������������������������� research,������������������������������������������������ the camellia plants in category A����� grew���� fast, often reaching heights higher than 2.5 m in just three years after germination. On the other hand,������������������������������� ������������������������������plants in category C were of a genetic dwarf type��������������������������� (�������������������������Ackerman,2007)������������ ����������exhibiting slow growth, small leaves, and���������������������� ���������������������shortened internodes, Figure 9. The production of spindle-shaped fruits in and stems. yabutsubaki (Camellia japonica L.) In camellias, cluster formation of flower buds has Discussion not received much attention except�������������� �������������that it is an undesirable characteristic if one������������������ wishes����������������� to produce Environmental Adaptation a prize-winning,������������������������������������� large������������������������������������,������������������������������ attractive����������������������������� flower. If this is In this study, camellia plants collected from three the goal, usual recommendation to be offered is to countries and grown at a daily cycle of������� 21±1°������C remove the extra buds. However, if the production (���������������������������������������������������16������������������������������������������������� hr������������������������������������������������s��������������������������������������������� day��������������������������������������������)���������������������������������������� 18°C��������������������������������������� (8 hrs night)��������������������� altered�������������������� their normal of camellia oil is of interest, extra buds are an growth behavior to��������������������������������� ��������������������������������produce floral buds continuously extremely desirable characteristic, because seeds throughout������������������������������������� the������������������������������������ year in parallel with vegetative are the source of oil.������������������������������� Therefore,����������������������������� the��������������� discovery�������������� of a growth of���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������young shoots. As Sealy (1958) stated in camellia tree that naturally������������������������� produces������������������������ cluster-forming his book of "A Revision of the Genus Camellia", fruits has received much attention����������������� (���������������Hiruki, 2008a)���. camellias under normal field conditions have a distinct growth period and rest period . However, The clustering habit is not limited to������������� ������������camellias. A some plant behavior can be manipulated by precise similar phenomenon has been������������������������ reported����������������������� in other fruit control of critical factors such as environmental trees such as apples������������������ (����������������Brierley, 1948��)�. conditions like temperature, photoperiod and light There have been casual observations of C. japonica intensity. Bonner������������������������������� (�����������������������������1948�������������������������, �����������������������1950�������������������) �����������������reported that���� ���the with very large fruits,named Ringo-tsubaki (�����apple initiation and growth of flower buds take������ �����place camellia)��������������������������������������� in������������������������������������� Japan. On the Goto Islands one can only under relatively high temperatures,�������� whereas������� frequently����������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������encounter wild camellia trees with large relatively low night time temperatures ensure good fruits, however, they are not highly valued for oil flower opening.�������������������������������������� Thus,������������������������������������� he stated that camellia flowers production as their seeds are extremely small and produced��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������under conditions of an 80°F����������� (���������22°C)����� ���day of low quality. combined with a 60° F��������������������������� (16°C�������������������������)��������������������� nigh�������������������t�������������� appea�������������r������� normal������ in size and pigmentation. Under such conditions, it The production of spindle-shaped fruits in yabu- was possible to produce normal camellia flowers tsubaki grown on the Goto Islands was reported for during the period from March to September. the first time in this paper. The tree has produced Flower bud formation by camellias under favorable the same spindle shaped fruits every year since its environmental���������������������������������� ���������������������������������conditions is markedly influenced discovery in 2002. Young plants that were newly by light����������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������intensity������������������������������� (�����������������������������Bonner, 1948, 1950�����������; ���������Lammerts, established���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������from cuttings maintained the same fruit 1949,1964�����������������; McElwee,��������������� 1951)���. morphology and productivity as the parent plant. 73 This observation indicates that the production of the The current state of camellias spindle-shaped fruits is genetically controlled and it is a very stable character. on Izu Oshima and our Acknowledgements company’s initiatives in I would like to thank Mr. Y. Yasunaga, Director of camellia regeneration projects the Geihinkan Museum for his���������������������� kindness��������������������� in providing Yukitaka Hihara and Genki Fukui me with valuable���������������������������������� information��������������������������������� of clustered camellia fruits and������������������������������������ �����������������������������������Mr. H. Tomiyama and Mr. N. Nakamura Tsubaki Co. Ltd 4-10-13����������������������� ����������������������Motomachi Oshima-machi for preparation of excellent illustrations. Tokyo,100-0103 Japan e-mail [email protected] References Ackerman, W. L. 2007.���������������������������� Genetic��������������������������� dwarfness.��������� Camellia�������� “To love camellias, love people, and love nature” J. March-May:22-23. American Camellia Society. Since ancient times the Japanese Camellia has Bonner, J.��������������������������������������� 1948��������������������������������������.��������������������������������� Flower�������������������������������� bud initiation and flower captured the hearts of those who love flowers, while opening in Camellia japonica.����������������� Proc.���������������� Amer. Soc. at the same time playing a role in our lifestyle and Hort. Sci. 50:401-408. culture through its use in medicine, cosmetics, cooking oil, and lamp oil. Bonner, J.�������������������������������������� 1950������������������������������������� Flower bud initiation and flower opening of the camellia. Camellia Research Bulletin, Southern California Camellia Society Brierley,����������������������������������� W.G����������������������������������.������������������������������ �����������������������������1948.������������������������ The����������������������� clustering��������� ��������habit in Haralson, Minjon and Wealthy apples.������������ Proc�����������.������ �����Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.50:17-20. Hiruki, C.��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������1984.A preliminary study on����������� ����������infectious variegation of camellia. Acta����������������������� Horticulturae���������������������� 164:���� 55-��� 62.

Hiruki, C.������������������ 2008a�����������������.����������� A���������� story of Camellia japonica Camellia japonica grown in northern Canada. American Camellia Yearbook 2008����������� ����������p.100-103. Hiruki, C.������������������������������������ �����������������������������������2008b. Clustered fruit formation��� ��in Camellia japonica found in the Goto������������� Archipelago������������. Japan Camellia 85, 20.������������ (����������Japanese).�� Lammerts, W. E. 1949 The effect of continuous light, high nutrient level and temperature on flowering of camellia hybrids. American Camellia Yearbook 1949,�������� �������p53-56. Lammerts, W. E. 1964. Comparative effect of Gro- lux and incandescent������������������������������ ligh�����������������������������t������������������������ on����������������������� growth of camellias. Camellia trees American Camellia Yearbook����������������� ����������������1964, p.158-162. The flower began gaining popularity around the McElwee, E. W. 1951.����������������������������� ����������������������������The influence of photoperiod world as an ornamental plant about 400 years ago, and light intensity on the initiation and development and was assigned the scientific name Camellia of flower buds of camellia. American Camellia japonica. Yearbook����������������� ����������������1951, p.122-129. The magnificent large-flowered varieties bred Sealy, J. R. 1958. A Revision of the Genus Camellia. selectively from the Japanese Camellia won the Royal Horticultural Society, London. adulation of Europeans and Americans, decorating the 74 breast of Violetta, the main character in Verdi’s opera harvested, and over 20 years before full-scale La Traviata, and becoming a symbol of Chanel. It is harvesting can begin. It would take a long time now one of the most beloved flowers in the world. before seeds can be harvested from a camellia seed planted today.

Camellia fruit Camellia seeds The fact that camellia oil cannot be produced for a considerable period after planting may be one of the reasons why it is so rare. It is said that there are over 3 million camellia trees on Izu Oshima, and its residents are currently cooperating to count the trees there. However, most of these trees are in mountainous areas, and are left growing among other trees. Camellia trees that grow where there is no sunlight seldom produce flowers, Fruit that has begun to split and for this reason they also bear no fruit. The “Tsubaki Renaissance” camellia forest regeneration project is a new trial being carried out to rectify this by thinning out and trimming camellia trees growing wild in the mountains. The aim of this project is to examine how camellia seed harvest volumes, that had been almost non- existent before regeneration, change over several years in camellia forests that have been thinned out and trimmed. If this initiative is a success, and we learn that we Fruit that has split open completely can expect a dramatic increase in harvest volumes, it is likely to lead to the regeneration of camellia With the growing focus on health, safety, and the forests all over Oshima. environment in recent times, camellia oil has once again been thrust into the limelight. We are also experimenting with grafting (large tree grafting) using material from camellias from Izu Here we will introduce the camellia regeneration Toshima that have bountiful fruit harvests on to project that we are carrying out on Izu Oshima in fruitless camellia trees that have grown in shaded the hope that camellia oil will be loved all over the mountainous areas. We believe that this method will world just as the flower of the Japanese Camellia break new ground, as it will make harvest possible was. in 5 to 10 years instead of the normal 20 or more, It takes 10 years for a camellia to grow from while also allowing us to selectively increase seeds germination to the stage where its seeds can be that lead to large harvests. 75 Large Tree Grafting Method

4) A paper bag with 3 holes cut in it is prepared (1) Once grafting is complete, vinyl tape is wound and tied over the plastic bag. around the grafted portion to hold it in place. The holes are cut to make it easier to check The tape is wound once or twice so it protrudes inside the bag. above the cut section of the rootstock. The tape is wound even higher for the grafted portion.

(2) Thick vinyl tape is used to cover the cut section. (5) Maintenance and beyond. A notch is cut in this tape to accommodate the The grafted tree is left like this for 50 days with grafted portion so that the entire cut section regular watering until the scion and rootstock is covered. Two pieces of tape may be used if grow together. necessary. It will grow a meter or more in one year as shown in the photo below.

I visited Oshima island in March 2010. In addition to seeing the camellia oil production process, I saw two excellent camellia gardens and a nursery, also a camellia festival. This visit will be reported in the 2011 Journal. Ed.

(3) A plastic bag is placed over the top. The leaves of the grafted scion are oriented upwards. 76 Survey of Camellia Utilization Materials and Methods We selected 5 cities, Shanghai city, Jinhua and in Yangtze River Delta Hangzhou city in Zhejiang province, Nanjing and Li-cui ����Wang1, Ya-Li�� Zhang�����2, J�i�an����� Li��2, Suzhou city in Jiangsu province in the Yangtze River Qing-hua Li1, Yong-hong Hu2 Delta and 85 different landscapes were investigated. Analysis and evaluation of the situations in which 1Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, camellias were used, the cultivars and density of China; plants, how they were arranged in the landscape and 2Shanghai Botanical Garden,Shanghai, 200231, their growing status were carried out. China) Results and Discussion e-mail: [email protected] Results showed that Camellia cultivars used in the Introduction 5 cities were mostly traditional Chinese cultivars. There were about 40 cultivars in our investigated Camellia is one of the most important germplasm landscapes, listed in the table below. resources and widely used landscape plant in China. It has a long history of cultivation and application 2) The application of camellia planting in different in China, and its cultivation can be traced back cities in Yangtze River Delta to the Wu-Yue Dynasty (about 2500 years ago). It can be planted as an individual (Fig 1) or lining Camellia was so amazing with its beautiful tree along road (Fig 2) and in Chinese classical gardens forms, colorful flowers and blooming face in winter, (Fig 3). But plants of C. japonica are always planted so that camellia lovers all over the world dedicated in groups (Fig 4) ,while those of C. sasanqua are themselves to the development of camellias. With always used as hedges or ground cover. the rapid increase of new camellia cultivars and 3) The application density of camellia in different development of city landscaping, the analysis of its cities in Yangtze River Delta utilization around the Yangtze River is becoming The density of camellia planting when used as more important and representative in China. We hedge and ground-cover is about 7.3 m2/ha and for think this survey is very useful for us to recognize the other application forms it is about 11trees/ha. the status of utilization of camellia and helpful for Camellias used in Jinhua city and Suzhou city were us to plan future development of camellia in city relatively higher than other 3 cities. The detail was landscapes. shown in table 1.

The number The name The number of application The species that application of frequency more than 50% of city of park species ‘Dahong Jinxin’、�������������������������������������‘Hong Lu Zhen’、‘Hai Yun Hong’、‘�����Shizi �X�����������������������iao’��������������������、‘Meiren����������������� Cha’�������、‘Alba Plena’、‘Da����������������������������������������� Jixiang’�������������������������������、‘Nai Dong’、‘Liujiao�������������� Dahong’���、‘X�iao������������������������ Tao�����������������hong’�������������、‘Zhuangyuan���� Shanghai 54 42 Hong’、�������������������������������������������’Yuanyang Fengguan’、��‘X�iao����������������������������������������� Wubao�����������������������������������’��������������������������������；������������������������������’Eastern Peony’、�����������������������������’Red Jade’、�������’Li Han’、���’Q�iu������������������������������������������� Shaoyao’、���������������������������������������������������������������’Yin Yuan’、���������������������‘Glory of Showa Era’�� ‘Dahong������������������������������������������������������������� Jinxin’��������������������������������������������������、‘ Hai Yun Hong’、‘Jinpan���������������������������� Lizhi’�������������������、‘Song Zi’、‘������ Shizi �X��������������iao’�����������、‘ Mei Ren Nanjing 10 20 Cha’、‘ Hong Lu Zhen’、‘ Da Ji Xiang’、‘Fen Liu Jiao’、‘ Nai Dong’、‘ Liu��������������jiao Dahong’���、‘ Xiao Tao������������������������hong’��������������������、‘ Zhuangyuan���������� Hong’� ‘Dahong���������������������������������� Jinxin’�����������������������、‘ Meiren���������������� Cha’���������、‘ Shizi�� X�iao������’���、‘ X�iao�������������������������� Tao�������������������hong’���������������、‘ Nai Dong’、‘ Suzhou 10 19 Zhuangyuan������������������������������������������������������������������ Hong’���������������������������������������������������������、‘ Song Zi’、‘ Jinpan��������������������������������������� Lizhi’������������������������������；‘ Eastern Peony’、‘ Red Jade’ ‘Shizi�� X�iao����������������������������������������������������������������������’�������������������������������������������������������������������、‘ Meiren������������������������������������������������������������ Cha’�����������������������������������������������������、‘ Dahong����������������������������������������������� Jinxin’������������������������������������、‘ Zhuangyuan�������������������������� Hong’�����������������、‘ Song Zi’、‘Fen Hangzhou 7 38 Xia’、‘Putao��������������������������� Hong’�������������������、‘ Hong Lu Zhen’、‘ X�iao����������������������������������� T������������������������������aohong’������������������������、‘ Jinpan����������������� Lizhi’��������、‘Shiba�� Xueshi’�����������������������������������、‘�������������������������������� Liujiao Dahong’�����������������、‘ Hai Yun Hong’ ‘Dahong���������������������������������� Jinxin’�����������������������、‘ Meiren���������������� Cha’���������、‘ Shizi�� X�iao�����������������������������������������’��������������������������������������、‘ Hong Lu Zhen’、‘ Nai Dong’、‘ Jinpan��� Jinhua 4 32 Lizhi’���������、‘ Shiba�� X�ueshi����������������������������������������������������������������’�����������������������������������������������������������、‘ Liujiao���������������������������������������������������� Dahong’�����������������������������������������、‘ Song Zi’、‘ Hai Yun Hong’、‘ Zhuangyuan���� Hong’���������������、‘ Da����������� Jixiang’

Table 2. Analysis of the application species of Camellia in different cities in Yangtze River Delta 77 4) Plants associated with camellia in different cities around the Yangtze River Delta The plant species used with camellias in landscaping were very similar in these 5 cities, Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans are often used and their frequency is over 20%. The main result was shown in Table 4. In addition, we found in our survey that the growth status of camellias in the 5 cities gradually became less successful from south to north. Camellias used in Jinhua city which is located in the lowest latitude among these 5 cities grow much better than the other 4 cities, while the growth status in Nanjing with the highest latitude is the worst. This indicated that the growing status has some coefficient with the latitude.

Fig1 Individual beauty in Shanghai Fig2 Camellias lining a road in Jinhua

Fig3 Camellia in The Master-of-Nets Garden in Suzhou Fig4 Camellia plant groups by the roadside in Hangzhou

Table 1. Analysis of the planting density of Camellia in different cities in Yangtze River Delta

Hedge or ground cover Other application forms the number of Park Area City Name Application Application The number of Application Park (���ha) Area Density application trees Density (m2)��� (��m2�/���ha)� (�������Strain) (������Strain /�ha���)� Shanghai 54 888.6 6839.5 7.7 11982 13 Nanjing 10 433.019 107 0.2 1109 3 Suzhou 10 67.248 2161 32 928 14 Hangzhou 7 125.02 222 1.8 1363 11 Jinhua 4 42.16 1961 46.5 1403 33 Total 85 1556.047 11290.5 7.3 16785 11 Note: The planting density of hedge or ground cover = Planting area/Park area, The density of other uses = The number of application trees/ Park area 78 Table 4. Analysis of plant configuration of camellias in different cities in Yangtze River Delta

City name Frequency Plant Name Cinnamomum camphora, Os�� man���t�hu���s f�ra��g�ran���s�, R� ho��d�o�de��n�d�ron��� s�im��s�ii��, O� phiopo������g�on�� >20%��� japonicus, Shaihang Platanus, M� a�g�nolia����� de��nu��d�a�t�a�, G� in��kg��o� b�ilo���b�a�, M� a�g�nolia����� g�ran���d�i�fora���, B� u�x�u��s s�inica�����, 10-20% Podocarpus macrophyllus, M� alu��������������s micromalus�, L� orop����et��alum��������� chine�n�se��, N� an��d�ina��� �d��om���est���ica, Fatsia japonica >20%��� Cinnamomum camphora, Os�� man���t�hu���s f�ra��g�ran���s�, L� orop����et��alum��������� chine�n�se�� Jinhua Reineckea carnea, M� a�g�nolia����� g�ran���d�i�fora���, L� a�ge��r�st��ro��e�mia������ ind�ica���, M� a�g�nolia����� s�oulan�����ge��ana���, 10%-20% Rhododendron simsii, B� u�x�u��s s�inica�����, G� in��kg��o� b�ilo���b�a� >20%��� Osmanthus fragrans, Cinnamomum������������������� camphora, O� phiopo������g�on����������� japonicus� Suzhou 10-20% Rhododendron simsii, B� am��b�u�s�a�, N� an��d�ina��� d�om��est���ica���, M� alu��������������s micromalus�

>20%��� Cinnamomum camphora, Os�� man���t�hu���s f�ra��g�ran���s�, O� phiopo������g�on����������� japonicus� Hangzhou Salix babvlonica, M� a�g�nolia����� g�ran���d�i�fora���, R� ho��d�o�de��n�d�ron��� s�im��s�ii��, M� a�g�nolia����� de��nu��d�a�t�a�, G� in��kg��o� 10-20% biloba, N� an��d�ina��� d�om��est���ica���, Pho���t�inia���� se��rrula�����t�a�, Hede���� ra���� ne�pal���e�n�s�i�s� Cinnamomum camphora, Os�� man���t�hu���s f�ra��g�ran������s�� ,R�ho��d�o�de��n�d�ron��� s�im��s�i����i�� ,L�orop����et��alum���� >20%��� chinense Nanjing Prunus serrulata�� ,O�rychophra���������g�mu����������s violace�u����s�� ,M�a�g�nolia����� de��nu��d�a�t�a�, Pho���t�inia���� se��rrula�����t�a�, 10-20% Malus micromalus, A� ucu���b�a���������� japonica, N� an��d�ina��� d�om��est���ica���, B� �u�x�u��s s�inica����� Acknowledgements This work was supported by Shanghai City Appearance & Environmental Sanitation Administration Bureau (F090301). Thank you for Mr,Fei Jian-guo senior horticulturist. References [1] Cheng Jinshui. Ornamental Plant Breeding[M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2000 [2] Zou Yinyan, Wang Kunlin. Camellia Research[J]. Yunnan Agricultural, 2008,6: 23-25 [3] Zhang Guobin, Feng Lingling, Zhou Jiyuan. Present Situation and Outlook in Research on Camellialinn[J]. Hubei Forestry Science and Technology, 2004,2:45-48 [4] Wang Kuiling. Studies on the germplasm resources of Naidong Shancha(Camellia japonica L.).Beijing Forestry University. 2006 [5] Li Yali, Zhang Jian. The Germplasm Resources of Camellia Plants and Their Utilization in Landscape Gardens in Sichuan Province, China[J].Southwest Horticulture, 2005,33(3):26-27,35 [6] Wang Zhonglang. Liu Kewang. Utilization and Prospect of Camellia Resources in the Area of Middle Reaches of Jinsha River[J].Resource Development & Market. 1994,10 (1):5-7 [7] Tian Yelin, Liu Kewang. Study on Ornamental Character in Garden of Sect. Camellia Plants of Genus Camellia in Hunan[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2004,20(3):193-195 [8] Tian Yelin. Study on Ornamental Character in Garden of Sect. Camellia Plants of Genus Camellia in Hunan[D]. [9] Hu Hui, Shen Jian. On collecting and breeding of camellia species and its applications in gardens [J]. East China Forest Management, 2005,19(2):67-68 [10] Gao Jiyin, Clifford Parks. Collected Species of the Genus Camellia, an Illustrated Outline [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House, 2005 [11] Gao Jiyin, Su Yuhua, Hu Xiancong. The Identification And Appreciation of The World’s Outstanding Camellias[M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House. 2007,12 [12] Xu Biyu, Lin Tian, Li Tianfei. Camellia sasanqua [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House, 2007,7 79 In vitro effect of four Samples of mycelia ring around the calyx were taken and cut and surface disinfected following the biofungicides on control of method proposed by Van Toor et al. (2000). Ciborinia camelliae Kohn Disinfected ring fragments were placed onto Petri dishes with PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) culture Dolores Montenegro, Olga Aguín, Carmen media and incubated at 18 ºC until Ciborinia Salinero*, J. Pedro Mansilla camelliae mycelial growth and sclerotia formation Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Deputación were observed (Figure 1). Pontevedra. Subida a la Robleda s/n 36153, Pontevedra. Spain E-mail: [email protected] Introduction One of the major diseases affecting camellia is camellia flower blight, which is caused byCiborinia camelliae Kohn, a quarantine pathogen included in the EPPO A2 List (EPPO, 1997). In Europe, this ascomycete was first detected in 1998 (Lane & Beales, 2001) and now is widespread in France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom and Switzerland (EPPO, 2009), affecting species, hybrids and cultivars of the genus Camellia. There is no control method completely efficient against this pathogen. Those previously described either have not been totally effective, or are arduous and difficult to apply by growers, or require the Figure 1. Ciborinia camelliae mycelium and systematic use of chemical fungicides (Van Toor sclerotia in PDA medium et al., 2005). For instance, attempts were made Pure cultures and sclerotia of the isolate were to control Ciborinia camelliae using chemical obtained and identified by morphological features in fungicides on the flowers to avoid ascospore culture media and by molecular analysis of DNA of infection, but having limited success (Taylor & the ITS region (White et al., 1990) and beta-tubulin Long, 2000). Only removal and burning of fallen gene (Glass & Donaldson, 1995). To study the flowers that could contain sclerotia can be efficient, effects on mycelial growth and sclerotia formation but it is an extremely tedious method. of Ciborinia camelliae, four biological products In recent years several biopesticides have been containing antagonist or parasites of plant fungi developed as an alternative to the use of chemicals were used: TIFI (Trichoderma atroviride strain for pest and disease control. These biological 898G, 2 x 108 CFU/g, 2% w/w) (Giten Biological, products are specific, environment-friendly and tend Tarragona, Spain), CONTANS® WG (Coniothyrium to reduce the development of pathogen resistance minitans strain CON/M/91-08, 1 x1012 CFU/kg, 5% (Boyectchko et al., 1998). w/w) (Belchim Crop Protection, Valencia, Spain), The aim of the present work was to assess the in vitro KONI WG (Coniothyrium minitans strain K1, 5 7 effect of four biofungicides on mycelial growth and x10 CFU/g, 5% w/w) (Futureco, Barcelona, Spain), ® viability of Ciborinia camelliae sclerotia. and ACTINOVATE WP (Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108, 3,5 x108 CFU/g, 0,0371% w/w) Materials and Methods (Futureco, Barcelona, Spain). A Ciborinia camelliae isolate was obtained from Trichoderma species, frequently found in the soil, symptomatic flowers of Camellia japonica plants have been widely studied and proved to be efficient belonging to the Camellia Collection of the Estación in the protection of several plant species, or to induce Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro (Pontevedra, NW Spain). resistance, against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis 80 cinerea, Alternaria solani, Phytophthora capsici In both assays, there were five replicates for or Pseudomonas syringae, among others (Harman each product and concentration, and the control. et al., 2004), thus many commercial biopesticides Experiments were conducted in triplicate. contain Trichoderma species as active ingredients Plates were sealed with Parafilm and incubated (Vinale et al., 2008). Its effect on the control of at 20 ºC in darkness. The radial growth of mycelia camellia flower blight has been scarcely studied. was measured every day in two perpendicular Van Toor et al. (2005) found that the application in directions on each cultured plate. Measurements the field of different strains of Trichoderma virens were averaged, and the diameter of the inoculation and T. viride isolated from decaying Ciborinia plug substracted. Percent growth reduction was camelliae sclerotia could reduce in vitro the number determined at each concentration of fungicide of viable sclerotia by 53% and 43%, respectively. tested, compared with growth on non amended Coniothyrium minitans, recently reclassified as medium. Data were subjected to a one way analysis Paraconiothyrium minitans (Verkley et al., 2004), of variance (ANOVA). Comparison of means was can infect sclerotia of many Ascomycota, among performed using the Duncan test for p ≤ 0.05. them several species of Sclerotinia (Whipps et al., In all experiments, agar plugs and sclerotia which 2008), even though the strains tested so far were did not yield growth in fungicide-amended plates of not effective in the control of Ciborinia camelliae any treatment were transferred to freshly prepared (McLean et al., 2004; Van Toor et al., 2005). plates of PDA medium without fungicides, in order to Streptomyces lydicus, an actinomycete that determine whether the activity of the corresponding produces a large amount of antifungal metabolites active ingredient was fungistatic or fungicidal. and extracellular chitinases, has shown in vitro Results effectiveness for the control of several plant pathogens, such as Pythium ultimum (Mahadevan & The four formulations studied both inhibited Crawford, 1997). However, its use as a biocontrol mycelial growth and sclerotia viability of agent of camellia flower blight has not been studied Ciborinia camelliae. The highest concentrations, -1 yet. namely 1 and 10 mg AI l , of Streptomyces lydicus and Conyothirium minitans products completely An in vitro assay was designed to study the effect inhibited mycelial growth (Table 1) (Figure 2). of the four biofungicides on the mycelial growth At 0.1 mg AI l-1, Conyothirium minitans, of Ciborinia camelliae. For each biofungicide, formulated either as Contans or Koni, resulted in stock solutions (100 mg active ingredient (AI) l-1) more than 90% inhibition. All biofungicides but were prepared in sterile distilled water. Individual Streptomyces lydicus showed a high efficacy to agar plugs (7 mm in diameter) were taken from inhibit Ciborinia camelliae mycelial growth even the margin of an actively growing culture of the at the lowest dose, 0.01 mg AI l-1, with more than Ciborinia camelliae isolate and placed in the center 80% inhibition. of 9 cm plastic Petri dishes (one agar plug per dish) Effects of the four biofungicides on sclerotia containing PDA amended with aliquots of each viability were similar to those on mycelial inhibition. stock solution to provide concentrations of 0.01, Active ingredients showing the best results were 0.1, 1 and 10 mg AI l-1. Fungicides were added Trichoderma atroviride and Conyothirium minitans, to the PDA medium after autoclaving, when the which inhibited development of Ciborinia camelliae agar had cooled. Petri dishes containing only PDA sclerotia at all doses (Table 2). Streptomyces lydicus and sterile distilled water were used as control. A could inhibit sclerotia development only at 10 mg parallel assay was performed to study the effect of AI l-1, the highest dose tested, whereas, at lower the same concentrations of the four biofungicides concentrations, sclerotia germinated producing on the viability of Ciborinia camelliae sclerotia. mycelium. Sclerotia were obtained from in vitro cultures of the C. camelliae isolate and were cleaned free of agar For all biofungicides, the activity of the corresponding and placed in the center of Petri dishes (one sclerotia active ingredient was fungicidal, both hindering per dish). mycelial growth and sclerotia development. 81

Figure 2. Mycelial growth of Ciborinia camelliae at control, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg AI l-1 of a Streptomyces lydicus product.

Discussion Acknowledgements Mycelial growth and viability of sclerotia of Authors thank Ms. Carmela Menduiña Santomé, Ciborinia camelliae were inhibited in vitro by all laboratory technician of the Estación Fitopatolóxica biofungicides tested, but the pathogen showed do Areeiro, for her skillful technical assistance. higher sensitivity to those including Trichoderma We also wish to thank companies Belchim Crop atroviride or Conyothirium minitans as active Protection (Valencia, Spain), Futureco (Barcelona, ingredient. Best inhibitory results were achieved Spain) and Giten Biological (Tarragona, Spain) with products containing Coniothyrium minitans, for supplying the biofungicides used in the present which resulted in mycelial growth inhibition higher work. than 90% at a dose of only 0.1 mg AI l-1 and hindered mycelial growth from sclerotia at all assayed doses, suggesting their potential efficacy to control camellia flower blight. These biofungicides could be used both to prevent and control the disease caused by Ciborinia camelliae, although further research is needed to study minimum effective doses, their sensitivity to environmental factors and the convenience of annual dressings in affected plants, in order to achieve a progressive reduction of the pathogen inoculum potential in soil and to avoid development of fungal resistance. All these factors would allow registration of these biofungicides as elective active ingredients in the treatment of camellia flower blight caused by Ciborinia camelliae. 82 Table 1. Effect of different doses of Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma atroviride and Coniothyrium minitans products on mycelial growth inhibition (%) of Ciborinia camelliae.

Mycelial growth inhibition (%)

Doses Biofungicides

(mg AI l-1) S. lydicus T. atroviride C. minitans (Contans) C. minitans (Koni)

0.01 47.4 a 82.0 a 89.1 a 80. 4 a

0.1 84.9 b 84.0 ab 98.1 b 91.5 b

1 97.1 c 85.2 ab 100 b 100 c

10 100 c 87.3 b 100 b 100 c

In each column, values with the same letter are not significantly different for p ≤ 0.05.

Table 2. Effect of different doses of Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma atroviride and Coniothyrium minitans products on viability of Ciborinia camelliae sclerotia.

Viability of Ciborinia camelliae sclerotia

Doses Biofungicides

(mg AI l-1) S. lydicus T. atroviride C. minitans (Contans) C. minitans (Koni) + Control + + +

0.01 + - - -

0.1 + - - -

1 + - - -

10 - - - -

+: viability of sclerotia; -: no viability of sclerotia 83 References BOYETCHKO, S., PEDERSEN, E., PUNJA, Z. & TAYLOR, C.H. & LONG, P.G. 2000. Review REDDY, M. 1998. Formulations of biopesticides. of literature on camellia flower blight caused by In: Methods in Biotechnology, vol. 5. Eds. F.R. Hall Ciborinia camelliae. New Zealand journal of Crop & J.W. Barry. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 487- and Horticultural Science, 28:123-138. 508. VAN TOOR, R.F., JASPERS, M.V. & STEWART, EPPO/CABI. 1997. Ciborinia camelliae. In: A. 2005. Effect of soil micro-organisms on viability Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd Ed. CAB of sclerotia of Ciborinia camelliae, the causal agent International, Wallingford, pp. 684-687. of camellia flower blight. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 33:149-160. EPPO. 2009. Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests: Ciborinia camelliae. Distribution maps of VAN TOOR, R.F., PAY, J.M., JASPERS, M.V. & quarantine pests for Europe. Annex II/ A2. Avaliable STEWART, A. 2000. Developing tests to determine in: http://www.eppo.org/Quarantine/ A2 list. htm viability of Ciborinia camelliae (Kohn) sclerotia. [october 9th 2009]. New Zealand Plant Protection, 53:147-150. GLASS, N.L. & DONALDSON, G.C. 1995. VERKLEY, G.J., DE SILVA, M., WICKLOW, Development of primer sets designed for use with the D.T. &, CROUS, P.W. 2004. Paraconiothyrium, PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous a new genus to accommodate the mycoparasite ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Coniothyrium minitans, anamorphs of Microbiology, 61(4):1323-1330. Paraphaeosphaeria, and four new species. Studies in Mycology, 50:323-335. HARMAN, G.E, HOWELL, C.R., VITERBO A., CHET, I, & LORITO, M. 2004. Trichoderma VINALE, F., SIVASITHAMPARAN, K., species-opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. GHISALBERTI, E.L., MARRA, R., WOO S.L. & Nature Review Microbiology, 2:43-56. LORITO, M. 2008. Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40:1- LANE, C.R. & BEALES, P.A. 2001. Camellia 10. flower blight – First official European record of Ciborinia camelliae an EU quarantine listed WHIPPS, J.M., SREENIVASAPRASAD, S., member of the family Sclerotinaceae. In: Young CS, MUTHUMEENAKSHI, S., ROGERS, C.W. & Hughes KJD, eds. Proceedings of Sclerotinia 2001 CHALLEN, M.P. 2008. Use of Coniothyrium - The XI International Sclerotinia Workshop, York minitans as a biocontrol agent and some molecular 8th-12th July 2001, York, England. Eds. C.S. Young aspects of sclerotial mycoparasitism. European y K.J.D. Hughes: Central Science Laboratory, York, Journal of Plant Pathology, 121:323-330. England, pp. 9731-9832. WHITE, T.J., BRUNS, T.D., LEE, S.B. & TAYLOR, MAHADEVAN, B. & CRAWFORD, A.L. 1997. J.W. 1990. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships Properties of the chitinase of the antifungal by amplification and direct sequencing of ribosomal biocontrol agent Streptomyces lydicus. Enzyme and RNA genes. In: MD Innis, DH Gelfrand, JJ Sninsky Microbial Technology, 20:489-493. & TJ White (eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications: 315-322. Academic McLEAN, K.L., MADSEN, M. &, STEWART, Press. San Diego. USA. A. 2004. The effect of Coniothyrium minitans on sclerotial viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Ciborinia camelliae. New Zealand Plant Protection, 57:67-71. 84 Camellia chuangtsoensis, Is C. azalea the only one that can bloom every month in the world? The answer is negative. Some plants another re-blooming species with yellow flowers, sold by a farmer, were found at a flower market in Nanning City, Guangxi, China in discovered������ after����� Camellia the summer, 2007. It was identified by some camellia azalea in China experts that the plants were camellias. There was surprise that yellow camellias bloomed fully in Jiyin�������������������������������������������� Gao����������������������������������������,��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������Xinkai�������������������������������� Liu,������������������������������������������������������� Wanjia��������������������������n������������������� Huang�������������,������������ Yulin�����������g����� Liu, summer. Then, Prof. Liang Shengye, a taxonomist Guangh�������ui Chen on yellow camellias in China, published this species Academy of Scenery Landscapes & Gardens, as Camellia chuangtsoensis S.Y. Liang et L.D. Guangdong Palm Landscape Architecture Co. Huang Sp. Nov. (same as C. chuangtsoensis) in Ltd., No. 638, Huangpu Dadaoxi, Guangzhou City, 2008, based on the investigation of the species at Guangdong, China, 510627 its original place. The species belongs to Section Huang Liandong, Nanning Golden Camellia Garden, Chrysantha in the Genus Camellia. Its flowers are Nanning City, Guangxi,���������������� ��������������China, 530022.� deep yellow and single or semi-double (Photo1.). E-mail: [email protected] It is the second re-blooming camellia species discovered after C. azalea in China. It is necessary Abstract: After Camellia azalea which is an for camellia people to understand this species, in ever-blooming species was found, another re- order to use it for both cultivation and hybridization. blooming species, Camellia chuangtsoensis, was We have investigated and observed the species in discovered in China in 2007 and published in 2008. detail for more than one year. The following are the C. chuangtsoensis belongs to Section Chrysantha results of our research on it. of the Genus Camellia. It blooms in deep-yellow Materials and Methods and its blooming period is slightly different from C. azalea. The morphological characters of the species The distribution, biotope, morphological characters were described in detail. Also, by comparisons of and the growing and blooming habits of C. blooming habits and leaf traits of the species with chuangtsoensis were investigated in both wild C. azalea, it is shown that C. chuangtsoensis has and cultivated conditions in different seasons some similarities to C. azalea and can grow, in some from January, 2008 to August, 2009. More than degree, under full sunlight. Its propagation and 30 individual plants of the species were selected hybridization were reported. Application prospects as standard trees. 30 fresh leaves were collected were discussed in the paper. at random from the standard trees and repeated 3 times. The leaf traits on SPAD (Chlorophyll Index), Key words: Camellia chuangtsoensis; re-blooming; LA (Leaf Area) and SLA (Specific Leaf Area) of C. yellow flowers; leaf trait;Camellia azalea chuangtsoensis and C. azalea were determined with Introduction a 520 Portable Chlorophyll Meter and a Li-3100 Leaf Area Meter respectively. The data obtained It is generally well-known that most camellias from the two species were statistically analyzed bloom usually from autumn to spring. For most with SPSS software and the comparisons of them camellia cultivars, a blooming period can last only were done. 1-2 months. Since Camellia azalea was discovered in China in 1987 and it became fully known that Some propagation experiments on cutting and it was an ever-blooming species in 2000, camellia grafting of C. chuangtsoensis were conducted and a peoples’ perceptual knowledge on camellia blooming primary crossing between C. chuangtsoensis and C. period has been greatly changed. Camellias not only azalea was done too. can bloom in summer but also can bloom every Results month. It is the discovery of C. azalea that has greatly prompted the development of camellias for Distribution and biotope of C. chuangtsoensis in gardening and the camellia breeding for new ever- its original area blooming cultivars in China. The species is only distributed in a limited mountain 85 area of Chongzuo City, Guangxi, China. The original is highly resistant to sunlight and poorer soils than area of the species is very warm with a mean annual other yellow camellia species. temperature of 20.8 ºC - 22-4 ºC. The period Blooming season: From January to December. without frost is more than 330 days. The highest temperature is 41.2 ºC and the lowest temperature is -3 ºC. Mean annual precipitation is 1088-1799 A comparison of C. chuangtsoensis with C. azalea mm. Annual sunshine is 1800 hours. There are on blooming periods many subtropical or tropical forests in the area. The Throughout the observations of blooming periods of yellow species grows under the evergreen broad- C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea, we can say that leaf trees. It seemed that the yellow species is not both of them are repeat blooming species, but they cold hardy, but it can tolerate a lower temperature have some differences in blooming waves. such as -3 ºC for a short period. This is confirmed by the climate records of its original area. The soil of the original area belongs to red-earth soil weathered from limestone and its pH is about 5.5-6.5.

Major morphological characters of C. chuangtsoensis From our observation and investigation, we summarize the major morphological characters of the yellow species as follows: Flowers sparsely and uniformly solitary or axillary (Photo 7.), deep-yellow, the color of pure gold Fig.1. A comparison of C. chuangtsoensis with without the waxy shine that C. nitidissima has, 5- C. azalea on blooming periods 6 cm in diameter and single or semi-double (Photo 2. And 3.); Petals 12-17, long-elliptic, 1.2-2.6 cm long and 2.1-2.3 cm wide, rounded at the tops and From the Fig. 1, we can see that the blooming period of C. chuangtsoensis mainly concentrates arranged 1-2 whorls (Photo 4.); Stamens many, filaments light-yellow and glabrous, arranged in from June to September and the flowering peak 5 whorls, inside filaments separate at the base and is in July and August, even though its flowers can outside filaments united as a short tube at the base, be seen from January to May and from October anthers yellow; Style deeply divided, 2-2.5 cm long, to December. The blooming period of C. azalea is glabrous; Sepals 5, green in color, 0.6-0.9 cm long earlier than C. chuangtsoensis, the full blooming and 1.3 cm wide, persistent; Pedicel 0.5 cm long. period is from May to July and the blooming peak is in June and July. C. chuangtsoensis can open only Ovary ridge-ball, glabrous, 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, a few of flowers from January to March and from 3 locules, capsule surface smooth and yellowish November to December. C. azalea, however, can (Photo 6.), capsule maturity within 2-3 months. open certain quantity of flowers in colder months, seeds 1-3 per capsule. such from January to February and from November Leaves leathery, elliptic, 8-11 cm long and 3.5-4.5 and December. cm wide, apex acute, base nearly rounded, deep- green and shiny on top surface and light-green on Similarities of some botanical habits in C. back surface, both surface glabrous; Midribs rise; chuangtsoensis and C. azalea Petiole green, 0.4-0.5 cm long, glabrous. The shape Although C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea do not and size of the leaves are slightly like those of C. belong to same Section of the Genus Camellia, japonica (Photo 5.). some botanical similarities between them, in fact, Bush or small tree, 2-5 m tall, evergreen, bark have been found in our research. The similarities are yellowish-brown, branches soft and dense, glabrous, as table 1. growth vigorous, upright and compact (Photo 8.). It 86 Table 1. Some similarities of C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea on botany.

Botanical Habits C. chuangtsoensis C. azalea Blooming period Whole year Whole year Blooming peak Jul. to Aug. Jun. to Jul. Ridge-ball, 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, Ball-like, 2.0-2.5 cm in diameter, Capsule yellowish-green reddish-green 60-90 days in summer and 60-90 days in summer and Days capsules to ripen 90-120 days in winter 90-120 days in winter Sepals Green, large and persistent Green, large and persistent Thickness of capsule wall 1.2 mm 1.2 mm Times of shooting per year 2-3 times 3-4 times

The comparisons of some leaf traits determined and SLA are very significant respectively. SPAD of from C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea C. chuangtsoensisis is obviously less than C. azalea, which means that the chlorophyll content and The leaf traits, such as SPAD, LA and SLA photosynthetic ability of leaves of C. chuangtsoensis (See Materials and Methods), determined in are lower than C. azalea. The indexes, LA and SLA, the experiment can reflect, in some degree, the however, of C. chuangtsoensis are greater than C. photosynthetic ability and adaptability of plant. The azalea, which means that the adaptability of C. results to determine the plants of C. chuangtsoensis chuangtsoensis to shade conditions is better than C. and C. azalea in the study are as follows. azalea. The table 2 shows that the difference between C. Under shade and full sunlight conditions, the SPAD chuangtsoensis and C. azalea on LA is significant in data determined on the leaves of C. chuangtsoensis statistics and the differences between them on SPAD and C. azalea are different (See Fig. 2). Table 2. Statistical analysis results of determined leaf traits on C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea Leaf trait C. chuangtsoensis C. azalea Sig. SPAD 69.3±5.1 81.8±4.0 ** LA (cm2) 22.8±5.0 17.5±3.8 * SLA (cm2.g-1) 87.6±9.0 48.0±4.8 ** Remark: * and ** express P < 0.05�������� and P < 0.01������������������ respectively. Fig.2. Leaves’ SPAD comparisons of C. chuangtsoensis with C. azalea respectively under shade conditions and full sunlight conditions 87 From Fig. 2, we can know that no matter what It is very obvious that the capsule setting rate of C. C. chuangtsoensis or C. azalea is, SPAD data chuangtsoensis X C. azalea is significantly higher determined on leaves of plants growing under full than C. azalea X C. chuangtsoensis. We do not sunlight are less than that on plants growing under think that C. azalea X C. chuangtsoensis is infertile shade. No matter what the growing condition is entirely. The much lower capsule setting rate perhaps under shade or full sunlight, the SPAD data of C. was caused by the very hot weather when we used chuangtsoensis always are less than what of C. pollen of C. chuangtsoensis to cross on the styles of azalea. The results show that the shade tolerance of C. azalea. We will keep trying this crossing. C. chuangtsoensis is higher than C. azalea. In other words, the sunlight-resistance of C. chuangtsoensis Discussion is lower than C. azalea, even though the plants of C. C. chuangtsoensis is not only the longest blooming chuangtsoensis can grow normally under sunlight. camellia species in Section Chrysantha, but also is The propagation of C. chuangtsoensis the second re-blooming camellia species following We had tried to do some propagation of C. C. azalea in the world. It will be necessary for chuangtsoensis in this summer. The result of the camellia people to study this species further. experiment is as table 3. Anyway, the discovery of C. chuangtsoensis will greatly extend camellias’ blooming period and add The survival rate of propagating C. chuangtsoensis camellia flower color in summer. It will be a better can reach over 84% in both cutting and grafting. It plant for gardening in warm areas. Its deep-yellow seems that it is very easy to propagate this species. flowers are so attractive that most camellia people It should be pointed here that the rootstocks we used around the world would like to cultivate it and use for grafting were the plants of C. gauchowensis it to hybridise with other camellias to create new or C. japonica. This shows that the species has a camellia cultivars which can bloom all year round. strong grafting compatibility with some species of Section Oleifera and Section Camellia in the Genus Camellia. Some photos of C. chuangtsoensis are shown on the A primary result of crossing between C. next page. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea We did some hybridization between C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces from June to August this year. Please see table 4.

Table 3. Result of C. chuangtsoensis propagated with different methods

Propagating Method Propagated Quantity Survival Quantity Survival Rate ( % )

Cutting 2,500 2,175 87.0

Grafting 265 223 84.2

Table 4. A primary result of crossing between C. chuangtsoensis and C. azalea

Pollinated Flower Capsule Setting Rate Crossing Combination Quantity Capsule Set Quantity (% )

C. chuangtsoensis X C. azalea 21 3 14.29

C. azalea X C. chuangtsoensis 650 6 0.92 88

Photo 1. A flower Photo 5. Leaves

Photo 2. Side view of a flower Photo 6. A capsule

Photo 3. Positive side view of a flower Photo 7. Flower buds

Photo 4. Petals of a flower Photo 8. Bushes in bloom 89 References Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) 1) Gao Jiyin, 2001, C. azalea Promises New Horizons for Camellia Culture, American Coh. St. (Theaceae): Camellia Yearbook, 8-9. Molecular and morphological 2) Gao Jiyin, Clifford Parks, Du Yueqiang, 2005, “Collected Species of The Genus Camellia, comparison of selected An Illustrated Outline”, Zhejiang Science & samples from Viet Nam, China Technology Publishing House, 34-36. 3) Li Caimin, Weng Shufei, Su Zhiyao, Zhou Yi, and the USA 2007, Leaf Morphological and Physiological G. Orel1 , �����������D. Marchant1, A.����������� S. Curry2 Traits and Environmental Indications of Three 1: National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Plant Species in Southern China, Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquarie’s Road, Sydney NSW Guangdong Forestry Science & Technology, 11- 2000, Australia. 15. 2 4) Liang Shengye and Huang Liandong, 2008, A : Technical and Further Education NSW, Richmond New Camellia Species from China, “The Second College, Locked Bag 7, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia. Chinese National Symposium”, 81-82. 1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed: 5) Tan Yibo, Zhao Zhonghui, 2008, The Main [email protected]; Methods for Determing Leaf Area Index, Forest [email protected] Inventory,������������������������������ ����������������������������and Planning, 33 (3): 45-48. Introduction Pitard (in Lecomte 1910) noted the initial provenance of Thea amplexicaulis (syn. Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Cohen Stuart) as Tonkin: Hanoi (Balansa, Bon), thus indicating that the first collection was made within the confines of existing human habitation and not in the wild, implying the possible cultivated origin of the type specimens. Available evidence shows that C. amplexicaulis is of North Vietnamese origin (Pitard in Lecomte 1910, Sealy 1958), although currently it is also grown in the South of Viet Nam, in Cambodia and also in the South of China. It may be argued that the survival of C. amplexicaulis as a distinct Camellia species, may be due to aesthetic reasons, as well as to its cultural and religious significance. So far, no wild population has been found and even today C. amplexicaulis plants are often grown in the vicinity of Buddhist temples, e.g. Ba Na. In Viet Nam C. amplexicaulis is traditionally grown in large numbers as a seasonal crop. Most of this merchandise is sold in the form of potted plants, but a significant quantity is marketed as cut flowers (pers. obs., G. Orel, 1999-2008). Both products are sold prior to celebrations of the Buddhist New Year (Tet). The taxonomic treatment of C. amplexicaulis varies from author to author. Pitard (in Lecomte 1910) did not divide the former genus Thea into sections, 90 whilst Sealy (1958) and later Gao et al (2005) placed distinct accessions were chosen for the present work. C. amplexicaulis within section Archecamellia. It The following discussion is based on the results should be noted that Sealy (1958) and Gao et al of morphological, as well as molecular studies of (2005) could not agree on the number and identity these selections. Comparisons of morphological of species that constitute Archecamellia. Ming and and molecular data were made to ascertain not only Bartholomew (2007) understandably did not include whether the selected C. amplexicaulis accessions this Vietnamese species in the Flora of China, were of the same Camellia species, but also to and������������������������������������� Chang & B. Bartholomew (1984) placed C. elucidate the intraspecific relationships of the amplexicaulis in their new section Longipedicellata. samples The above mentioned differences in the classification of C. amplexicaulis seem to be caused by the variation Collection notes and provenance in the selection of diagnostic criteria used by each of All collected materials were of cultivated origin. the authors and by the differing interpretations of Individual plants were either grown from seed, morphological characteristics that are exhibited by propagated by grafting, or obtained as ‘marcotted’ this species. specimens. These materials were collected selectively Over the preceding ten year period the authors of and their selection was based on a number of clearly this work observed and collected live and herbarium defined morphological characteristics, which did not materials of a number of C. amplexicaulis accessions. conform to the requirements of the currently used These plants, obtained from a wide range of descriptors published for this Camellia species (Orel provenances, exhibited morphological variations in et al 2008-2009, un-published data). Provenance their habit and also in their foliage and flower shape, details of all materials used are shown in Table 1. colour and size. Ten of the most morphologically

Table 1. Provenance and collection details for ten C. amplexicaulis, three selected Camellia species and two Theaceae genera used in this work. Taxon* Provenance Notes CAM 060 C. amplexicaulis Nanning, P.R. China Pot grown plant, Nanning B.G. CAM 038 C. amplexicaulis Da Lat, Viet Nam Ground cultivated plant CAM 037 C. amplexicaulis Tam Dao, Viet Nam Ground cultivated plant CAM 135 C. amplexicaulis Hanoi, Viet Nam Ground cultivated plant CAM 920 C. amplexicaulis Tam Dao, Viet Nam Temple grown potted plant CAM 111 C. amplexicaulis Ming Mang, Viet Nam Temple grown potted plant CAM 000 C. amplexicaulis Unknown Collected by Prof. C. Parks CAM 1034 C. amplexicaulis Da Lat, Viet Nam Ground cultivated plant CAM 225 C. amplexicaulis Sichuan, P.R. China Pot grown nursery stock CAM 1037 C. amplexicaulis Da Lat, Viet Nam** Ground cultivated plant CAM 149 C. aurea Hanoi, Viet Nam Pot grown nursery stock CAM 228 C. granthamiana Sichuan, P.R. China Wild population CAM 173 C. gigantocarpa Sichuan, P.R. China Wild population CAM 244 Anneslea fragrans Paradise Plants, Australia Collected by Mr. R. Cherry CAM 247 Schima argentea Paradise Plants, Australia Collected by Mr. R. Cherry * Collected by G. Orel unless stated otherwise ** Collected by G. Orel and A. Curry 91 Molecular protocols found CAM 1037 (a small semi-pendulous plant), Genomic DNA was extracted from dried leaves had large, pink, campanulate and pedunculate using the method similar to that of Dellaporta et al flowers. Morphological characteristics of CAM 000 (1983, as described by Wilkie 1997). A modified were not observed, as this accession was acquired in ISSR protocol of Welch & McClelland (1990) was the form of a DNA sample (dried leaf fragments). followed. DNA fragments of Camellia and other Despite the wide range in provenance (Table 1.) Theaceae genera were amplified using at least eight and varying morphology of the ten C. amplexicaulis primers, of which (AG)8TC, (AG)8CT and (AG)8T2 accessions, the un-rooted dendrogram derived from were the most informative. ISSR data, suggested a close genetic similarity for all taxa tested (Fig. 1.). In general terms the Results results of molecular studies did not support the Comparisons of morphological data showed a currently accepted morphology based interspecific number of observable differences in most C. and intergeneric taxonomic division for genus amplexicaulis accessions. CAM 060 possessed light Camellia or for the Theaceae genera. At least two C. pink flowers and very narrow and long adult leaves. amplexicaulis accessions, the white flowering CAM The flowers of CAM 135 were entirely white and 135 and the temple grown CAM 920 were placed of cupulate shape. CAM 920 had very large, pink on the level of a distinct Camellia species. These flowers and thick, coriaceous adult foliage. In accessions appeared to be dissimilar to the rest of contrast, the adult leaves of CAM 111 exhibited a C. amplexicaulis and on an identical taxonomic very thin, rigid, paper like adult foliage. Available level with C. granthamiana Sealy (CAM 228) and anecdotal evidence suggested the age of the stock C. gigantocarpa Hu et T.C. Huang (CAM173). The plant to be in excess of 200 years. The recently anomalous placement of C. aurea Chang (CAM149),

Figure 1. Unrooted dendrogram of 15 Theaceae accessions derived from ISSR data 92 Anneslea fragrans Wall. (CAM 244) and Schima The results generated by molecular data did not argentea Pritzel (CAM 247) on the main axis of the support the currently used, morphology based, dendrogram, was also noted, as this was not in strict taxonomic classificatory systems for genusCamellia . agreement with the currently accepted Theaceae The anomalous placing of the white flowering C. taxonomy. amplexicaulis (CAM 135) and the temple grown Conclusion C. amplexicaulis accession (CAM 920) in Fig. 1. Not only recently obtained data but data of already is quite instructive. Studies conducted to ascertain accomplished research was considered in this whether these accessions merit the status of a new work (e.g. the cpDNA trnF-trnL, spacer and intron species are continuing. The white flowering (CAM sequences, the so far un-published matK sequences 135) may represent a so far un-described, new of some 109 Camellia species, as well as a number of species of Camellia. It is possible that this taxon was ISSR fingerprints) (Orel et al 2003, Orel & Marchant preserved due to its perceived superficial similarity 2005, Orel & Marchant 2006 and Orel et al 2008- to the existing pink and red flowering forms of C. 2009, un-published data). The results of previous amplexicaulis. molecular studies suggested the relatively recent The placement of three Camellia species, namely origin for genus Camellia, at least two independent of C. aurea (CAM 149), C. granthamiana (CAM sources for the evolutionary origin of the genus 228) and C. gigantocarpa (CAM 173) presented in and also the implied close genetic similarity of all Fig.1. is also anomalous and so is the positioning Camellia and Theaceae accessions tested (Orel et of the representatives of the two Theaceae genera, al 2003, Orel & Marchant 2005, Orel et al 2009, namely Anneslea fragrans (CAM 244) and Schima unpublished data). argentea (CAM 247). It should be pointed out that The molecular and morphological studies are this type of anomalous positioning of Camellia compatible with previously proposed scenarios of species and of the Theaceae genera in molecular of the diversification of Theaceae, coinciding with data derived cladograms is not out of character. This relatively recent significant geological episodes, seemingly random disregard for the morphology namely the rise of Himalaya and the submergence based sectional divisions of Camellia and Theaceae of the Sunda Shelf (Pannell & White 1988, Orel & has been well documented by a number of cpDNA Marchant 2006). Our studies (based on molecular and nuclear DNA studies in the past (Orel et al 2003, data) have consistently indicated that genus Camellia Orel & Marchant 2005).The results of molecular is di-phyletic (Orel et al 2003, Orel & Marchant studies show a number of Theaceae genera, e.g. 2005, Orel & Marchant 2006) Gordonia, Schima and Tutcheria habitually nesting with a number of Camellia species (Orel & Marchant The comparisons of leaf and floral morphological 2005). characteristics established the existence of a number of morphological differences within the selected C. One possible cause for the above noted discrepancies amplexicaulis group (Orel et al 2009, unpublished (between the morphology based and the molecular data). Molecular studies have indicated that all C. genetics data based taxonomic data) may be the amplexicaulis tested were genetically closely related continuous (annual) and long term occurrence of and appeared to have a narrow genetic base, possibly introgressive hybridisation in Theaceae, (including the consequence of human intervention and the genus Camellia), in a certain number of suitable presumed extinction in the wild. It could be argued, geographical locations (Ackerman 1973 & Parks that the extant forms of C. amplexicaulis, historically et al 1981). The observed close interspecific generated from the seed of wild plant populations relationships within Camellia (and Theaceae) native to North Viet Nam, were the subject of may not be entirely ascribed to their relatively selection for desirable flower and foliage forms recent origin, or to the sporadic random mutations over a long period of time and are, to a large extent, occurring in their respective genomes. Examples the result of human intervention. Thus some of the of interspecific hybrid introgression in Camellia currently extant foliage and flower forms may, to an species are cited by Kondo (1977) (the improved unspecified degree, be morphologically dissimilar forms of C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean which occur to those of the original wild population(s). spontaneously, are largely a result of outcrossing, 93 mostly with C. japonica L); by Parks et al (1981) Phenotypic expression engendered by introgressive (introgression of Camellia japonica genetic traits hybridisation in any particular plant species may, into the genome of C. sasanqua Thunb.); by Roberts or may not, be morphologically significant (Tootill et al (2009) (Camellia species in section Thea show 1984, Thain & Hickman 1994). Thus the species’ close similarities in their chemical composition); position in a morphology-based classificatory system by Tanaka (1988) (the red flowers of C. sasanqua may depend on the magnitude of hybridisation- are thought to have originated from repetitive based morphological modifications and the selection backcrossing (introgression) with C. x vernalis) and number of phenotypic characteristics that are and by Mishra et al (2009) (the Assam group of C. evaluated, or considered by the authors of a given sinensis L originated from extensive hybridisation taxonomic system. In some cases the morphological within the genus Camellia). differences may perhaps falsely indicate the existence of a new species. A legitimate question, The possibility of the existence of hybrid swarms whether there are any ‘pure species’ of Camellia in (Tootill 1984, Raven et al 1992, Thain & Hickman existence (or for that matter of any other plant) may 1994) within the Theaceae populations of China and be posed. The evaluation of the extent of introgressive South East Asia should also be considered, on������ both�����, hybridisation in the genus Camellia may lead to the interspecific and intergeneric levels. This type of revaluation of the existing classificatory systems interspecific hybridisation may also initiate stable and possibly to a drastic reduction in the number of speciation through polyploidy, as the multiplication currently recognised Camellia species. of chromosome number may provide the hybrids with an efficient means of reproductive isolation Consequently, it could be proposed that in the from its parental species (Tootill 1984, Raven et al case of C. amplexicaulis the existence and the 1992). degree of introgressive hybridisation may have It should be noted that hybrid introgression has been dependent on human intervention, that is on also been observed in other plant genera. Examples the random placement of cultivated plants within a include the Pleistocene-Holocene hybridisation man-made landscape (garden plants within the range of Quercus species (Fabaceae), namely between of pollinators, ie. bees). A good example of such a Quercus macrocarpa Michaux and Q. gambelii Nutt. situation is the Tam Dao Buddhist Monastery, where (Taylor & Buchanan 2009), the episodes of hybrid a number of Camellia species and C. amplexicaulis introgression in Pinacea, between Pinus mugo Turra plants co-exist in close proximity within a relatively and P. sylvestris L (Kormutak et al 2008) and also in small geographical area. There are other, similar Myrtaceae between Melaleuca quinquinervia (Cav.) ‘man made’ situations, e.g. private gardens S.T. Blake and M. leucadendra complex (Cook et (suburbs of Da Lat, Saigon and Hanoi, Viet Nam), al 2008). commercial nurseries, or in parks where plants grow in close proximity of each other (pers. obs., G. Introgressive hybridisation may occur in varying Orel, 1999-2009). In such situations, which tend to degrees from genus to genus and from species to persist over long periods of time, the opportunities species in adjacent or in territorially overlapping for hybridisation between C. amplexicaulis and populations and may be dependent on prevailing the members of other Camellia species may be climatic, edaphic, hydrographic and geographical exponentially enhanced. In comparison, in places conditions. The geographical distribution of where two or more Camellia species co-exist Theaceae species and genera (Sealy 1958), seems as neighbouring wild populations, or where the to be conducive to such a process. Examples of wild populations fully or partially share the same introgressive hybridisation (based on morphological geographical niche, the hybridisation opportunities and molecular data) may be suggested for C. do occur but to a lesser degree. cucphuongensis Ninh et Rosmann and C. flava (Pitard) Sealy in North Viet Nam (Orel & Curry, (References overleaf) 2006, unpublished data) and for C. piquetiana (Pierre) Sealy, C. dongnaiensis Orel and C. vidalii Rosmann in South Viet Nam (Orel et al, 2002-2009, unpublished data). 94 References International Symposium on Camellia nitidissima, 1st–7th March 2005, Guilin, P.R. China. Ackerman, W. I. (1973). Species compatibility relationships within the genus Camellia. Journal of Orel, G., & Marchant, A. D. (2006). Investigation Heredity 64: 356-358. into the evolutionary origins of Theaceae and genus Camellia. The Proceedings of the International Chang, H. T. & Bartholomew B. (1984). Camellias. Camellia Congress Melbourne, 13th–20th August Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 2006, Australia. Cook, L. G., Morris, D. C., Edwards, R. D. and Pannell, C. M. & White, F. (1988). Patterns of Crisp, M. D. (2008). Reticulate evolution in the speciation in Africa, Madagascar and the tropical natural range of the invasive wetland tree species Far East: regional faunas and cryptic evolution Melaleuca quinquinervia. Molecular Phylogenetics in vertebrate dispersed plants. Monographs in and Evolution 47: 506-522. Systematic Bootany from the Missouri Botanical Dellaporta, S. F., Woo, T. & Hicks, J. B. (1983). Garden 25: 639-659. A plant DNA minipreparation: Version 2. Plant Parks, C. R., Kondo, K. & Swain, T (1981). Molecular Biology Report 1: 19-21. Phytochemical evidence for the genetic Gao, J, C. R. Parks & Y., Du (2005). Collected contamination of Camellia sasanqua. Thunberg.� species of the genus Camellia: An illustrated outline. Jap. Journal Breed. 31 : 168-182. Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, Zhejiang, Pitard, C. J. (in Lecomte) (1910). ��������������Flore Generale P.R. China. de L’Indo-Chine, t. 1., fascicule 4: 289-448. Kondo, K. (1977). Cytological studies and cultivated Raven, P. H., Evert, R. F.������������������ & Eichhorn S. E. (1992). species of Camellia. Japanese Journal of Breed. 27: Biology of Plants (Fifth ed.). Worth Publishers, New 28-38. York. Kormutak, A., Vookova, B., Camek, V., Bolecek, Roberts, E. A. H., Wight, W. & Wood, D. J. (2009). P. & Gomory, D. (2008). Pollen size and viability Pater chromatography as an aid to the taxonomy of in hybrid swarm populations of Pinus mugo Turra Thea Camellias. New Phytologist 57: 211-225. and Pinus sylvestris L. Thaiszia: Journal of Botany 18: 93-100. Sealy, J. R. (1958). A revision of the genus Camellia. Royal Horticultural Society, London. Ming, T. L. & B. Bartholomew (2007). Theaceae. In: Z.-Y. Wu & P. H. Raven (editors), Flora of Tanaka, T. (1988). Cytogenetic studies on the origin China, Vol. 12. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri of C. x vernalis in introgressive hybridisation of C. Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. sasanqua and C. japonica. Engei Gakkai Zasshi 57: 499-506. Mishra, R. K., Chaudhury, S., Ahmad, A., Paradhan, M. & Siddiqi T. O. (2009). Molecular Taylor, A. & Buchanan, T. (2009). An interesting analysis of tea clones (C. sinensis) using AFLP hybrid oak population in Southeastern Colorado and markers. International Journal of integrative Biology adjacent areas. International Oaks 20: 85-90. 5 No 2. Thain, M. & Hickman, M. 1994. Dictionary of Orel, G., Marchant A. D. & Richards G. D. (2003). Biology. Penquin Books, England, U.K. Molecular genetic investigation into evolutionary Tootill, E. (1984). Dictionary of Botany. Penquin relationships of yellow-flowered Camellia species Books, England, U.K. from South-East Asia. The Proceedings of the International Camellia Congress Jinhua, 6th–9th Wilkie, S. (1997). Isolation of total genomic DNA. March 2003, P.R. China. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual. London: Springer. Orel, G., & Marchant, A. D. & Gao J. (2005). An investigation into intergeneric and interspecific Welch, J. & McClelland, M. (1990).Fingerprinting relationships in Theaceae using cpDNA sequences genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic and ISSR genetic markers. The Proceedings of the 2nd Acids Research 18: 7213-7218 95 A p������������������reliminary����������������� r������eport����� of heat injury, it can be divided into two types as progressive heat injury and contingencies heat on h�����������������eat���������������� t������������olerance����������� of injury in general. Progressive heat injury develops slowly and it also has many impact factors which Camellia sasanqua are more difficult to observe and record. Even more, Biyu��� Xu1, Tianfe���������������������i��� Li 2, Tia���������������n��� Li 2 the summer heat damage is mainly manifested by sunburn diseases which are directly caused by the 1.Hangzhou Flower Nursery, Yang Gong bank, strong sunshine. The disease is significant, owing Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Privince, P.R.China, to this; it has been the focus of our observations. 310007 The occurrence of sunburn disease directly 2. Shanghai Agriculture biological Gene Center, 2901 related to leaf temperature under direct sunlight. Beidi Road, Shanghai City, P.R. China, 201106 Leaf temperature has a positive correlation with sunburn. Thus, from 2003 onwards, the most hot e-mail: [email protected] and dry summer period for two consecutive years Introduction in Hangzhou, we had investigated the heat injury of Camellia sasanqua, an evergreen small tree or Camellia sasanqua cultivars planted in Hangzhou shrub of genus Camellia of the Theaceae, is usually garden. The project including climate, sunshine blooming in late autumn and winter. It has many intensity, eye-rainy conditions, the leaves (branches) cultivars, beautiful shapes, and flowers from October position which been observed, the growth conditions to the following March. Most cultivars of it have a (maturity), burns circumstances, the situation of the rich scent, and a strong constitution. It also has high defoliation, and the changes of leaf temperature, as utilization value and application prospects in urban summarized below: greening and gardens. In recent years, Camellia (1) When examining plants with some shade, sasanqua have been widely used for landscape in different canopy structures provide a significant Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province and other places. difference in temperature and light intensity (Li). It is generally believed that Camellia sasanqua The outer temperature is higher by about 7-8ºC prefers semi-shade, is sensitive to hot climates and than the inner on average, the vertex is 12ºC (Table exposure to strong sun. The East China region has 1). The difference of light intensity (LiD) between hot summer months; strong sunlight will cause inside and outside is about 60,000-7 0,000 Lux. leaves to sunburn, and even scorch. Persistent high (2) The temperature difference (TD) of the leaves is temperatures will lead to the undesirable growth of great under the conditions of shade and full sunlight plants, and sometimes even death, which affect their respectively. When in the shade, the temperature application and promotion for greening projects. of leaves is 5ºC lower than those exposed to full To solve the above problem, Hangzhou flower sunlight. Meanwhile, the temperature of the upper beds and Shanghai Agricultural Biological Gene surface is different from the lower, when the leaves Center conducted a special study to understand the are exposed to full sunlight, which varies from 5ºC conditions which cause Camellia sasanqua heat to 8ºC. However, the difference of temperature injury. Also, to research the relationship between between the two surfaces is exiguous when the its heat-resistance and the external environment, as leaves are in the shade condition. The temperature well as the relationship between the heat-resistance of the lower is even sometimes higher. (Table 2, of the plant state itself in 2003 and 2004. At the same Table 3). time, they also compared the differences in heat- resistance of different Camellia sasanqua cultivars, (3) The extent of sunburn injury relates to the species, to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate external environmental conditions as well as the environment for cultivation and the techniques of plant state itself. We found that the temperature of conservation. leaf injury is higher than that of normal leaves in the observation. Long-term direct sunlight and drought 1 The observation on heat tolerance of Camellia circumstances are more likely to cause sunburn sasanqua injury than shade circumstances and old leaves According to the performance, strength and progress are more likely to suffer sunburn injury than new 96 Table 1 The relationship between canopy structure and temperature (T)/light intensity. Units:T=ºC; Li=×102lux. Record Date:������������� �����������08/07/2004.

Out Layer Middle Layer Inner Layer Time TD LiD T Li T Li T Li 10:30 41.0 770.0 38.0 80.5 37.0 7.3 4.0 762.7 39.2 706.0 35.8 37.5 35.8 4.5 3.4 701.5 41.4 723.0 36.8 36.6 35.2 12.7 6.2 710.3 47.6 761.0 36.6 46.7 35.6 7.0 12.0 754.0 44.0 750.0 37.8 27.2 35.8 7.9 8.2 742.2 45.4 638.0 35.6 25.1 34.2 6.2 11.2 631.8 13:00 50.4 707.0 43.0 60.7 42.4 27.5 8.0 679.5 46.2 675.0 42.2 28.9 41.2 16.7 5.0 658.3 49.6 700.0 42.2 72.5 40.6 13.0 9.0 687.0 47.0 751.0 41.6 27.2 41.4 8.7 5.6 742.3 45.2 650.0 40.4 11.8 39.0 12.3 6.2 637.7 43.8 615.0 40.2 27.1 43.6 5.1 0.2 609.9 49.8 735.0 41.2 34.7 40.4 1.2 9.4 733.8 Mean 45.4 706.2 39.3 39.7 38.6 10.0 6.8 696.2 Table 2 The relationship between leaf temperature and Li When shading and sunlight. Units: T=ºC; Li=×102lux. Record Date:������������� �����������08/07/2004. Shading Sunlight Time TD LiD T Li T Li 10:00 32.6 34.1 42.2 642.0 9.6 607.9 33.0 31.6 39.4 668.0 6.4 636.4 32.4 40.5 36.4 650.0 4.0 609.5 32.4 58.1 40.4 664.0 8.0 605.9 32.6 37.1 41.4 646.0 8.8 608.9 Mean 32.6 40.3 40.0 654.0 7.4 613.7 Table 3 The relationship between leaf surface and back When shading and sunlight. Units:T=ºC; Li=×102lux. Record Date:������������� �����������08/07/2004. Upper Surface Lower Surface Time TD LiD T Li T Li 10:50 41.4 843.0 33.2 61.0 8.2 782.0 (sunlight)� 43.6 792.0 38.8 51.0 4.8 741.0 42.4 778.0 41.6 44.9 0.8 733.1 44.8 701.0 37.8 40.5 7.0 660.5 41.6 767.0 35.6 59.7 6.0 707.3 Mean 42.8 776.2 37.4 51.4 5.4 724.8 11:05 35.2 42.9 35.4 32.7 -0.2 10.2 (��������shading)� 34.4 46.7 34.6 21.5 -0.2 25.2 34.6 72.5 32.6 11.9 2.0 60.6 Mean 36.7 234.6 35.0 29.4 0.5 32.0 97 leaves. Sunburn injury tends to happen if the plants of the west tree crown is more serious in actual are weak, the leaves are thin, or the color of the observation. According to the track observation, the leaves is faded. Sunburn disease occurs easily after Camellia sasanqua cultivar ‘Ryuko’ does not suffer 1-2 days of heavy rain. from the sunburn disease, so we can see that it has a strong high-temperature tolerance. (4) The extent of sunburn disease injury is also closely related to the direction, east or west, that the (5)We find the irrigation, shading and water-jet have plants are facing. On August 3, 2003, the weather a certain protective effect on the sunburn disease was sunny, with some wind. Under the condition through the management of conservation: the of sunlight intensity of 100,000 Lux at noon, we drought-resistant plants have fewer symptoms of measured the leaf temperature of Camellia sasanqua the sunburn; although the temperature and light are ‘Long Light’. Results are as follows (Fig. 1) the same in shade, the leaf temperatures are lower by 5-7ºC; Irrigation by water sprinklers can lower 60 the leaf temperature be 10ºC for a short time. 50 We had to transplant the ripe plants of Camellia sasanqua in mid-July because of the comprehensive 40 treatment and management at West Lake in 2003. E Measures such as spraying water, building sheds to 30 W the key plants and so on. We found that the sunburn T disease was less serious than the sunburn disease of 20 plants exposed outside. There was even no sunburn Temprature(℃) 10 disease. In 2003, we studied the heat resistance of more 0 than 60 cultivars of Camellia sasanqua planted 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 in different locations in Hangzhou flower beds. 8: 9: : : : : : : : : 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 We found that there are some differences of heat Time(h) resistance and injury among of different cultivars of Camellia sasanqua between the cultivars under the Fig. 1 Temperature Changes of ‘Ryuko’ same environment. We observed the phenomena: it can last 9 hours A comprehensive analysis of the previous when the leaves of Camellia sasanqua are at 40ºC observation indicates that Camellia sasanqua can or above under direct sunlight in summer. The be classified into the following five levels according maximum temperature of leaves can be up to 50.6ºC, to the degree of victimization (note). and this is distinctly higher than the maximum air temperature,(43.5ºC).The east leaf temperature Highly heat-resistant cultivars (6 cultivars): Bill changing curve is obviously different from the Wylam, Asahi-zuru, Kanjiro, Ryuko, Cherie, Bettie west. The east leaf temperature rises gradually. The Patricia. highest temperature appears at 10 am (46.2ºC),and Strong heat-resistant cultivars (10 cultivars): it is on a fluctuating downward trend as time passes. Tai-shuhai, Yuki, Shinonome, Taisho-nishiki, The west leaf temperature rises slowly at first but Hakurakuten, Choshun, Fuji-no-yuki, Kasane-ogi, rises rapidly at 11 am to 2 pm, and the maximum Sparking Burgundy, Azuma-botan. leaf temperature appears at 2 pm (50.6ºC). We think that this is due to the sunshine angle and irradiation Better heat-resistant cultivars (23 cultivars): Sunsen intensity, which changes everyday. The west is under Clouds, Higo-irihi-no-umi, Mangetsu, Rainbow, direct sunlight for a longer time, and the intensity Showa-no-sakae, Kira-shiro-kantsubaki, Asakura, of sunlight is greater. What’s more, the original Tennyo-no-mai, Tenryu-no-mai, Fuji-no-mine, accumulative temperature time of the leaf surface is Shishi-gashira, Red red rose variegated, Interlude, longer. Thus it makes the leaf temperature rise more Hi-inko, Hi-oteme, Hatsuhikari, Mikuni-ko, quickly, and the leaf temperature is higher. This is Setsugekka, Shuchuka, Otome, Egao, Shin-otome, the same as the situation where the sunburn disease Shibori-showa-no-sakae. 98 General heat-resistant cultivars (9 cultivars): 70 Betty Joe, Kogyoku, Jennifer Susan, Egao-nishiki, 57℃ 58℃ 59℃ 60℃ Cotton Candy, Bonanza, Hua’ao, Choji-guruma, 60 Ikegamikou. 50 Poor heat-resistant cultivars (5 cultivars): Sakura, Beatrice Emily, Showa Supreme, Takarazuka, Omi- 40 goromo. REC(%) 30 In our test, sunburn injury is classified into five levels�: 0. Almost no sunburn������������������������������; ����������������������������1. Mild: leaf sunburn occurs 20 less than 1/4 in the whole crown�������������������; �����������������2. Moderate: leaf 10 sunburn occurs less than 1/ 4 to 1/3 in the whole crown������������������������������������������; ����������������������������������������3. Slightly heavier:��������������������� �������������������leaf sunburn occurs 0 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 1/3 and above in the whole crown and above�; Time(min) 4. Serious: leaf sunburn occurs 1/2 and above in the whole crown. Fig. 2 REC in ‘Shishi-gashira’ 2 Heat tolerance test of Camellia sasanqua After treatment with high temperature, the leakage rate of cell electrolyte could reflect the stability of cell membranes and the heat damage degree of the organization. In order to determine the heat tolerance of Camellia sasanqua rapidly, we measured it with an electrical conductivity method in the laboratory, using leaves picked from the plant. In the test, it was observed that the conductivity value determined by the traditional leaf punch method was 8-9 times higher than the whole leaf method. In order to avoid errors resulting from leaking of the electrolyte, we used the whole leaf method. In summer, we chose Camellia sasanqua cultivars ‘SHISHI-GASHIRA’ as the test material, picked the newly grown leaf with petiole in the same growth conditions, then treated them for different times at different temperatures (45ºC-60ºC) with DK-S26- type electric water bath pot, finally, measured the electrolyte leakage in the solution with DDS-310 type precise conductivity. The results showed that the leaf appearance changed little and remained green for the most part within 60 minutes at different temperatures. The electrical conductivity was related to processing time linearly in the main, it changed in the slope of the maximum ‘Shishi-gashira’ at 59ºC. However, as the time accumulated to 60 minutes, the conductivity sped up, the leaves turned The results indicated that: in the four test materials, yellow quickly, and the conductivity increased the the electrolyte leakage rate of the summer shoots fastest (Fig. 2). Therefore, we chose 59ºC as the of camellia species 'Shimianjing' scored the lowest, test temperature to observe the effects of electrolyte followed by the spring shoots of sasanqua ‘SHISHI- leakage and to analyze the differences in heat GASHIRA’, the spring shoots of ‘Shiminajing’ and tolerance of different camellia cultivars. the spring shoots of ‘YOKIHI’. As summer shoots 99 were new shoots, their mesophyll cells contained showed that the light intensity on the light saturation fewer substances, exuded a lower concentration, point of subjects in general was 400-500μE/m2s, so the conductivity scored the lowest. For the same higher than 300μE/m2s referred in other literature. 2 spring shoot, the conductivity of Camellia sasanqua Light-saturated rate was 4-7mg CO2/dm h, which of cultivars (‘SHISHI-GASHIRA’) was significantly C. sasanqua cultivars was slightly higher than that smaller than Camellia japonica (‘Shimianjing’, of C.japonica cultivars, and in the field cultivated ‘YOKIHI’), the thermal stability of the leaf plants it was slightly higher than the greenhouse membrane was stronger, as was its heat tolerance plants. This also confirmed the above view. (Fig. 3). Observing the heat injury of the leaves with the naked eyes, the same conclusion could be Because of its strong heat resistance and robust drawn. growth, Camellia sasanqua has become regarded as the first choice of evergreen winter flowering plants. A B Its use in landscaping has developed very rapidly 70 C D in recent years. However Camellia sasanqua does not have many cultivars, most of which are used as 60 ground cover plants. On the basis of our many years 50 introduction and cultivation, C.sasanqua in eastern

40 China should have great development prospects, especially the cultivars, such as Kanjiro, Bill 30 REC(%) William, Asahi-zuru, Ryuko, Cherie, Beauty Patlisa, 20 Shishi-gashira, etc, which adapt well to the weather conditions summer heat and strong sunshine in 10 eastern China. 0 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 References Time(min) Chen Fadi et al..2001.Determinined heat tolerance Fig.3 REC changes at 59ºC among four cultivars for Chrysanthemum vestitum and four Ch. morifolium cultivars with small flowers. Acta 3 Conclusion and discussion Agriculturae Shanghai,17(3):80-82. According to the related reports, Camellia sasanqua Chen Shaoyun et al..1985. Zhejiang Camellia. is more tolerant of strong light and heat than Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Press. Camellia japonica. Xu Youchang et al. 1994. A comparison on the heat There is also an obvious difference among Camellia hardiness of the cutting leaves of 27 species of street sasanqua cultivars. trees. J Plant Resources and Environment,3(2):59- 61. There is a wider relevance to increasing the planting area of C. sasanqua. In the late summer of 2004, Pan Guanghui et al..2001. Conductance identify we used the BAU photosynthesis system to measure heat resistance and its effect compared with field. the photosynthetic rate at different light intensities Southwest Horticulture, 29(2):26-27. between different species of camellia. Subjects were planted on a solid base in Shanghai including the C. sasanqua and C. japonica cultivars, such as Egao, Kanjiro-nishki, Kanjiro, Azuma-botan-nishiki, Hongluzhen, Yokihi, Shimianjing, etc, Temperatures were between 27ºC and 32ºC,and light intensity strong, in the 200-1200μE/m2s range. The level of plant photosynthesis was measured by calculating the change in the amount of carbon dioxide (mg/ dm2h) used during photosynthesis. The result 100 Population variations in Some of the detailed laboratory techniques used have been omitted here, due to lack of space, but are Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu available on request.Ed. and its��������������������������� conservation strategies 1.2 DNA Extraction and PCR Yun Xie*1,2,���������� ���������Jiyuan��� Li1,������� ������Sui��� Ni3,���������� ���������Gaopu���� Zhu1, 1.2.1 Primer Selection and PCR Zhenqqi���� Fan1 The 19 primers are selected from the 60 primers 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, No.73 chosen by the ISSR research report (Ni et al., 2009; Daqiao Rd. Fuyang City, Zhejiang Province, Wang et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2008; Luo et al., 2007; P.R.China, 311400 Bin et al., 2005;Yao et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008) referring to the plant of Camellia (Table 1). 2 College of Tianmu, Zhejiang Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R.China, 1.3 Data analysis and processing 311300 Data analysis using the software POPGEN1.32,

3 calculated the value of observed number of Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Fenghua 818, Jiangdong District, alleles(Na), effective number of alleles(Ne), Nei’s Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, P.R.China, 315211 genetic diversity(H), Shannon’s information index(I), polymorphic loci(P), Genetic distance(GD), Genetic E-mail: [email protected] Identity(GI), population genetic variation(Hs), total Introduction genetic variation(Ht), the genetic differentiation coefficient(Gst), and Gene flow(Nm). Then, we Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu�������������������� (������������������Zhang������������� et al.,1998) obtained Genetic similarity coefficient matrix by is one of the major plant species which �������is used software NTSYSpc2.10e analysis , using the method to produce��������������������������������������� edible�������������������������������������� oil���������������������������� and �����������������������as a ������������������landscape tree.���� It of Unweighted pair group method using arithmetic naturall����������������������������������������������y�������������������������������������������� grows �������������������������������������well in some sites������������������������ of high elevation�, averages (UPGMA) to cluster, then constructed with the distribution extending into some f������urther dendrogram. northern����������������� areas.������������ Therefore Camellia chekiangoleosa 2 Results may gro�����������������������������������������������w������������������������������������������� w�����������������������������������������ell in many countries with cold climates. 2.1 Loci numbers statistic and analysis The color of �����������������������������������its�������������������������������� flower makes it outstanding for growing in gardens.������������������������������� Meanwhile������������������������������ the large flower and Two populations of the nuclear DNA were amplified the bright color have advantages����������������� for breeding new by 19 primers, it obtained a total of 152 bands camellia cultivars in future (���������������������Gao������������������ et al.,2005)�����. The (amplified results of NO.3 primer are shown in Fig. research of the genetic diversity �������������������will play important 1), the range of the fragment length is 150-1500bp. and basic roles in����������������������������������� exploiting this precious resource. Each primer amplified to at least 5 bands, at most 10 bands, and the average was 8 bands (Table 1). 1 ���������������������Materials and Methods 2.2 Genetic diversity and genetic variations within 1.1 Sample Collection the two populations In early summer 2009, twenty and thirty Camellia The 129 bands of these 152 are polymorphic at chekiangoleosa individual samples are separately the group level(Table 1). The overall percentage collected from Jinrao Mountain in Jianning county of polymorphic site is 84.87%.107 bands in of Fujian (FJ) Province and from Jingning county the populations of FJ are polymorphic, and the of Zhejiang (ZJ) Province, with the longitude percentage of P is 70.39%;In ZJ there are 90 and latitude of N26°46 48 E116°56’16” and ’ ” polymorphic bands, with the percentage of P is N27°43’45” E119°38’14”, respectively. The 59.21% (Table 2). average altitude ranges from 1130 to 1213 meters. The younger buds and the green fresh leaves from It can be seen from the experimental data that the H the current year’s growth were collected, and and I have the same trend. Both populations have transported to the laboratory by ice-bag, and then high genetic diversity, and the genetic diversity of cleaned and treated with liquid nitrogen, then stored Fujian populations is higher than that in Zhejiang immediately at a temperature of -20ºC. population. 101 Table 1 ISSR primers sequences, annealing temperatures and the total numbers of augmentation bands.

Num. of Polymorphism Ioci(P) Primer Sequence Annealing Number of bands temperature recorded F������J site ZJ������ site

1 (AG)8C 59.8 8 7 5

2 (GA)8T 55.8 10 6 7

3 (CT)8G 51.6 7 5 6

4 (AC)8T 49.7 10 8 7

5 (AC)8G 58.5 9 8 6

6 (AC)8C 52 10 6 5

7 (CTC)6 65.2 10 7 8

8 (GAA)6 45 10 5 8

9 (CAA)6 51.6 8 8 7

10 (GACA)4 55.2 10 8 7

11 (CA)8A 55.8 6 5 5

13 (GT)8C 58.5 10 7 6

14 (GT)8T 55.8 10 5 8

15 (GA)8CT 53.6 5 4 4

16 (AC)8TG 50.3 6 3 5

17 (GT)8GG 54.9 5 4 3

18 (CAG)8T 59.6 6 5 4

19 (CAA)8G 54.9 6 6 6

20 (GGAGA)3 52.8 6 5 4

Fig. 1 ISSR profiles of Camellia chekiangoleosa from two populations with primer No 3. A: FJ population: B: ZJ population

Table 2 The genetic diversity parameters Table 3 of the two populations GD, GI and genetic structure analysis

Population Na Ne H I P (%) GD GI Ht Hs Gst Nm

FJ 1.7039 1.4247 0.2516 0.3768 70.39 0.1064 0.8991 0.2777 0.2369 0.1472 2.8971 ZJ 1.5921 1.3945 0.2221 0.3264 59.21 Total 1.8487 1.4561 0.2732 0.4161 84.87 102 2.3 The genetic diversity and genetic variation The result of cluster analysis denominated that, 50 between the two populations samples could be divided into two categories: FJ The genetic distance between the two populations and ZJ Population. Except for the z2 and the z15 was 0.1064, the similarity degree was 0.8991. of ZJ gathered together with the f4 of FJ, while Meanwhile, the results of genetic structure analysis other individuals of the two populations gathering was: Ht = 0.2777; Hs = 0.2369;Gst = 0.1472; together with themselves (Fig. 2). Nm=2.8971. It could be inferred that, at the colony level, the Ht and Hs revealed by ISSR marker system 3 Discussion were higher; the GST showed that, 85.28% of the Compared with Camellia azalea (Luo et al.,2007), total genetic variation of the two groups existed in Camellia nitidissima Chi (Bin et al.,2005) and the groups, 14.72% of the genetic variation existed Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.(Yao et al.,2007) between the groups, the Nm was 2.8971, Nm>1. clone (Table 3), the two Camellia chekiangoleosa It showed that there were some gene flows between groups showed larger genetic variations because the populations. It can clearly be seen: the variation Camellia chekiangoleosa is distributed mainly in of Camellia chekiangoleosa mainly consisted in the the mountains whose frequently changeable climatic population, and there was a certain degree of genetic factors, habitat heterogeneity and geographical differentiation between the populations. barriers may lead to larger genetic diversity.

Fig. 2 UPGMA clustering for 50 individuals from the two populations. f: Fujian population; z: Zhejiang population

f1 f3 f2 f5 f4 z2 z15 f14 f6 f8 f7 f12 f17 f13 f20 f15 f16 f19 f9 f10 f11 f18 z1 z3 z8 f10 z12 z20 z21 z22 z28 z4 z27 z24 z25 z26 z30 z29 z5 z6 z7 z9 z16 z18 z14 z17 z19 z23 z11 z10 z13 0.57 0.68 0.79 0.89 1.00 Coefficient 103 Table 3 Genetic diversity in some camellia species.

Species Bands��������� size(bp) P(%) H I Gst GD

Camellia japonica 0.40- 0.57- Linn. 150-1500 95.4 0.48 0.67 0.5-0.7 –

Camellia oleifera 0.1542- Abel. clone 200-2000 68.6 0.3132 0.4793 – 0.6931

Camellia sinensis clones 150-1500 99.7 0.23 0.38 – 0.337

Camellia azalea – 55.29 0.2191 0.3215 0.0922 2.4619

Camellia nitidissima Chi – 75.24 0.2302 0.3502 0.5752 –

Camellia chekiangoleosa 150-1500 84.87 0.2732 0.4161 0.1472 0.1064

Compared with Camellia japonica Linn. and genetic variation is within populations. Thus, Camellia oleifera Abel., Camellia chekiangoleosa Camellia chekiangoleosa germplasm resource showed relatively lower genetic diversity. The long- conservation should be focused on material from term natural and artificial hybridization in their larger within populations. If the variation is larger, the area natural growing area, resulted in higher genetic designated in situ conservation areas should also diversity in Camellia japonica Linn. and Camellia be expanded correspondingly, and if there is little oleifera Abel. Meanwhile, Camellia chekiangoleosa variation between populations, then the number of was a relatively-small distribution area and protected populations are not necessarily larger. propagated only by natural hybrid. Therefore, the Thus two individuals, i.e. z2 and z15, clustered into the genetic diversity was relatively lower. FJ Group, which might be due to heavy exploitation in mountains from Jingning county of Zhejiang, and Results showed that the genetic diversity of the FJ the ecological environment destructions which leads populations is greater than the ZJ. This phenomenon a number of small animals to migrate southward may be due to the suitable environment of Jianning from Wuyi Mountains to Minjiang River Source county in Fujian Province which belongs to the Nature Reserve. These animals may help to carry Minjiang River Source Nature Reserve .There seeds of C. chekiangoleaosa to the new population. are more older Camellia chekiangoleosa trees here and less disturbance by human beings. In comparison, the mountainous area in Jingning county of Zhejiang Province was frequently used by local people. The ecological habitat has also been fragmented dramatically, which reduces the natural population density and population size, and thus leads to loss of genetic diversity quickly. The table 3 indicates that the genetic differentiation coefficient of Camellia chekiangoleosa is far smaller than Camellia nitidissima Chi, slightly larger than Camellia azalea, meaning that the genetic variation of Camellia chekiangoleosa is mainly found in groups, only a small part of the C. chekiangoleosa (Photo: Gene Phillips) 104 Acknowledgements Propagation of some varieties We thank Ms Chi Mo and Jing Zheng in Zhejiang of Camellia japonica in Forestry University for their work in gel electro- phoresis of ISSR and primers selection. We also Reikanji-temple and a variety thank Mr. Defeng Li, Aobo Chi, Ji Zheng and Ms Nan Wu in Zhejiang Forestry University, for their of Camellia sasanqua in help in collecting samples and DNA extraction. Ankokuronji-temple References Kentaro Nakamura�¹��������������������,�������������������� Remi Nakagawa¹��������� and Bin Xiaoyun,Tang Shaoqing,Zhou Junya, et Mineyuki Yokoyama² al..2005. ISSR Analysis on Genetic Diversity of 1 Tsukuba Research Institute, Sumitomo Forestry Camellia nitidissima Chi (Theaceae) in China. Co. Ltd., 300-2646 J Wuhan Botanical Research, 23 (1): 20-26. 2 Innovation Science Research & Development Gao Jiyin, Clifford RP, Du Yueqiang.2005. Collected Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 236-8643 species of the Genus Camellia an illustrated outline. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology E-mail: [email protected] press.36-37. Liu Benying,Wang Pingsheng, Ji Pengzhang, et Introduction al..2008.Study on Genetic Diversity of Peculiar There are many valuable trees in various places in Sect. Thea (L.) Dye in Yunnan by ISSR Markers. J Japan, however, their vigour is declining and there Yunnan Agricultural University.23 (3): 302-308 (in is a possibility that some may die. We are very Chinese). anxious about this situation because the Sumitomo Forestry Group has been living with the trees for Luo Xiaoying, Zhuang Xueying,Yuesheng. 2007. 300 years while developing the forest management, Genetic Diversity of Camellia changii Ye (Theaceae) the production of wooden board, the construction of Using ISSR Markers. J Tropical and Subtropical wooden houses and the greenery business. Botany, 15(2):93-100. Ni Sui, Li Jiyuan, Wang Qiang. 2009.Intra- Therefore, we applied the propagation techniques specific genetic relationship analyses of Camellia of seedlings which was developing in the forest japonica based on ISSR molecular markers. Forest management of valuable trees and started the Research,22 (5):623-629. project “propagation of invaluable trees” in 1999. At first, we started to study the propagation of the Wang Baoming, Chen Yongzhong, Tan Xiaofeng, flowering cherry, “Togyu no sakura (160 years old)” et al..2008. Genetic Diversity of Elite Clones of at Daigoji- temple in Kyoto, which is famous for Camellia oleifera by ISSR. J Northeast Forestry cherry blossoms. According to tradition, it is the University,36 (6): 19-24. descendant of one that produced cherry blossoms Wang Henghong, Suo Huayi, Yang Jian, et al..2009. brought by the Chief Adviser to the Emperor Analysis of Genetic Diversity among Wild Tea “Toyotomi Hideyoshi” when he held the huge flower Plants in Sichuan and Chongqing by ISSR Markers. viewing “Daigo no hanami”. J Tea Science, 29(2):168-172. In this project, we succeeded in developing the Yao Mingzhe, Chen Liang, Wang Xinchao, et propagation of a weeping cherry blossom for the first al..2007.Genetic Diversity and Relationship of time in the world. Then, we started some projects to Clonal Tea Cultivars in China Revealed by ISSR propagate clonally, “Youraku-zakura (340 years old, Markers. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 33 (4) : 598- a weeping cherry)” at Shoutaiji-temple in Kanagawa 604. and “Omuro-zakura (a place of scenic beauty)” at Zhang Hongta, Ren Shanxiang.1998.Flora Republic Ninnaji-temple in Kyoto. The new project “Camellia Popularis Sinicae. Beijing :Science Press. Tomus in Reikanji-temple and Ankokuronji-temple” has 49(3):84. followed these projects since 2007. 105 Reikanji-temple belongs to the Nanzenji-temple collected on the 23rd of June, 2008 were immediately sect, Rinzai denomination in Buddhism and was carried from Kyoto to Tsukuba and then allowed called “Tani-gosho” because it was a nunnery at to take up water for 24hrs. They were cut into 5 which the head priest had always been a princess cm lengths, each with two buds, and the prepared of the Imperial court. It was erected in 1654 and cuttings were planted into a box (h=10 cm, w=32 has been famous for camellias with a beautiful cm, d=25 cm) which were filled with “Akadama- Japanese garden of “Chisen-kaiyushiki”. There tsuchi (small)”, propagating medium. This box was are many original varieties of camellia, such as kept airtight with a vinyl bag and under cheese cloth “Chiri-tsubaki” and “Kozakura”, plus more than 14 for 4 months under 16 hr photoperiod in the special others. “Jikkou” stands out among them. Jikkou is room which was controlled at 25±3ºC and 70% of cherished by the retired Emperor Gomizunou and humidity. After rooting, 0, 10 and 100μM of KODA designated as special by Kyoto-city. It is said that was sprayed once onto a leaf, and shoot elongation this tree is the original of this variety and is more has been observed. than three hundreds years old. This variety is also called “Benikarako” in eastern Japan. Although there are two theories, these two varieties closely resemble each other. Ankokuronji-temple belongs to the Nichiren denomination in Buddhism and was erected in 1253. Mr. Nichiren was a holy priest (1222 – 1282) and was usually called “Nichiren shonin”. Ankokuronji-temple is a major temple of the Nichiren denomination because Mr. Nichiren had written the treatise, “Rissho-Ankoku Ron”. The history of the name of Ankokuronji-temple is the name of this treatise. In this temple, there are three Fig. 1 The flower of “Jikkou”. famous trees, 200-year-old Malus halliana, Prunus lannesiana and 350-year-old Camellia sasanqua. Sumitomo Forestry has been developing the propagation techniques of these camellias for handing down to the next generation, because these camellias are also failing year by year. Materials, Methods and Results Camellias in Reikanji-temple “Jikkou”, “Chiri-tsubaki” and “Kozakura” were selected as the propagation subjects. (Figs. 1 and 2). Propagation by cutting was selected as the propagation technique because it is a reliable method Fig. 2 The tree of “Chiri-tsubaki”. which has been established over many years. With Camellia sasanqua in Ankokuronji-temple camellias however, reports which employed old trees as material are few and that from tissue culture All branches were collected directly from the mature has been not reported. Judging from the information tree (Fig.3) using the same technique as before. available, a new plant growth regulator “KODA This box had been kept under 3,000 lux fluorescent (Ketol-OctaDecadienoic Acid)” which is developed light with 16 hr photoperiod at 25±2˚C in. After by Shiseido Co., Ltd. was tested, and the rooting planting, 0, 10 and 100μM of KODA was sprayed ability of cuttings from mature trees and the effect on the leaves and rooting rates were assessed after of KODA on rooting were assessed. The branches 4 months. 106 In addition, cuttings from a younger, 20-year-old, KODA were shown in Fig.5. KODA worked well popular C. sasanqua were tested with KODA as a to the shoot elongation in Jikkou and Kozakura control experiment. however it was not effective for Chiri-tsubaki.

Fig. 3 C. sasanqua in Ankokuronji-temple.

Results and Discussions Fig. 6 Rooting of cutting with 100μM of KODA. Camellias in Reikanji-temple The results after 4 months in the test of rooting ability were shown in Fig.4 and Table 1. The results of

the number Rooting Survivorship varieties of cuttings rates (%) (%) Jikkou 82 42 80 Chiri- 33 39 85 tsubaki Kozakura 70 37 81

Table 1. Rooting rates and survivorship in each variety

60

60 60 Fig. 4 Rooting of cuttings of “Jikkou”. 50

50 50 40

40 40 30 30 30 20 20 S�oot �rowt� (mm)/4 mo�t�s

20 S�oot �rowt� (mm)/4 mo�t�s 10

S�oot �rowt� (mm)/4 mo�t�s 10 Koz�kur� Koz�kur� 10 0 0 C�iri-tsub�ki Koz�kur�C�iri-tsub�ki 0 0 N�me of v�rieties 0 10 �ikkou N�me of v�rieties 10 C�iri-tsub�ki�ikkou （ Ｍ） 0 KODA μ KODA（μＭ） 100 100 N�me of v�rieties 10 �ikkou Fi�. 5 T�e effectFi�. of 5 KODA T�e effect o� s�ootof KODA elo���tio� o� s�oot ofelo���tio� cutti��s of i� cutti��s t�e v�rieties i� t�e v�rietiesof C�melli�. of C�melli�. KODA（μＭ）Fig 5. The effect100 of KODA on shoot elongation of cuttings in the varieties of Camellia Fig. 7 Rooted cuttings of “Kozakura”. Fi�. 5 T�e effect of KODA o� s�oot elo���tio� of cutti��s i� t�e v�rieties of C�melli�. 107 We also used the identification technique of DNA Chloroplast DNA variation analysis at the same time because the credibility of the clone from a mature tree by cutting or tissue in Camellia japonica and��� culture must be confirmed. C. sasanqua in Japan The results after 4 months were shown in table 2 and Fig.6. In cuttings from the mature tree, KODA was Kumiko Hayashi*��1, Nobumine Tateishi1, effective in helping rooting, however it hindered the Yukio Ozaki2 and Hiroshi Okubo3 rooting of cuttings from young trees. This suggested 1 that KODA is effective for the trees which are Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Graduate School of difficult to root, such as an old tree or the ability of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu rooting is low. University, Fukuoka Japan 2 Laboratory of Agricultural Ecology, Faculty of Age of trees Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan KODA (µM) 20-year-old 350-year-old 3 Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan 0 89% 0% * Corresponding autho������r 10 74% 27% (E-mail: [email protected]) 100 80% 75% Introduction Table 2. Rooting rate of C. sasanqua Camellia japonica is composed of several varieties and subspecies which differ in morphological, ecological and physiological features. They are C. More tests in many species and old trees are japonica ����var. macrocarpa, var. hozanensis, ssp. needed. rusticana, etc., but intraspecific relationship and taxonomic rank in the species lack unity among Acknowledgement camellia researchers. We sincerely thank two chief priests, Miss Shingen Variation of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) provides Sato, at Reikanji-temple and Mr. Kakusho Tamagawa us with useful information for phylogenic studies, at Ankokuronji-temple. We also thank Mr. Ryuzo because cytoplasm genome including cpDNA is Higuchi and Yuji Yoshino, a gardener of Higuchi inherited maternally (Corriveau and Coleman, Landscape Inc., for his kindly help. 1998) and its evolutional speed is slower than that of nuclear DNA (Small et al., 1998). Camellia sasanqua is another species endemic to the Kyushu region. Shibata et al. (2000) investigated atpH-atpI region of cpDNA in the genus Camellia and reported that there were two types (types A and B) according to the size of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)-amplified products. They found that C. sasanqua and C. japonica ssp. rusticana were classified into type A, and C. japonica was into type B. Tateishi et al. (2007���������������������) examined atpH- atpI���� and trnL-trnF regions of cpDNA in Japanese and Chinese Camellia species,������������������������������������������� and identified eight haplotypes. They found the localized and specific cpDNA variation in C. japonica in the islands of western Kyushu, particularly in Goto, Iki and Tsushima Islands, and assumed that the area was a genetic hot spot in the speciation of C. japonica. 108 Camellia seeds ca������������������������������n��������������������������� be carried���������������� viable��������� by ocean Results currents,���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������so that similar genetic variation would Genetic������������������� variation in C. japonica be expected in the ��������������������������������areas along the coastline of the Sea����������������������������������������������� of Japan. Tateishi et al. (2007) also reported Two types of amplified products were observed at that C. sasanqua represented a������������������������������������� uniform���������� ���������haplotype the atpH-atpI region; types A (approx. 700bp) and (Haplotype II, Table1),������������������������������� but �������������������������the investigation did not B (approx. 1,100bp) as reported by Tanigawa et al. cover the entire areas of the distribution. (2003). RFLP patterns of type A products with Taq �I in atpH-atpI were uniform (A1), but two subtypes, We����������������������������������������������� investigated��������������������������������� in this study������������������� the cpDNA types of B1 and B2, were identified for the type B (Table 1). C. japonica accessions in the southern islands of Kyushu and in the �����������������������������areas of the ����������������coast of the Sea The PCR products from the trnL-trnF region were of Japan and������������������������������������� ���������������������������������new cpDNA marker�����������������s���������������� ���������������to ������������evaluate��������� ���the of a uniform size (approx. 450 bp; type A), and their genetic variation in C. sasanqua. RFLP patterns������������ with enzyme TspE I, were the�������� same Materials and methods (A2) ��in C. japonica. DNA extraction and PCR-RFLP in C. japonica There were thre�����������������������������������e������������������������������ haplotypes (Haplotypes Ia, Ib One hundred and fourteen accessions of C. japonica, and III����) in C. japonica according to the length or collected from the coast of Wakasa Bay (106��� restriction fragment patterns of the atpH-atpI and access�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ions)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������, Ishigakijima����������������������������������������� Island (six�������������������� accessions),������ and trnL-trnF regions (Table 1���������������������������������������������������) as reported by Tateishi Senkaku Islands (��������������������������������two accessions)����������������������������������� (Figure 1)������, were et al. (2007). In this investigation, Haplotype Ib was examined. Total DNA was extracted from 100mg of observed in C. japonica of Ishigakijima and Senkaku leaves or flower buds by a modified CTAB method Islands, whereas only Haplotype Ia was found in the (Kobayashi et al., 1998). PCR and PCR-RFLP plants of the coast of Wakasa Bay (Table���������� 2�����). (Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Genetic������������������� variation in C. sasanqua Length Polymorphism) were performed according Amplified products in petA region were uniform in to Tateishi et al. (2007). Chloroplast DNA variation size (approx. 2200bp;����������������������������� typeA)����������������������� in all the accessions, but in C. japonica was evaluated by investigating the six types were detected by sequence analysis������� (Table atpH-atpI and trnL-trnF regions. 3�������������������)������������������.����������������� Type A3 found�������� in C. sasanqua was distinguished DNA extraction, sequencing and PCR-RFLP in from the other types by PCR-RFLP analysis using C. sasanqua restriction enzyme Mse I (type A412, Table���������� 3,�������� Figure Two accessions of C. japonica (Haplotypes Ia and 2�����������������������). PCR-RFLP analysis of C. sasanqua accession III), two accessions of C. japonica ssp. rusticana proved that there was intraspecific cpDNA variation (Haplotypes Ia and IV) and each one accession of in this species. Accessions of C. sasanqua collected C. sasanqua (Haplotype ����II��), C. chekiangoleosa from ��������������������������������������Mt. ����������������������������������Kurokami�������������������������� �������������������������(Saga Pref.) and Kunigami (Haplotype IV������), C. pitardii var. pitardii (Haplotype (Okinawa Pref.)�������������� �������������showed type A412, whereas the other VI�����) and C. chrysantha (C. nitidissima; Haplotype accessions represented a uniform type (type A565) as IV�����������������������������������������������) grown in the greenhouses of Kyushu University well as all the cultivars of C.�� �× vernalis (Table 4). were used for sequence analysi�����������s��� of petA���������� ���������region in cpDNA (Tsumura et al., 1995). DNA extraction and Discussion PCR reaction were carried out as in the previous Tuyama (1956)����������������������������� ����������������������������suggested�������������������� ������������������from morphological experiment. Sequencing was performed using��������� ABI��� investigation that the primitive Camellia, once PRISM������������������������������������������ 310 Genetic Analyzer ��������������������(Applied Biosystems) distributed widely throughout Japan, was divided and��������������������������������������������� Big Dye Terminater v1.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit into two groups during the last glacial period. One (Applied Biosystems). Two cultivars,�������������� ‘Chojiguruma�������������’ survived in the mountainous areas of the north of and ‘Inuhariko’�������������������������� �������������������������and ���������������������76������������������� accessions from 13 Japan, maintaining its original shape, through the populations of C. sasanqua, C. × vernalis ‘Egao’,������� protection of deep snowfalls. This has evolved into ‘Gaisen’,��������������������������������������� ‘Omigoromo’��������������������������������������,��������������������������� ‘�������������������������������������������������Sayohime’����������������,��������������� ‘Takarazuka’,������������� the current C. japonica ssp. rusticana. The other ‘Tamukeyama’, ‘Ume���������������������gaka’,������������������� nine progenies receded southward and developed into the current of ‘Gaisen’ × C. japonica and ��������������one progeny of C. japonica in southern Japan. After the last glacial ‘Umegaka’�� ×� C. japonica grown in the greenhouse period ended, the latter then started a northward were used for PCR-RFLP analysis of petA region. extension. Tateishi et al. (200���������������������7��������������������) indicated by cpDNA 109 variation found richer in the islands of western This is the first report of intraspecific cpDNA Kyushu that the area was a genetic hot spot in C. variation in C. sasanqua. We elucidated the japonica. usefulness of petA region for the study of genetic variations in C. sasanqua. C. × vernalis cultivars Since Haplotype Ib found in the islands of western used in this study showed uniform chloroplast DNA Kyushu was also discovered in the Ishigakijima and type, indicating that all their mother ancestors were Senkaku Islands in the present study, we assume C. sasanqua with A type. that C. japonica with Haplotype Ib distributed in 563 the islands of western Kyushu expanded into the Table 1. Chloroplast DNA haplotypes in Southern Ryukyu Islands. Camellia japonica. Eguchi���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������(1987) suggested that ocean current can transfer C. japonica seeds for 400 to 1,700 km. Haplotype atpH-atpI trnL-trnF Haplotype Ib was not found in any C. japonica Ia B1 A2 individual in Wakasa Bay in spite of the possibility Ib B2 A2 of the migration by the Tsushima Current from III A1 A2 southwest to northeast in the Sea of Japan.

0 100 km

Kurume Mt. Kurokami Wakasa Bay Japan

Kyushu

0 500 km

Kunigami

Senkaku Islands Okinawa

0 100 Ishigakijima Island km Figure 1. Collection sites of C. japonica (a). Enlarged map of Kyushu, Okinawa and the other Ryukyu Islands (b).

Type of cp�������DNA Sampling location���� No. of individuals Haplotype atpH-atpI trnL-trnF Hiedajinja, Fukui Pref. 6 B1 A2 Ia Kaminoura, Fukui Pref. 22 B1 A2 Ia Shiroyama Park, Fukui Pref. 43 B1 A2 Ia Nioizaki Park, Kyoto Pref. 35 B1 A2 Ia Ishigakijima Isl.�������������������������������, Okinawa Pref. 6 B2 A2 Ib Senkaku Isl.�������������������������������, Okinawa Pref. 2 B2 A2 Ib Table 2. Sampling location and chloroplast DNA haplotypes in C. japonica. 110 Table 3. Type of petA from sequence and PCR-RFLP analyses in the genus Camellia.

Type of petA Species (Haplotype)z Sampling location Sequence PCR-RFLP

C. japonica (Ia) Fukaura, Aomori Pref., Japan A1 A563

(III) Fukuejima Isl., Nagasaki Pref., Japan A1 A563

C. japonica ssp. rusticana (Ia) Higashitagawa, Yamagata Pref., Japan A1 A563

(IV) Isawa, Iwate Pref., Japan A4 A563

C. sasanqua (II) Mt. Kurokami, Saga Pref., Japan A3 A412

C. chekiangoleosa (IV) A5 A563

C. pitardii var. pitardii (VI) A2 A563

C. chrysantha (IV) A6 A563 zHaplotypes by Tateishi et al. (2007).

(a) (b)

500bp

2690bp 1882bp 100bp

M1 A M2 A563 A412

Figure 2��.� �P����������rofiles of� P��������������������CR products from the petA region of cpDNA from C. sasanqua (a) and restriction fragments of the PCR products with Mse I (b).

PCR products of all accessions of this region were type A (approx. 2,200bp). A563 and A412 represent different restriction patterns. M1 and M2 indicate the λ/Sty I �����������������������������������and 100bp DNA ladder molecular size markers, respectively.

Type of petA Species Sampling location (No. of individuals) Mt. Nagaiwa, Fukuoka Pref. (20), Mt. Kurokami, Saga Pref. (2), Hirado, Nagasaki A563 C. sasanqua Pref. (1), Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Pref. (20), Nakatorijima Isl., Nagasaki Pref. (5), Fukuejima Isl., Nagasaki Pref. (3), Santarotoge, Kumamoto Pref. (1), Yato, Miyazaki Pref. (3), Mt. Osuzu, Miyazaki Pref. (2), Mt. Takakuma, Kagoshima Pref. (1), Yakushima Isl., Kagoshima Pref. (13), Iriomotejima Isl., Okinawa Pref. (1), ‘Chojiguruma’ (1)�����������������,���������������� ‘Inuhariko’ (1) C. × vernalis ‘Egao’ (1), ‘Gaisen’ (5), ‘Omigoromo’ (1), ‘Sayohime’ (1), ‘Takarazuka’ (1), ‘Tamukeyama’ (1), ‘Umegaka’ (2), ‘Gaisen’ × C. japonica (9), ‘Umegaka’ × C. japonica (1) Mt. Kurokami, Saga Pref. (3), Kunigami, Okinawa Pref. (1) A412 C. sasanqua

Table 4. Type of petA and sampling location in C. sasanqua and C. × vernalis. 111 Acknowledgement Analysis of atpH gene region. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 69 (Suppl. 2), 420. (In Japanese) The authors are gratefu����������������������������������l�������������������������� to ����������������������Dr. Kunimitsu������������������ Fujieda, Professor Emeritus, Kyushu University, Dr. SMALL, R. L., RYBURN, J. A., CRONN, R. C., Eisuk��������������������������������������������e����������������������������������������� Matsuo,��������������������������������� Professor of Tokyo University of SEELANAN, T. and WENDEL, J. F. (1998). The Agriculture,�������������������������������������� Mr. Yasutaka Tanaka and �������������Dr�����������. Shuichiro tortoise and the hare: choosing between noncording Tagane and for their help in ��������������������collecting���������� the plant plastome and nuclear ADH sequences for phylogeny materials. reconstruction in a recently diverged plant group. References Amer.������������������������������������������������� J����������������������.��������������������� Bot.���������������������������������, 85, 1301-1315. CORRIVEAU, J. L. and COLEMAN, A. W. (1988). TANIGAWA, N., ONOZAKI, T.������������� and��������� SHIBATA, Rapid screening method to detect potential biparental M. 2003. PCR-RFLP analysis of chloroplast DNA inheritance of plastid DNA and results for over 200 genes in Camellia 6. Newly designed primers for angiosperm species. Amer. J. Bot., 75, 1443-1458. the analy�����������sis������ of atpH-atpH specer region in Camellia. Hort. Res. (Japan),����������������������������������������� 72 (Suppl.������������������� 2)������,����� 532. EGUCHI, T. (1987) Study of extending northward in genus Camellia. Graduatio�������������������������n��������������� T��������������hesis���������������������,������� Kyushu TATEISHI, N.,������������������������� OISHI�������������������������������������������, M.,����������������������������� OZAKI���������������������, Y. an���d University.�������������������������������������� (In Japanese, tentatively translated OKUBO����������������������������������������, H.������������������������������������. 2007. Chloroplast DNA variation in into English by Kumiko Hayashi from the original the genus Camellia with reference to the origin of Japanese title “�������������������������Tsubakizokushokubut������������������������s���������u ��N�o ‘Tamanoura’. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 87, 377-382. Hokushin �������������������N������������������i K�������������������������������ansuru Kenkyu��”)� TUMURA, Y., YOSHIMURA, K. TOMARU, KOBAYASHI, N.,����������������������� �����������������������HORIKOSHI, T., KATSUYAMA, N. and OHBA, K.1995. Molecular phylogeny of H., HANDA, T. and TAKAYANAGI, K. (1998). A conifers using RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified simple and efficient DNA extraction method from specific chloroplast genes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91�, the plants, especially from woody plants. Plant Tiss. 1222-1236. Cult. Biotech., 4, 76-80. TUYAMA, T. (1956). Snow camellia: its distribution SHIBATA, M., WANG, Z., MOTEGI, T., and relationship to garden camellias. Natur. Sci. KISHIMOTO, S. and AIDA, R. (2000). PCR-RFLP Mus. (Tokyo), 23, 119-135. (In Japanese with analysis of chloroplast DNA genes in Camellia. 2. English summary) 112 Expression of the white 1968a). Many cultivars have been established and selected from native camellias, and a large variation marginal picotee in the petals of colour and shape on flower and leaf have been of ‘Tamanoura’ accumulated so far. ‘Tamanoura’ (Figure 1a) has been one of the most 1, 2 3 Nobumine Tateishi* , Yukio Ozaki famous camellia cultivars in the world for its red 4 and Hiroshi Okubo petals with white marginal picotee. It has been 1 Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Graduate School of featured in frontispiece on the opening page of ‘The Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu International Camellia Register’ published by The University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan International Camellia Society (ICS) in 1993 (Savige, 1993). Amazingly, this cultivar was not produced 2 Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion from artificial crossing. It was discovered by chance of Science as a seedling in the forest at Tamanoura town, Goto 3 Laboratory of Agricultural Ecology, Faculty of Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan by the local Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-2307 Japan charcoal workers in 1947 (Figures 1b, 1c and 2), and was named ‘Tamanoura’ after its birthplace. It 4 Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of became an internationally admired cultivar after the Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan introduction at the ‘Camellia Exhibition in Japan’ in * Corresponding author ([email protected]) 1973, and was exported abroad. The most attractive character of this cultivar is its pretty white marginal picotee and this excellent characteristic was found to transmit well into its progenie, such as ‘Tama Americana’. However, the mechanism of white picotee formation of this cultivar has been a mystery for a long time. The bright colours of flowers are primarily a signal to attract insects and birds for pollination by making the floral tissue stand out against a greenish background, (Glover, 2007). Such bright colours mainly consist of floral pigments. Flavonoids being major members among them, also have other important functions, like defence against pathogens and predators, prevention from damaging by UV light, action as antioxidants, and involvement in pollen development and germination (Glover, 2007). Camellia japonica ‘Tamanoura’ is one of the most Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites produced world-famous camellia cultivars for its beautiful through the well-established route, the flavonoid flowers decorated with white marginal picotee on biosynthetic pathway (Holton and Cornish, 1995). red petals. Once people see the attractive flowers, Anthocyanins, the most conspicuous members of they must wonder and say ‘How does this beautiful flavonoids, provide various colours, ranging from white picotee emerge?’. Here, I would like to talk red, orange, blue to purple. Indeed, anthocyanins are about the mechanism of white marginal picotee responsible for the red pigmentation of the petals formation in the petals of ‘Tamanoura’. of the wild C. japonica. Two major forms have been identified, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin Introduction 3-galactoside in this species (Sakata et al., 1986; Sakata et al., 1987). Camellia japonica is a representative of Japanese ornamental tree plants, and also a symbol of Japanese Here, we report the molecular mechanism of white beauty. It has a long history of cultivation in Japan, picotee formation in the petals of ‘Tamanoura’, particularly since Edo era (1603-1867) (Tuyama, obtained through the analysis of floral pigment 113 a b c

Figure 1. (a) ‘Tamanoura’. (b) The monument of discovery of ‘Tamanoura’. It is written that ‘The first Tamanoura camellia was discovered here in 1947’. (c) The forest where ‘Tamanoura’ was discovered. a b c

Fukuoka Kurume Tamanoura town

Japan Kyushu Islands

Goto 0 20 0 100 0 500 km km km

Figure 2. The location where ‘Tamanoura’ was discovered. a) Enlarged map of Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture. b) Enlarged map of Kyushu. c) Map of Japan.

(a) (b) (c)

Cyanidin Cyanidin 3-glucoside 3-glucoside

Cyanidin Cyanidin 3-galactoside 3-galactoside Absorbance at 530nm Absorbance at 530nm Absorbance at 530nm

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Retention time (min) Retention time (min) Retention time (min)

Figure 3. HPLC chromatograms of anthocyanins in the petals of wild type C. japonica and ‘Tamanoura’. (a) Red petals of wild type C. japonica. (b) Red parts of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’. (c) White picotee parts of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’. 114 components and the investigation of the genes Discussion involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We demonstrated that the white picotee parts lacked Materials and methods an accumulation of anthocyanins, and it was caused by the gene suppression of chalcone synthase. To my Fully expanding flowers of wild type C. japonica knowledge, this is the first report about molecular and ‘Tamanoura’ were collected. The petals of evidence on flower colour mutation in woody ‘Tamanoura’ were separated into red and white ornamental plants. Picotee colouration in flowers picotee parts. Anthocyanins were extracted in 50% is widely seen in the plant kingdom, for example, acetic acid solution overnight, then, the aqueous petunia and Japanese morning glory. The suppression phases were filtrated and used for HPLC analyses. of chalcone synthase was also responsible for the RNA extraction was conducted following Kiefer white picotee formation in Petunia ‘Baccara Rose et al. (2000)’s manner. The expression levels of Picotee’ (Saito et al., 2006). It, therefore, implies the six flavonoid biosynthetic genes [phenylalanine existence of a similar regulation system controlling ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), the white picotee formation over plant species. chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), There are vast numbers of cultivars with flower anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)] (see Figure 4) were colour mutation in C. japonica, like white investigated by reverse transcription polymerase colouration (many cultivars), sectorial pigmentation chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR was performed (e.g., ‘Ehigasa’ and ‘Ezo-nishiki’ etc.), fleck, spot following the general manner. (e.g., ‘Kara-nishiki’ and ‘Hanami-guruma’ etc.) and marble (e.g., ‘Masayoshi’ and ‘Iwane-shibori’ Results etc.) (Savige, 1993; Tuyama, 1968b). Accumulation An HPLC analyses revealed that two major of molecular information, as demonstrated in this anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin study, will elucidate the mechanism of flower 3-galactoside) were accumulated in the red parts colour mutation in C. japonica. And we believe that of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’, as found in the red such information will prove to be very useful in the petals of wild type C. japonica (Figures 3a and 3b). establishment of an efficient breeding system on No anthocyanins, in contrast, were detected in the flower characters ofC . japonica in the future. white picotee parts (Figure 3c). Anthocyanins are synthesised through a well-regulated pathway, the Acknowledgements flavonoid biosynthetic pathway (Figure 4). It was, The authors are grateful to Dr. Chuji Hiruki, hence, indicated that the flavonoid biosynthetic Vice-President of The International Camellia pathway might be blocked at some step only in the Society (ICS), Mr. Shuho Kirino, President of The white picotee parts. Japan Camellia Society, Dr. Kunimitsu Fujieda, RT-PCR analyses were conducted to research the Professor Emeritus, Kyushu University, for their expression profiles of six genes involved in the encouragement. We acknowledge financial support flavonoid biosynthetic pathway (Figures 4 and 5). from The Otomo Fund of ICS. This study was also In Figure 5, the whiter the band is, the stronger supported by Research Fellowships of the Japan the gene works, whereas the pale band means Society for the Promotion of Science for Young that the gene expression is low. Most of the genes Scientists. tested showed no differences in expression levels in the red and white picotee parts of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’, but only the expression of chalcone synthase (CHS) in the white picotee part was significantly lower than that of the red part and the petals of wild C. japonica. It was estimated that anthocyanins are not produced successfully because of the weak expression (suppression) of CHS in the white picotee part during this biosynthetic pathway (Figure 6). 115 Phenylalanine WT R W Cycles PAL PAL 30 p-Coumaroyl-CoA + Malonyl-CoA (×3)

CHS CHS 30 Chalcone CHI CHI 30 Flavanone F3H F3H 30 Dihydroflavonol

DFR DFR 30 Leucoanthocyanidin

ANS ANS 33 Anthocyanidin 3GT 18S 30

Anthocyanin (3-O-glucoside) Figure 5. Expression profiles of six flavonoid biosynthetic genes by RT-PCR analysis. WT, Red petals of wild type Figure 4. Outlined scheme of flavonoid biosynthetic C. japonica; R, Red parts of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’; W, pathway. The boxed six genes were investigated in White picotee parts of the petals of ‘Tamanoura’; Cycles, this study. Number of PCR cycles. 18s rRNA was surveyed as control.

Red Parts PAL CHS CHI Phenyl- p-Coumaroyl-CoA Chalcone Flavanone alanine + Malonyl-CoA (×3)

F3H DFR ANS 3GT Dihydro- Leuco- Antho- Antho- flavonol anthocyanidin cyanidin cyanin Pigmentation !

White Picotee Parts Stop = White Picotee Formation ! PAL CHS CHI Phenyl- p-Coumaroyl-CoA Chalcone Flavanone alanine + Malonyl-CoA (×3)

F3H DFR ANS 3GT Dihydro- Leuco- Antho- Antho- Figure 6. Diagram of the white picotee flavonol anthocyanidin cyanidin cyanin formation in the petals of ‘Tamanoura’. Pigmentation ! 116 References Sakata, Y., K. Arisumi and I. Miyajima. (1986) Cyanidin 3-galactoside, a new anthocyanin from Glover, B. J. (2007) Understanding Flowers and Camellia japonica subsp. rusticana (Honda) Flowering. Oxford University Press Inc., New Kitamura and its occurrence in the garden forms of York. Camellia of Japanese origin. Journal of the Japanese Holton, T. A. and E. C. Cornish. (1995) Genetics Society for Horticultural Science, 55: 82-88. and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Sakata, Y., K. Arisumi and I. Miyajima. (1987) Cell, 7: 1071-1083. Constitution of anthocyanins in flowers of the Kiefer, E., W. Heller and D. Ernst. (2000) A simple wild forms of section camellia of Japanese and and efficient protocol for isolation of functional RNA Formosan origin. Journal of the Japanese Society from plant tissues rich in secondary metabolites. for Horticultural Science, 56: 208-214. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 18: 33-39. Savige, T. J. (1993) The International Camellia Saito, R., N. Fukuta, A. Ohmiya, Y. Itoh, Y. Ozeki, Register, Fine Arts Press Pty., Ltd., Sydney. K. Kuchitsu and M. Nakayama. (2006) Regulation of Tuyama, T. (1968a) Camellias of Japan. Hirokawa anthocyanin biosynthesis involved in the formation Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1-2. of marginal picotee petals in Petunia. Plant Science, 170: 828-834. Tuyama, T. (1968b) Camellias of Japan Color Plates. Hirokawa Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 160-200. 117 Characterization and were also compared to specimens belonging to different camellia collections, regarded as reference differentiation of old Camellia specimens on the basis of the existing written japonica cultivars using simple information about them. On this basis, two groups of plants were first sequence repeat (SSRs) as established, those assigned to cultivar ‘Bella genetic markers Romana’ and those ascribed to ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ (‘Pope Pius IX’), both originated in Jose Luis Couselo1, Pilar Vela1, Carmen Salinero1, Belgium in the 19th century. ‘Bella Romana’ presents Mª Jesús Sainz2 large flowers, petals mostly imbricated and arranged 1 Deputacion de Pontevedra Estación Fitopatolóxica do in several rows, pink marked with numerous streaks Areeiro, Subida a la Robleda, s/n. 36153 Pontevedra, of crimson (Figure 1). ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ Spain. [email protected] has large flowers, with numerous small vivid cherry petals, round and imbricated, (Figure 2). 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain Introduction The ornamental camellia most widely cultivated is Camellia japonica, which comprises thousands of cultivars. Specimens of different cultivars are present in many historical gardens all over the world and have become elements of cultural heritage (Salinero et al., 2003, Accati et al., 2003) some of them are regarded as notable trees and are protected by special preservation orders (Rodríguez-Dacal and Izco, 1994; Decree 67/2007 of the Xunta de Galicia). In the gardens of manor houses in Galicia (NW Spain) and Portugal grow camellias more than one century old, in most cases unidentified, even though the appropriate identification of genetic resources of ornamental cultivars of C. japonica is crucial for management of the garden collections. Thus, in the last years the specimens of artistic and historic interest growing in these gardens have been catalogued (Salinero and Vela, 2004; Salinero et al. 2007). Characterization was carried out using morphobotanic descriptors selected according to recently proposed standardized morphobotanical Figure 1. L’Ilustration Horticole.1863, vol. 10 tests for the characterization of ornamental cultivars of the genus Camellia (Accati et al., 2000; Remotti, However, the identification of these plants cast some 2002; Salinero and Vela, 2004; Jiyuan et al. 2008). doubts. A number of morphological traits showed Specimens were compared to the information some variability among specimens grouped in the included in the references of the International same cultivar, and this variability was also observed Camellia Register (ICR) (Savige, 1993), and also to within a single plant. Morphological characteristics camellia drawings of old camellia publications and can be influenced by subjective visual assessment. ancient nursery catalogues. When possible, plants Also environmental conditions can cause significant 118 variability in features as the size, color or shape The aim of the present work was to characterize and of the flower (Trehane, 2007). Considering this, it differentiate two groups of ancient specimens of was not possible to establish classes discriminatory Camellia japonica grown in gardens of Galicia and and reliable for several morphological traits in Northern Portugal using microsatellite genotyping, these two groups of plants. In the last decade, the that initially were assigned to the cultivars ‘Bella development of DNA simple sequence repeat (SSR Romana’ and ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ by or microsatellite DNA) as genetic markers in genus morphobotanic descriptors. Camellia has provided a direct study of genotype (Ueno et al. 1999; Freeman et al. 2004; Abe et al. 2006; Hung et al. 2008; Zhao et al. 2008; Ueno and Materials and Methods Tsumura 2009; Yang et al. 2009). Plant material consisted of specimens of C. japonica grown in several gardens in Galicia and northern Portugal where cataloging work has been made in recent years (Table 1). Camellia plants were assigned to two groups according to their morphological similarity: Group 1 ‘Bella Romana’ and Group 2 ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’. First plants were compared in each group among themselves, and then with reference plants of cultivars ‘Bella Romana’ and ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ grown in Galicia gardens. For molecular markers analysis, in each plant, DNA was isolated from 50 mg of leaves with EZNA HP Plant DNA Kit according to the manufacturer protocol (Omega Bio-Tek). A set of fourteen polymorphic DNA microsatellites sequences developed in C. japonica (Ueno et al., 1999; Abe et al., 2006) and C. sinensis (Freeman et al., 2004; Hung et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2008) was tested (Table 2). DNA fragments were amplified using the tailed primer method (Shuelke, 2000). Polymorphisms of 14 microsatellite loci were assessed in a maximum of 95 plants from the living camellia collection of Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra. The reactions were performed in 25 Figure 2: Verschaffelt, 1858-59, Nouvelle Iconographie, vol. 6 µL total volume containing 50 ng of genomic DNA. Cycling parameters were as follows: 5 min at 95ºC, In this way, the genetic structure of C. japonica 25 cycles for 1min at 95ºC, 45 s of hybridization in Japanese old growth forests was investigated with corresponding Tm (Table 2), 1 min at 72ºC, 20 by Ueno et al. (2000, 2002) who identified wild cycles for 1 min at 95ºC, 45 s of hybridization at individuals using four DNA microsatellite markers. 55ºC Tm, 1 min at 72ºC and a final step of 60 min at But the cultivars with ornamental interest have 72ºC. The fluorescent dye labels used were 6-FAM, never been investigated with microsatellite markers. NED, PET and VIC (Applied Biosystems). A volume DNA microsatellites markers add an important of 1 µL of amplification products were added to 20 complement to the morphobotanic descriptors that µL of formamide and 0.3 µL of Genescan 500 LIZ can be used for the identification of cultivars, since size standard. Mixed solution was denatured at 95ºC they are independent from the environment. So for 3 min. The samples were run on ABI PRISM combining the genetic profile with morphobotanic 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Allele descriptors might implement the characterization of scoring was performed using the GeneScan 3.5 the ornamental camellia cultivars. (Applied Biosystems). 119 Specimen Location Municipality Cultivar C0266 Vicenti garden Pontevedra ((NW Spain)) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ C0268 Fine Arts School garden Pontevedra ((NW Spain)) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ C0275 Herrería Square garden Pontevedra (NW Spain) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ 34 Mar Pazo de Mariñan Bergondo (NW Spain) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ 578 Jardim Botânico do Porto Porto (Portugal) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ C0277 Marín City Hall garden Marín (NW Spain) ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ C0106 Pazo de Gandarón Pontevedra (NW Spain) reference specimen C0253 Pazo de Lourizán Pontevedra (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ C0269 Pazo Quiñones de León Vigo (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ S04 Soutomaior Castle Soutomaior (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ 116 Soutomaior Castle Soutomaior (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ 287 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro Pontevedera (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ C0084 Liceo Casino de Pontevedra Poio (NW Spain) ‘Bella Romana’ ‘Bella Romana’ 176 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro Pontevedra (NW Spain) reference specimen Table 1. Codes of the camellia specimens characterized in this work together with the location, municipality and the cultivar name abscribed by means of morphological descriptors.

Locus Repeat motif Tm (ºC) Alleles size (bp) A H0 He

MSCjaF25 (CA)8(AAAAAT)4 46 213-245 12 0.65 0.71

MSCjaH38 (GA)14 55 344-370 10 0.69 0.87

MSCjaF37 (AG)13(GAA)7 58 343-362 8 0.78 0.89

MSCjaH46 (GA)16 60 443-461 6 0.34 0.56

Ca01 (CAG)6…(CAG)5 55 157-176 4 0.18 0.48

Ca08 (CT)10 55 154-187 6 0.52 0.73

MSCjaR02 (CT)8...(CT)11 55 200-224 6 0.56 0.77

Ca06 (GT)12(GA)10 55 237-262 8 0.67 0.78

Z641 (AGAGA)3 55 149-209 4 0.22 0.45

Z496 (AG)11 64 102-122 4 0.23 0.41

CamsinM5 (GT)15(GA)8 64 206-224 7 0.53 0.77

MSCjaQ11 (GA)13 60 219-248 6 0.47 0.70

MSCjaT25 (GA)4...(GA)18 60 172-193 4 0.29 0.43

CamsinM11 (CA)12 60 173-182 4 0.32 0.59

2; th He= 1-Σ pi pi= frequency of the i allele Ho= number of heterozygotes detected / total number of plants assessed Table 2: DNA analysis of different camellia cultivars from living collection of Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra for 14 microsatellite loci. Allele size range, number of alleles detected (A), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities. 120 121 Results cataloguing of this material is a very difficult task even for technicians having an extensive experience Group 1 ‘Bella Romana’ and knowledge of camellias. In particular, there is not The genotyping of the six cultivars identified as reliable information on the reference specimens of ‘Bella Romana’ with 14 microsatellites revealed the two groups studied: ‘Bella Romana’ and ‘Prince that they were 4 different cultivars of C. japonica. Eugene Napoleon’. These reference specimens were Cultivar cv1 comprises specimens C0253, S04 and identified at the end of the 20th century by one of 116, showing an identical genetic profile for the 14 the pioneers in camellia cultivar cataloguing, Mr. microsatellites used. Each specimen C0269, 287 and Antonio Odriozola (Odriozola, 1986). C0084 corresponded to a different cultivar (cv2, cv3 and cv4, respectively) since their genetic profiles Molecular techniques have succeeded in are different from each other and also from cv1. All characterising individuals in varied groups of studied specimens had a genotype different from the organisms. In different plant genera these have reference cultivar ‘Bella Romana’ (176). In group 1 proved to be useful and complementary tools to the microsatellite named Ca08 covers all the genetic morphobotanic descriptors for the characterization variability detected using the 14 microsatellites, of cultivars (Varshney et al. 2005). As regards since by itself is able to differentiate the studied the specimens studied in the present work, the cultivars and also separate them from the reference microsatellite markers have revealed a genetic cultivar (Figure 3A). variability higher than using the morphobotanic descriptors alone. This fact points out the need Group 2 ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ to complement morphobotanic descriptors with The genetic profile of the six specimens belonging microsatellite genetic markers, since they enhance to Group 2 ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ was also the possibilities of discrimination among cultivars obtained with the selected microsatellites (Table 2). and they would even enable the identification of They revealed that they were two different cultivars plants in growth stages different from the blooming of C. japonica. The first cultivar (cv5) grouped period. However, due to their genetic variability that specimens C0266, C0268, 34Mar and 578 having could be masked by the similarity of morphobotanic the same results using the 14 microsatellites. The descriptors among the different cultivars, it is second cultivar comprises C0275 and C0277 (cv 6), necessary to establish reference specimens to having identical genetic profile but they differ from guarantee a proper and accurate identification. cultivar 5 in microsatellites MSCjaF25, MSCjaH38, The use of these microsatellite genetic markers MSCjaF37, is of special interest in those cultivars difficult to MSCjaR02 and Ca06. In Group 2 specimens differentiate, such as these having formal double of cultivar 5 show the same genotype than the white flowers (‘Rainha Santa Isabel’, ‘Alba Delecta’, reference cultivar ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ ‘Alba Imbricata’), those double red-pink and a white (C0106). In Group 2 the microsatellite MSCjaF37 band in the middle of the petal (‘Cruciata’, ‘Bella di summarizes all the genetic variation detected using Firenze’, ‘Arciduca Carlo’) as well as others being the 14 microsatellites; it is able to separate cultivars very similar in appearance. 5 and 6 and shows that cultivar 5 corresponds to the reference specimen ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ References (Figure 3B). Abe H., Matsuki R., Ueno S., Nashimoto M., Hasegawa M. 2006. ������������������������������Dispersal of Camellia japonica Discussion seeds by Apodemus speciosus revealed by maternity Since the 19th century camellias have been analysis of plants and behavioral observation of extensively used in gardening and they have animal vectors. Ecological�������������������������������� Research 21: 732-740. increasingly been gaining importance in recent Accati E., Corneo A., Remotti D. 2000. Camelia������� years. At present, some of the specimens that were dell’Ottocento nel Verbano. Regione Piemonte. planted at that time are still growing in the historical Turín, Italy. gardens, however there is no available information either of the origin or the name of the cultivar. The Decree 67/2007, 22nd March, of the Catálogo 122 Galego de Árbores Senlleiras. Consellería de Medio Trehane J. 2007. Camellias, the gardener’s Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible da Xunta de encyclopedia. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon, Galicia (DOGA nº74, 17 de abril de 2007). USA

Freeman S., West J., James C., Lea V., Mayes. 2004. Savige T. 1993. The International Camellia Register, Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic vols. 1, 2. International Camellia Society. Sydney, microsatellites in tea (Camellia sinensis). Mol Ecol Australia. Notes 4: 324 - 326. Ueno S., Yoshimaru H., Tomaru N., Yamamoto Hung C.Y., Wang K.H., Huang C.C., Gong X., Ge S. 1999. Development and characterization of X.J., Chiang T.Y. 2008. Isolation and characterization microsatellite markers in Camellia japonica L. of 11 microsatellite loci from Camellia sinensis in Molecular Ecology 8: 335-346. Taiwan using PCR-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA). ���������������������������������Conservation Genetics 9: 779-781. Ueno S, Tomaru N, Yoshimaru H, Manabe T, Jiyuan L., Sui N., Xinley L., Zhang X., Jiyin G. Yamamoto S. 2000. Genetic structure of Camellia 2008. Developing������������������������������������������� the International Test Guideline japonica L. in an old-growth evergreen forest, of Distinctness Uniformity and Stability for Tsushima, Japan. Mol Ecol 9: 647-56. Ornamental Camellia Varieties. International Ueno S., Tomaru N., Yoshimaru H., Manabe T., Camellia Journal 40: 112-118. Yamamoto S. 2002. Size-class��������������������������������� differences in genetic Odriozola A. 1986. Camelias en los Pazos y jardines structure and individual distribution of Camellia pontevedreses en La Camelia. Diputación Provincial japonica L. in a Japanese old-growth evergreen de Pontevedra, pp. 177- 183. Pontevedra, Spain. forest. Heredity 98: 120-126. Remotti D. 2002. Identification and morpho-botanic Ueno S. & Tsumura Y. 2009. Development of characterization of old Camellia japonica cultivars microsatellite and amplicon length polymorphism grown in historic gardens of the Lake Maggiore markers for Camellia japonica L. from tea plant (Italy). Acta Horticulturae, 572: 179-188. (Camellia sinensis) expressed sequence tags. Rodríguez-Dacal C., Izco J. 2003. Árboles Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 814-816. monumentales en el Patrimonio cultural de Galicia. Varshney R.K., Graner A., Sorrells M.E. 2005. Xunta de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Genic microsatellite markers in plants: features and Salinero C., Vela P., Bengoechea C. 2003. Camellias applications. Trends Biotechnol. 23: 48-55. at Soutomaior Castle. International Camellia Journal 35: 40-42. Yang J.-B., Yang J., Li H-T, Zhao Y., Yang S-X. 2009. Isolation and characterization of 15 microsatellite Salinero C., Vela P. 2004. La camelia en la Diputación markers from wild tea plant (Camellia taliensis) de Pontevedra. Ed. Diputación Provincial de using FIASCO method. Conserv Genet 10: 1621- Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain. 1623.

Salinero C., Vela P., González M., Andressen J., Zhao L.P., Liu Z., Chen E.L., Yao E.M.Z., Wang Caldas-Barreto F. 2007. ��������������������The Botanical Garden E.X.C. 2008. Generation and characterization of of Porto and its camellias. International Camellia 24 novel EST derived microsatellites from tea plant Journal, 39: 38-47. (Camellia sinensis) and cross-species amplification Shuelke M. 2000. An economic method for the in its closely related species and varieties. Conserv. fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nature Genet. 9: 1327–1331. Biotechnology 18: 233-234. 123 Compositions and variations ;column temperature 30C; wave length, 525 nm; flow rate, 1ml/min and an injection volume, 10μm. of anthocyanins in camellia The composition and content were determined by cultivars of China the High Performance Liquid Chromatography Jiyuan Li1, Sui Ni2, Jianbi Li3, Xiaoqing (HPLC) system: Waters 486 UV-Vis detector; Zhang1, Zhenqqi Fan1, Xinlei Li1 empower software workstation; Column C18 (pH 1~12; I.D. 4.6 mm x 150 mm); μ Bondpak C18 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, No.73 (3.9 mm x 300 mm x 4.6μm). Each area of the Daqiao Rd. Fuyang City, Zhejiang Province, corresponding peak was calculated as a percentage P.R.China,311400 of relative concentration�������������������������� (������������������������Hashimoto 2000;���������� Li 2008; 2 Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo and Wang����������� 2001). University, Fenghua 818, Jiangdong District, These compositions were tested by HPLC: Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, P.R.China,315211 Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), Cyanidin-3- 3 Department of Biotechnology and Physiology, O-β-galactopyranoside (Cy3Ga), Cyanidin-3-O- Faculty of Agriculture, Yunnan Agricultural (6- O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl)- β- galactopyranoside University, 650201 (Cy3GaZpC), Cyanidin-3-O-(6- O-(E)-caffeoyl)- β- galactopyranoside (Cy3GECaf), Cyanidin-3- E-mail: [email protected] O-(6- O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl)- β- glucopyranoside Introduction (Cy3GZpC), Cyanidin-3-O-(6- O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)- - galactopyranoside (Cy3GaEpC) and Cyanidin- Camellia japonica is an important camellia species β 3-O-(6- O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)- - glucopyranoside widely distributed in southern China, from Taiwan β (Cy3GEpC). in southeastern part to Sichuan Province in the central western part (Zhang HT and Ren S.X 1998). Data was performed with the statistic software of There are several ������������������������������hundred����������������������� cultivars derived from SPSS 13.0�. this species, grown in coastal southeastern area especially in Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangsu Province, Results and in central western area especially in Sichuan Variations of anthocyanin compositions in all Province and Chongqi Municipality. These camellia cultivars cultivars are traditionally classified into Sichuan Group and Eastern China Group in China. But, There were total of seven principal anthocyanins there are still some problems in nomenclature and found in these 88 camellia cultivars in the two identification for these cultivars. regions in China. The Cy3G is the ����������������main anthocyanin in����� the Camellia japonica�������� cultivars with red flowers, Materials and Methods with �����������������������������������������an��������������������������������������� average content of 49.03% of ���������the �����total anthocyanins,������������������������������������������������������������������� and variation range from 14.07%�- D���������������������������������������������������uring the flowering season, fresh petals����������� of���������� a total 78.84% in petals. The Cy3GEpC is the second of 88 - economically important cultivars were larges����������������������������������������t�������������������������������������� component��������������������������������,���������������������������� with ���������������������an������������������� average content of collected in Zhejiang Province of southeast 25.04% and variation range from 1.10%��������-�������65.90%. part of Chin�a ��an��������d in Sic�h�u�an� ��an���d C�h�o��ng��qi The Cy3Ga is the third larges���������������������t������������������� component�������������,��������� with ��an of central western part of China (Chen S.Y, average content of 11.26% and the variation range 1985; Gao J.Y. 1998 ). from 0.56%����������������������������������������-���������������������������������������36.28%. The contents for the other four The procedure for the extraction of pigments was compositions, including Cy3GaZpC, Cy3GECaf, described by Li���������������������������������� (2008), and Sakata (1988)������. HPLC Cy3GZpC and Cy3GaEpC, are muc����������������h������������ lower, with analysis was performed with a linear flow-gradient the average from 1.16%-�������������6.78%. under conditions as follows: solution A, H3PO4 Variations of content of anthocyanin compositions AND H2O, 1.5:98.5 (v/v %); Solution B, H PO , 3 4 in southeastern and central western regions HCOOH, CH3CN and H2O, 1.4:19:23.8:50.8 (v/v %); Solution C, methanol. A:B:C=82:18:0(initial) Although, there were some ������������������������differences���������������� for climate, to 82:18:0 (final), 48 minutes; column, XTerra@ soil, propagation method and cultivation for camellia 124 cultivars in the two regions, we found that contents 70 ce�tr�l west of anthocyanin composition differ very slightly 60 (Fig. 1). This indicates that these camellia cultivars sout�e�ster� have been influenced very little by genes from other 50 camellia species in these areas, and derived from the 40 same species of Camellia japonica. 30 60 20 sout�e�ster� 10 50 Ce�tr�l �est 0 40 rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� � G C f C C C G 3 p � p p p 3 y � C � E E 30 y C � E G � G C G G 3 G 3 3 3 y 3 y y y C y C 20 C C C 10 ��t�ocy��i� compositio�

rel�tive co�te�t of compositio� (%) 0 Fig.2 content of anthocyanin composition in Cultivar ‘Qixinhong’ grown in two regions � f G C � C C C G 3 p C p p p 3 y � � E E y E C � G � G C G G 3 G 3 3 3 y y 3 y y C y C C C C 70 ce�tr�l west Compositio� 60 sout�e�ster� Fig. 1 Comparison of relative content of 50 anthocyanin composition in two geographic regions 40 30 Variations of content of anthocyanin compositions 20 between cultivars with the same name 10 For some camellia cultivars grown in various 0

regions in China, they were given different names rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� by local people although they ��������������������probably������������ are similar � G C f C C C G 3 p � p p p 3 y � C � E E to each other. There are three pairs of cultivars, i.e. y C � E G � G C G G 3 G 3 3 3 y 3 y ‘���������������������������������������������Qixinhong’�����������������������������������������������������������������������, ‘�����������������������������������������������������������������Zijinguan’��������������������������������������������� and �����������������‘����������������Zichonglou’����������� both y y C y C C C C collected in southeastern and central west region. The Fig.2 shows that ‘�������������������������������������������������������Qixinhong’����������������������������������� collected in the ��t�ocy��i� compositio� two regions are probably the same cultivar because there was only a slight����������������������������� difference���������������������������� for Cy3G in these Fig.3����������������������������������������������������������������������������� content of anthocyanin composition in two cultivars. However, the major three compo�����nents Cultivar ‘Zijinguan�����������������������������������������������������’ grown in two regions differ dramatically in the cultivar ������������������‘�����������������Zijinguan’��������������� (Fig.3) and in the cultivar ���������������������������������‘��������������������������������Zichonglou’������������������������������������������� (Fig.4). This result shows that the cultivar ���������������������������‘��������������������������Zijinguan’��������������������������������� in central west may be not the same cultivar in the coastal southeast region although it was given the same name, and so does for the cultivar ‘�������������������������Zichonglou’���. Variation of content of anthocyanin composition between petals in the center and at outside rows in the same flower S�������������������������������������������������ome camellia cultivars with red flowers, may have slightly different petal������������������������������������� �������������������������������colors in a flower.������������ P����������etals from���� 125 west region and 30 grown in coastal southeastern 70 ce�tr�l west 60 ce�tr�l west region. However, the dendrogram shows that these 60 50 camellia cultivars may be clustered into two groups. sout�e�ster� sout�e�ster� 50 40 In Group I, there are 41 cultivars, of which 23 are 40 from central west region and 18 from southeastern 30 region. It is featured with higher Cy3G and Cy3Ga. 30 20 On the other hand, there were 35 cultivars from 20 central west and 12 from southeastern part in the 10 10 Group II, with relatively lower Cy3G and Cy3Ga, 0 0 but relatively higher Cy3GaEpC and Cy3GZpC rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� (Fig.6). This indicates that the pattern of variation f � G C f C C C � G C � C C C G 3 p � p p p G 3 p p p p 3 y � C � E 3 y � C � E E for anthocyanin content does not accord with the y E E y C � E G � C � G � G C G 3 G C G G 3 G 3 G 3 y G 3 traditional geographic group (Fig 7). 3 3 y 3 y 3 y 3 y y y C y C y C y C C C C C C C 70 ��t�ocy��i� compositio� ��t�ocy��i� compositio� Group I Fig.4����������������������������������������������������������������������������� content of anthocyanin composition in 60 Group II Fig.2 content of anthocyanin composition in Cultivar ‘Zichonglou��������������������������������’���������������������� grown in two regions 50 Cultivar ‘Qixinhong’ grown in two regions the�������������������������������������������������� central part and��������������������������������� from outside��������������������������� rows were collected 40 and analyzed for the�������������������������������� content���������������������������� of seven anthocyanin 30

compositions in eight camellia cultivars, i.e. 20 70 ce�tr�l west ‘����������������������������������������������Yanghong’���������������������������������������������������������������������������, �����������������������������������‘����������������������������������Shoutao’�����������������������������������������������������, ������������������������‘�����������������������Yinhong’�������������������������������, �������������‘������������Lujiaohong’,�� 10 60 ‘���������������������������������������Chidan’�����������������������������������������������������������������, ‘�����������������������������������������������������������Yulinjia’���������������������,�������������������� ‘������������������Hongshibaxueshi�����������������’���, sout�e�ster� Rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� 50 ‘�����������������������������������������������Xinsonghua�������������������������������������’������������������������������������. The average results show that they 0

differ slightly only for Cy3G and Cy3GEpC. This � G C f C C G 3 p � p p 40 3 y � C � E y C � E G � indicates that Cy3G and Cy3GEpC may co����������-���������influence C G G 3 G 3 3 y 3 30 y y C y the red color of petals at a same flower. C C C 20 A�t�ocy��i� compositio� 60 10 outside pet�ls Fig.6����������������������������������������������������������������������� content of anthocyanin composition 0 50

rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� ce�tr�l pet�ls between Group I and Group II 40 � G C f C C C G 3 p � p p p 3 y � C � E E y C � E G � G C G G 3 G 3 30 3 3 y 3 y Discussion and Conclusions y y C y C C C C 20 There is a total of seven anthocyanin compositions ��t�ocy��i� compositio� 10 found in these 88 camellia cultivars derived from Camellia japonica, but Cy3G and Cy3GEpC are the Fig.3����������������������������������������������������������������������������� content of anthocyanin composition in 0 most importan�����������������������t�������������� compositions. Cultivar ‘Zijinguan�����������������������������������������������������’ grown in two regions rel�tive co�te�t of ��t�ocy��i� (%) � G C f C C C G 3 p � p p p 3 y � C � E E There are slight differences of contents for most y C � E G � G C G G 3 G 3 3 3 y 3 y anthocyanin compositions in these cultivars in central y y C y C C C C west and coastal southeastern region, although they ��t�ocy��i� compositio� are grown in variou�����������������������������������s���������������������������� soil, light and propagation Fig.5����������������������������������������������������������������������������� content of anthocyanin composition in situations.������������������������������������������ This indicates that these cultivars have central petals and outside row petals in eight not ���������������������������������������������been ����������������������������������������influenced by uranat�����������������������l������������������� hybridization ����with cultivar��������s� other camellias in these two regions. Geographic variations in the central west and It was found that the cultivar ���������������������‘��������������������Qixinhong’��������������������� in Sichuan southeastern region Province and Zhejiang Province should be the same In 88 camellia cultivars, of which 58 were cultivar because they are very similar to����������� ����������each other collected and are thought to be grown in central for the content of major anthocyanins. But, cultivar 126 ‘�������������������������������������������Zijinguan’������������������������������������������������������������������� in Sichuan Province and cultivar ‘�������������������������������������������������Zijinguan’������������������������������������������������������������������������������� in Zhejiang Province should not be same cultivar even though������������������������������������ they����������������������������� have the same name. ����This is also true������������������������������������������ for the cultivar ‘�����������������������������������������������Zichonglou’�������������������������. The ������result shows����������������������������������������� that anthocyanin composition may be used to �����������������������������������������������distinguish������������������������������������ camellia cultivars with red flowers to some extent. If cultivars ha����������������������ve�������������������� not been��������������� ����������identified by anthocyanin composition and morphological characteristics, DNA analysis is the������������n�������� needed. These 88 camellia cultivars were clustered into two group based on the������������������������������� ���������������������������dendrogram of 7 anthocyanin compositions, sourced���������������������������������� ��������������������������from ���������������������both the central������������ west and southeastern region in each group. It appears that the pattern of variations does not accord with the �������������������������������������������������traditional�������������������������������������� geographic variations, and that means that there may be no typical camellia cultivar groups for the�������������������������������������� central west and southeastern groups���. Acknowledgements We are grateful to ������������������������������Mr Zhang Zhongliang at Chongqi Nanshan Botanical Garden, Ms You Feimin in Jinhua City, Mr. Zhou Fulu at Pixian, Mr��������������� ��������������Gong Xinguo at Qionglai, Mr. Wang Xinli and Mr. Liu Shoufa at Shifang of Sichuan Province, �����������������������for their valuable help in collecting����������������������������������� camellia flower samples.� References Chen S�����������������������������������������.Y���������������������������������������. �������������������������������������1985. �������������������������������Camellias of Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Press of Science and Technology.� Gao J.Y. 1998. The World’���������������������������s������������������������� Best Camellia Cultivars. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Press of S & T. Li J�������������������������������������������.������������������������������������������B, Hashimoto F, Shimizu K, Sakata Y.������� 2008. Anthocyanins from red flowers��� o��f Camellia cultivar ‘����������������������������������������Dalicha’.��������������������������������� ������������������������������Phytochemistry. 69: 3166������-�����3171. Sakata Y. �������������������������������������1988. Studies������������������������������� on Flower Colors in the Genus Camellia, with Special Reference to the Phylogenies of the Genus. Kogoshima, Japan.���� The��� Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima. University. No.3.� Wang L.S., F. Hashimoto, A. Shiraishi, N. Aoki, J. J. Li, K. Shimizu, Y. Sakata. ������������������2001. Phenetics������������ in Fig. 7 Dendrogram of 88 Tree Peony Species from China by Flower Pigment camellia cultivars based Cluster Analysis. J. Plant Research.�������������� ������������114: 213-221 on content of 7 major Zhang H.T. Ren S.X, 1998. ������������������������Flora Republic Popularis anthocyanin compostion Sinicae.�������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������Beijing������������������������������������ �����������������������������������:���������������������������������� ���������������������������������Science Press.������������������� Tomus������������������ 49���������� ���������(3)������ �����:���� ���84. in petals. 127 Somatic embryogenesis and In an effort to save these underdeveloped embryos, Longwood Gardens attempted embryo rescues of 5 somatic embryo germination seeds collected from the cross C. azalea × C. japonica ‘Maiden of Great Promise’. Once underdeveloped of Camellia azalea seeds were placed in tissue culture, few germinated × Camellia japonica and most began to develop callus and/or somatic embryos on the cotyledons. The objective of this ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ study was to determine which growth hormones Matthew Taylor����������������������������������,��������������������������������� Edwin Leinbach and Jason Lattier are required in tissue culture for secondary somatic embryogenesis and for germination of somatic Longwood Gardens, Kennett Sq, PA, USA 19348 embryos. Email: [email protected] Introduction Discovered in 1986 in China, the ever-blooming Camellia azalea Wei. is one of the rarest and most unique species of Camellia (Lattier et al., 2009). In the year 2000, this rare species was obtained by Longwood Gardens and is the oldest specimen of C. azalea in the United States. Most Camellia species are not year-long bloomers because their growth is episodic and synchronous. Episodic growth causes the average camellia to grow in phases, meaning that it flushes new growth or sets flowers only at certain times of the year, followed by a period of rest. Synchronous growth causes the typical camellia to produce shoots or flowers that are fairly uniform in their development across the entire plant. The C. azalea (native to zone 10) is different from other members of the genus and exhibits non-episodic, Figure 1. Underdeveloped hybrid seed of cross using asynchronous growth typical of many tropical plants. C. azalea as the maternal parent. C. azalea can bloom literally in every month of the year, and is continually covered with shoots at every Materials and Methods stage of growth (Harbage, 2003). The branches of Immature seeds were collected from mature fruit C. azalea even set vegetative and floral buds at the from the cross C. azalea × C. japonica ‘Maiden same time. of Great Promise’ on April 4, 2008. Testas were Since the acquisition of C. azalea, Longwood removed from each seed before undergoing a Gardens has attempted to transfer the ever-blooming surface sterilization treatment of a 15% bleach trait to some of the more cold-hardy cultivars solution for 15 minutes. Seeds were then rinsed in of Camellia. Prior to 2008, Longwood Gardens autoclaved distilled water under sterile conditions had only produced 8 seedlings from traditional in in a laminar-flow hood and were placed into 70 vivo seed germination, four from crosses with the ml glass test tubes containing 10 ml tissue culture straight species C. japonica and four from crosses media consisting of 4.43 g·L-1 Murashige and Skoog with C. pitardii. When C. azalea is used a maternal salts with vitamins (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), parent seed is often underdeveloped and nonviable. 30 g·L-1 sucrose, 7 g·L-1 BactoAgar per liter and a Most often the seed is completely hollow and pH of 5.7. Afterwards seeds were placed in a growth occasionally, below the deformed or cracking testa, chamber under constant 100 mmol.m-2.s-1 light from will be underdeveloped small white seed (Figure 1). cool white fluorescent bulbs and held at a constant These hybrid seeds are non-viable when sown in temperature of 23 °C. Seeds continued to enlarge for vivo. four weeks and began to form callus. 128 During weeks four through eight, the seeds continued sucrose, 7 g·L-1 BactoAgar, 1 mg·L-1 indol-3-butyric to produce callus, but no shoot or radicle formation acid and a pH of 5.7. The four treatments were; -1 -1 -1 was detected. After eight weeks, all embryos were 1 mg·L BAP, 1 mg·L BAP plus 1 mg·L GA3 transferred onto new media containing 0.2 mg·L-1 (Gibberellic Acid), 1 mg·L-1 GA, and no additional cytokinin BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), while all hormones (control). Somatic embryos were placed other ingredients remained the same. Cytokinin under��������������������������������������������� experimental conditions as they accumulated. is a plant hormone that, when added to tissue On January 28, February 19, March 13 and April culture media, induces the formation of callus and 2, one to three somatic embryos were placed in 70 encourages shoot development. Once transferred ml glass tubes containing 10 ml of one of the four to the media containing cytokinin, two of the five treatment medias and each tube was a replication. If cultures continued to produce callus and one of tubes became contaminated during the experiment these began to produce somatic embryos. Somatic they were removed, which led to the uneven number embryogenesis is the process by which a plant of treatment reps. At the end of the experiment there embryo forms from cells that do not typically form were a total of 14 reps with BAP, 18 with BAP and into embryos. This type embryo formation allows GA, 16 with GA, and 15 controls. Once somatic for production of multiple plants from callus or embryo explants were placed in culture tubes they other plant tissues and can be used for rapid clonal were covered with polyethylene caps and wrapped production or to rescue genetic material. with Parafilm® at the base of the cap to help prevent contamination. All cultures were placed in a growth chamber with environmental conditions identical to those described above. Initially, and every 4 weeks for a 12 week period following culture, each explant was evaluated for the number of somatic embryos, number of germinated somatic embryos, and maximum width of the culture. The width was measured to gauge how fast each culture is growing since somatic embryos can vary greatly in size and in some cases callus was produced but was not measured. Embryos were considered germinating if leaves had begun to form. All figures were created with SigmaPlot (2006 Systat Software, Inc., Germany) and error bars represent standard error of the treatment method.

Results Figure 2. Secondary somatic embryos forming on a somatic embryo from a C. azalea × C. japonica The size of cultures in tubes that contained BAP and ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ hybrid seed. GA were significantly larger than cultures with just (Photo – Bud Easler) GA or with no added hormone at 12 weeks (Figure 3). By the end of the experiment the average number of As clusters of somatic embryos formed on somatic embryos per tube increased to 5.9 for culture cotyledons and callus of immature hybrid seed, the on media that contained only BAP, 4.3 for cultures embryos were continually divided and transferred with BAP plus GA and 3.0 - 3.1 for all other cultures onto MS medium with 10 mg·L-1 BAP. On this (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows germination number and media, secondary somatic embryogenesis occurred percentage of somatic embryos from each treatment. and this media was used to produce a supply of Explants treated with BAP plus GA had the highest somatic embryos for the experiment. number and percentage of germinated embryos 4, For the experiment, secondary somatic embryos 8 and 12 weeks after culture and the number of were cultured on MS media, with 4.43 g·L-1 germinated embryos were significantly higher than Murishige and Skoog salts with vitamins, 30 g·L-1 all other treatments at 12 weeks. 129 3.0 BA 3 BA BA ��d GA Number of germinated BA ��d GA 2.5 GA somatic embryos GA Co�trol 2 Co�trol Width (cm) 2.0 1

1.5 som�tic embryos idt� (cm) Number of �ermi��ted 0 1.0

Germinated somatic embryos (%) 80 BA 0.5 BA ��d GA 8 GA BA Co�trol 60 Number of somatic embryos BA ��d GA 6 GA Co�trol 40

4 20

2 Germi��ted som�tic embryos (%) 0

Number of som�tic embryos 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 �eek 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure 4. Average number and percentage of �eek germinated somatic embryos per tube in cultures treated with 1 mg·L-1 BAP, 1 mg·L-1 BAP plus Figure 3. Average maximum width of somatic 1 mg·L-1 GA, 1 mg·L-1 GA, or no added hormone embryo cultures and average number of somatic (control), initially and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after embryos per tube treated with 1 mg·L-1 BAP, culture. 1 mg·L-1 BAP plus 1 mg·L-1 GA, 1 mg·L-1 GA, or no added hormone (control), initially and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after culture.

Discussion These results indicate that neither BAP nor GA is embryos formed and the number of germinating required for secondary somatic embryogenesis or somatic embryos (Figure 3 and 4). It has been germination of somatic embryos from C. azalea × shown with both C. sinensis (Seran et al., 2007 and C. japonica ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ hybrid seed, Arulpragasam et al., 1988) and C. reticulata (Chengji which occurred with all treatments. It is apparent that and Hanxing, 1985) that high BAP concentrations (1- the presence of BAP at 1 mg·L-1 can increase the rate 10 mg·L-1) increase the production somatic embryos. of explant growth, the number of secondary somatic Embryo explants cultured on media with BAP plus 130 GA produced the highest number and percentage of germinated embryos (Figure 4). This treatment also increased the size of embryo cultures compared to explants in the control and GA treatments (Figure 3). Gibberellic acid may assist with germination since it brings about de novo synthesis of α-amylase and hydrolases, which mobilize starch reserves during normal embryo germination (Mondal et al., 2002). Also when media contained GA, germination of C. reticulata somatic embryos increased from 16 to 32% (Plata and Vieitez, 1990). In the present study GA alone did not have a significant effect on somatic embryo production or germination but does seem to have a synergistic or additive effect with BAP. Figure 5. Cluster of white somatic embryos, germinating somatic embryos and green plantlets During this experiment cultures often had somatic developed from cotyledons of C. azalea × C. embryos, germinating somatic embryos, plantlets, japonica ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ hybrid seed. plants and callus all growing in the same culture (Figure 5 and 6). It is probable that with proper hormone ratios and concentrations, explants would react more specifically, rather than producing the ambiguous growth seen in this study. Higher BAP and/or GA concentrations may further increase the rate of somatic embryo formation and germination with C. azalea hybrids, but further experimentation to determine this is needed. Additionally, the IBA concentration was 1 mg·L-1 for each treatment in this study. IBA along with other auxins���������������� are known to cause physiological changes in plants and should also be evaluated for their potential for somatic embryogenesis and somatic embryo germination with C. azalea hybrids. Somatic embryogenesis is a valuable tool for C. azalea breeders and can be used to save genetic material that would otherwise be lost as a nonviable seed. Currently, the challenges lie in the variability among hybrids with different parents in their Figure 6. Somatic embryos, germinating somatic response to in vitro culture, as well as the transition embryos, plantlets, plants and callus developed from the in vitro to the in vivo environment. from cotyledons of C. azalea × C. japonica ‘Maiden of Great Promise’ hybrid seed.

Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge Jim Harbage, Alan Petravich, Christopher Rocco and Emma Van de Water and their assistance with this project. 131 References Camellia luteocerata sp. nov. and Arulpragasam, P., R. Latiff, and P. Seneviratne. a new section of Camellia (Dalatia) 1988. Studies on the tissue culture of tea (Camellia from Vietnam sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). 3. Regeneration of plants from cotyledon callus culture. Sri Lanka Journal of George Orel and Peter G. Wilson Tea Science 57: 20-23 G. Orel ([email protected]) and Peter G. Wilson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Chengji, Z. and L. Hanxing. 1985. In-vitro embryoid Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia formation of Camellia reticulata L. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis Sinica 18: 275-281 A new Vietnamese species of the genus Camellia L. (Theaceae, Theoidae) is described and illustrated Harbage, J. F, 2003. Ever-blooming Camellia azalea as C. luteocerata Orel. This species occurs in is alive and well in Longwood Gardens. American the rainforests of Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. Camellia Yearbook. 2003: 8-11 Morphological characteristics that distinguish it Lattier, J.D., J. Harbage, M. Taylor, and A. Petravich. from related Camellia species are presented and 2009. Embryo rescue of rare Camellia azalea discussed. Morphological evidence supports a hybrids. American Camellia Yearbook. 2008. 34- taxonomic placement in a new section, which is 44 described here as Camellia sect. Dalatia Orel, within C. subgen. Protocamellia (sensu Chang). Murashige and Skoog, 1962. A revised medium Camellia L. is a member of the tea family (Theaceae). for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue This genus is well represented in Vietnam, and its culture. Physiologia Plantarum. 15:473-497. species are found throughout most of the country. Mondal, T., A. Bhattacharya, A. Sood, and P. Ahuja. Vietnam is considered a major centre of diversity 2002. Factors affecting germination and conversion for Camellia, having approximately 20% of all frequency of somatic embryos of tea (Camellia the species located within its boundaries (Sealy sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Journal of plant physiology. 1958, Chang and Bartholomew 1984). During field 159: 1317-1321 work near the border of Cat Tien National Park, a Plata, E. and A. M. Vieitez. 1990. In vitro regeneration distinctive new yellow-flowered species ofCamellia of Camellia reticulata by somatic embryogenesis. with brittle waxy petals was discovered. This species Journal of horticultural science 65: 707-714 is known only from the type collection and appears to be confined to dense rainforest in un-flooded, tall, Seran, T., K. Hirimburegama, and M. Gunasekare. subtropical rainforest, where it forms part of a dense 2007. Production of cotyledon-type somatic embryos understorey layer, enduring conditions of low light directly from immature cotyledonary explants of and high humidity on nutrient-poor soils. The species Camellia sinensis (L.). Journal of Horticultural here named C. luteocerata exhibits a combination Science & Biotechnology. 82: 119-125 of distinctive morphological characteristics. The flowers ofC. luteocerata possess a recognisable (Up to this time the editor knows of no-one in the 5-petaloid outer whorl, whilst the remainder of the world who has successfully grown tissue-cultured inner 6-8 petals may be described as being in a camellias from the laboratory plantlet stage to the continuous spiral arrangement around a common saleable nursery plant state. There’s a challenge for axis, proceeding from the proximal to the distal an ICJ article for the future !) JET. end, i.e. a petal arrangement that is quite dissimilar to the whorled arrangement of other Camellia species. Combined with the laterally oblongoid, intensely yellow, fleshy, waxy, rigid and brittle flowers, C. luteocerata is dissimilar to the species contained in any of the published camellia sections currently recognised, including those in sections Archaecamellia, Stereocarpus and Piquetia (sensu Sealy 1958, Chang and Bartholomew 1984, Chang 132 1996), or subgen. Thea, sect. Archaecamellia (sensu regions of southern China and northern Vietnam. Ming and Bartholomew 2007), and so a new section, Until now, the distribution of yellow-flowered sect. Dalatia Orel, is proposed. Comparisons with Camellia species was presumed to be confined to these existing sections demonstrate the distinctness southern China and north Vietnam only (Chang of the newly proposed section: and Bartholomew 1984, Gao et al. 2005, Ming and Bartholomew 2007). Section Archaecamellia (sensu Sealy) possesses long, thick pedicels, (sect. Dalatia: flowers sessile, The taxonomy of the genus Camellia, represented by or almost sessile); styles 3 or 5, free, (sect. Dalatia: the three taxonomic systems of Sealy (1958), Chang styles 5 and proximally fused for two-thirds of their and Bartholomew (1984) and Ming (2000), is in length); sect. Archaecamellia (sensu Chang), flowers disarray and at best can be termed to be provisional terminal, (sect. Dalatia: flowers axillary or terminal); and unsatisfactory (Chapman and Wang 2002). The bracts and sepals thin and coriaceous, (sect. Dalatia: three systems, that are based on the assessment bracts partially woody, sepals thick and rigid); styles of morphological characteristics, disagree on free, (sect. Dalatia: styles proximally fused for two- the number of subgenera, the respective sections thirds of their length); sect. Archaecamellia (sensu contained within them, and also on the overall Ming), stamens in whorls, (sect. Dalatia: stamens number of Camellia species accepted. Sealy’s randomly distributed); filaments form a tube, (sect. taxonomic system recognizes 12 sections and some Dalatia: filaments do not form a tube). 106 Camellia species, Chang distinguishes four subgenera, 22 sections and about 280 species, whilst Section Stereocarpus (sensu Sealy) possesses 2 or Ming’s system contains two subgenera, 14 sections 4 ‘bracteoles’, (sect. Dalatia: 6 perules); style 5 and some 119 Camellia species (Sealy 1958, Chang 6-lobulate, fully fused, (sect. Dalatia: styles 5 and and Bartholomew 1984, Ming and Bartholomew proximally fused for two-thirds of their length); 2007). style apex 5-lobed (sect. Dalatia: each style apex ‘v’ shaped); sect. Stereocarpus (sensu Chang), In determining the taxonomic status of the proposed flowers terminal, (sect. Dalatia: flowers terminal new Camellia species, C. luteocerata, the authors or axillary); style 5 6-lobulate, fully fused, (sect. took into consideration all three of the above- Dalatia: styles 5 and proximally fused for two-thirds mentioned taxonomic systems that are currently of their length); sect. Stereocarpus (sensu Ming) in use. Because this paper’s primary purpose is to stamens in 3 4 whorls, (sect. Dalatia: stamens lack describe a new species of Camellia, it is the authors’ whorled arrangement); ovary with 3 5 locules, (sect. view that any consideration of historical sectional Dalatia: ovary 5-locular). Section Piquetia (sensu re-interpretations of a number of related Camellia Sealy) possesses pedicellate, nodding flowers, species should be brief and be confined only to their (sect. Dalatia: flowers sessile, or almost sessile, not relationships to the newly described C. luteocerata. nodding); gynoecium densely hairy, (sect. Dalatia: To include an ‘in depth’ discussion of sectional gynoecium glabrous); sect. Piquetia (sensu Chang) relationships in the genus Camellia would require a leaves very large (sect. Dalatia: leaves relatively separate paper of a larger format and, indeed, would small); flowers pedicellate, (sect. Dalatia: flowers be premature given the lack of a comprehensive sessile, or almost sessile); styles 5 6-parted, (sect. molecular phylogeny of the genus. Dalatia: styles 5 and proximally fused for two-thirds While it is not in the scope of this manuscript to of their length). No descriptor for sect. Piquetia discuss the impact of molecular methodologies sensu Ming exists. on the taxonomy of Camellia, it is the opinion of the authors that the expected settlement of the Camellia luteocerata is the first Camellia species majority of contentious taxonomic questions via the with entirely yellow, brittle and waxy flowers to molecular genetics based studies may still be far in be found in south Vietnam (C. dongnaiensis Orel the future, or may not be achievable at all. exhibits yellow petals with dark pink margins). It should be noted that the discovery of C. luteocerata To date, there are a number of profound extends the territory inhabited by the yellow discrepancies between the traditional morphology- floweringCamellia species, adding the area of south based classifications and the more recent DNA- Vietnam to the already established biogeographical based phylogenetic analyses (Luna and Ochoterena 133 2004, Vijayan et al. 2009). These may be caused by Camellia sect. Dalatia Orel sect. nov. a number of factors. One possible cause may be the Flores sessiles vel subsessiles plerumque solitarii, continuous (annual) and long-term occurrence of intense luteoli, ceracei, fragiles; perulae 6 (3 3) introgressive hybridisation in the genus Camellia parum superpositae persistentes; corolla 11 13- (Ackerman 1973, Parks et al. 1981). The observed partita, partibus petaloideis proximalibus luteis close interspecific relationships within the genus manifeste verticillatis, petalis aliis irregulariter Camellia may not be entirely ascribed to the spiratim insertis; stamina numerosa glabra, tertia relatively recent origin of its member species (Orel parte connata et petalis adnata; stylus 5-partitus and Marchant 2006), or to the sporadic, random duabus partibus connatus, glaber; ovarium mutations occurring in their respective genomes. superum, 5-carpellatum. Examples of interspecific hybrid introgression in Camellia species are cited by Kondo (1977) (the Type: Camellia luteocerata Orel. improved forms of C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean The epithet for the proposed new section, Dalatia, which occur spontaneously, are largely a result of is derived from the geographical location of the introgression, mostly with C. japonica L.); by Parks new find, namely the Da Lat Plateau, Lam Dong et al. (1981) (introgression of Camellia japonica Province, Vietnam. genetic traits into the genome of C. sasanqua Thunb.); by Roberts et al. (1958) (Camellia species Camellia luteocerata Orel sp. nov. (Fig. 1) in section Thea show close similarities in their Frutex sempervirens usque ad 5 vel 6 m altus; folia chemical composition); by Tanaka (1988) (the red matura elliptica vel late elliptica, irregulariter flowers ofC. sasanqua are thought to have originated serrata dentibus 30 40; lamina glabra subcoriacea from repetitive backcrossing (introgression) with C. 220 275 90 110 mm, apice acuta vel aliquantum vernalis); and by Mishra et al. (2009) (the Assam emarginata, basi obtusa. Characteres ceteri ut in group of C. sinensis L. originated from extensive descriptione sectionis. hybridisation within the genus). Further issues must Type: Vietnam. Lam Dong Prov.: the vicinity of be resolved, i.e. the existence of polyploid plants that Cat Tien National Park, 19 Dec 2007, G. Orel, G. in morphological terms appear to be new species, as Richards, M. Richards and staff members of Cat well as the existence of possible hybrid swarms. Tien National Park, Orel 0715 (holotype: NSW, A number of recently published works seem isotypes: NSW, HN). to further reinforce our proposition that the Perennial, small to medium evergreen shrub to 5 morphology-based and molecular-based taxonomic 6 m high; often multi-stemmed, well branched, systems are incompatible. A good example of this semi-upright habit, outer branches semi-pendulous; is the relationships inferred from nrITS sequence juvenile branches glabrous, brown grey, turning data that suggest the polyphyletic nature of a entirely mid-brown on semi-mature branches, number of sections in Camellia (sect. Camellia, leaf scars prominent, yellowish to brown; adult Paracamellia, Pseudocamellia and Tuberculata), 281 branches and trunk light brown to slate grey; whilst not supporting the sectional status of sect. leaf buds slender, green to dark brown, 10 23 mm Archaecamellia, Piquetia and Stereocarpus (Orel et long, 3 7 mm wide, proximal bracts prominent, al. 2003, Xiao and Parks 2003, Vijayan et al. 2009). brown; petiole distinctly falcate, 15 20 mm long, It is possible, that in the light of the above-mentioned 3.0 4.5 mm wide, up to 4 mm thick, dark green to studies, the concept of a ‘distinct species’ should be of brown, almost black, with a shallow, 2 mm wide necessity either modified, or altogether abandoned. and 1 2 mm deep channel on its adaxial surface. The development in the future of a modified Juvenile leaves lanceolate, soft, light green, with morphology-based taxonomic system (perhaps distinct sheen when fully developed but still young, supported by selected molecular data generated by distinctly irregularly serrate, proximally undulate; improved molecular techniques) may lead to a more mature leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, irregularly satisfactory, possibly unified taxonomic system for serrate with 30 to 40 teeth, proximally undulate, the genus Camellia. This article hopes to contribute although to a lesser degree, 220 275 mm long, 90 to this end in a small way. 110 mm wide; leaf lamina and margins glabrous, 134 slightly coriaceous, leaf apex acute, or narrowly flowers axillary or terminal, mostly solitary; flower and shallowly emarginate, base rounded, in juvenile buds orbicular, upright or horizontal, intensely leaves cuneate, adaxial leaf surface glabrous, dark yellow, hard, waxy, rigid and brittle. Flowers 55 65 green, slightly shiny, lighter green and dull below; mm in diameter, distinctly intensely yellow, fleshy, blade mid rib 3 4 mm wide proximally, less than waxy, rigid and brittle, senescing flowers oblongoid 1 mm wide distally, light green and dull, adaxially in lateral section; petal arrangement variable, sunken, abaxially prominent; secondary venation with 11 13 petals; only the proximal (outer) 5- brochidodromous with 8 10 pairs of veins adaxially sunken, abaxially prominent; tertiary veins indistinct, sparse, unevenly distributed, adaxially marginally sunken, abaxially slightly prominent, areolation not developed well, meshes unevenly triangular/ tetragonal and of relatively inconstant size, maximum areole dimension 20 30 mm, size slightly decreasing towards edge of the leaf (terminology follows Hickey 1979); perules (sensu Gao et al. 2005) arranged in 2 whorls of 3 and 3, respectively; outer whorl, perules unevenly ovate to obovate, of varying length, concave, slightly overlapping proximally, glabrous, keel and striations lacking, light to mid-brown, margins thin, undulate, perules up to 13 mm long and 9 mm wide, persistent; inner whorl, perules unevenly ovate to obovate, of varying length, concave, overlapping proximally, rigid, glabrous, not entirely woody, with waxy margins, dark brown proximally, Figure light 1. brown (A) leaf bud,Figure (B) 1. leaf (A) petiole, leaf bud, transverse (B) leaf section, petiole, (C) transverse adult leaf abaxialsection, view, (C) (D)adult adult leaf leaf abaxial primary, view secondary, and tertiary venation, adaxial view, (E) adult leaf and leaf petiole, abaxial view, (F) adult leaf and leaf petiole, adaxial view, (G) adult leaf emarginate distally, up to 12 mm long (D) adult leaf primary, secondary and tertiary venation, adaxial view, (E) adult leaf apex variant, adaxialand view, leaf (H) petiole, juvenile abaxial leaf base view, and leaf (F) petiole, adult abaxialleaf and view, leaf (I) petiole, perules, adaxial outer and view, inner (G) whorl, adult (J) petaloids, (K) petals, and 11 mm wide,(L) adultpersistent; flower, lateral section showing all flower parts, (M) lateral view of senescing flower, (N) detail from holotype. All drawings by George Orel, figures basedleaf emarginate on material apex collected variant, in the adaxial vicinity view, of Cat (H) Tien juvenile Natl Park, leaf 19 base Dec and 2007, leaf collection petiole, no. Orel 0715. flowers sessile, or almost abaxial view, (I) perules, outer and inner whorl, (J) petaloids, (K) petals, (L) adult sessile; pedicel variable branches and trunkflower, light lateral brown section to slate showing grey; leafall flower buds parts,juvenile (M) leaveslateral cuneate, view of adaxialsenescing leaf flower, surface glabrous, dark 1 3 mm long, 2 3 mm slender, green to dark(N) detail brown, from 10� holotype.23 mm long, All drawings 3�7 mm by Georgegreen, slightlyOrel, figures shiny, based lighter on green material and dull below; blade wide, mid greenwide, in proximal colour; bractscollected prominent, in the vicinity brown; of petiole Cat Tien distinctly Natl Park,mid 19 Dec rib 32007,�4 mm collection wide proximally, no. Orel 0715. less than 1 mm wide falcate, 15�20 mm long, 3.0�4.5 mm wide, up to 4 mm distally, light green and dull, adaxially sunken, abaxially thick, dark green to brown, almost black, with a shallow, prominent; secondary venation brochidodromous with 2 mm wide and 1�2 mm deep channel on its adaxial 8�10 pairs of veins adaxially sunken, abaxially prominent; surface. Juvenile leaves lanceolate, soft, light green, with tertiary veins indistinct, sparse, unevenly distributed, distinct sheen when fully developed but still young, adaxially marginally sunken, abaxially slightly prominent, distinctly irregularly serrate, proximally undulate; mature areolation not developed well, meshes unevenly triangular/ leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, irregularly serrate with tetragonal and of relatively inconstant size, maximum areole 30 to 40 teeth, proximally undulate, although to a lesser dimension 20�30 mm, size slightly decreasing towards degree, 220�275 mm long, 90�110 mm wide; leaf lamina edge of the leaf (terminology follows Hickey 1979); perules and margins glabrous, slightly coriaceous, leaf apex acute, or (sensu Gao et al. 2005) arranged in 2 whorls of 3 and 3, narrowly and shallowly emarginate, base rounded, in respectively; outer whorl, perules unevenly ovate to obovate,

282 135 petaloid whorl distinctly recognizable; petaloids of C. dongnaiensis Orel) (Sealy 1958, Chang and transitional morphology, slightly thickened, with Bartholomew 1984, Ho 1991, Richards et al. 2002, both, petaloid and sepaloid characteristics, petaloids Tran 2002, Gao et al. 2005, Orel 2006, Hakoda et slightly overlapping, 3 on top, 2 partially obscured al. 2007). Camellia luteocerata and the above- on the bottom of the whorl, not persistent, up to mentioned Camellia species share the habitat of 15 mm wide and 20 mm long, concave, slightly tall, subtropical rainforest, where they form part of asymmetric, of ovate to obovate shape, without a dense understorey layer and grow in conditions of emarginations, thick, glabrous, rigid, waxy, margins low light and high humidity, in nutrient poor soils uneven, translucent; striations shallow, multiple, (Sealy 1958, Gao et al. 2005). indistinct, yellowish green; the remaining 6 8 petals without emargination, distinctly and uniformly yellow, arranged in a random, tight, uneven spiral, petals up to 35 mm wide and 40 mm long, concave, irregularly obovate, rigid, waxy, brittle, intensely yellow, without striations, senescing petals distally reflexed, innermost petals with thin, sometimes translucent margins; stamens numerous, longer than the style, in a circular formation, ca 15 20 mm in diameter; filaments 15 20 mm, yellow, glabrous, fused at the bottom third, in a circular formation proximally and partially joined to inner petal whorl; However, C. luteocerata is well distinguished from anthers bright yellow, fading to yellow brown, with C. krempfii (sect. Archaecamellia sensu Sealy) by a a single dark brown black line joining the distal and number of morphological characteristics. Camellia proximal ends, distinctly oblong, basifixed (Xia luteocerata possesses elliptic to broadly elliptic et al. 2008); style compound, glabrous, 5-parted, leaves with rounded bases, some 220 mm to 275 proximally fused for two thirds of its length, the mm long, not oblong leaves with cordate bases, remainder free, style 12 15 mm long, bright yellow, some 300 mm long (Chang and Bartholomew 1984); each end with an indistinct, v-shaped stigma of the petioles up to 20 mm long, not stout petioles 15 mm same colour; ovary superior, 5-carpellate, glabrous, long (Sealy 1958) and a 5-parted, only partially each carpel not always bi-locular; gynoecium ca 3 free, relatively stout and glabrous style, not a free, mm wide, 5 mm long. Fruits and seeds not seen. 5-parted filiform and thinly puberulous style (Sealy 1958, Chang and Bartholomew 1984). Phenology and etymology Phenotypic differences are also notable when Collected in flower in December. Fruiting and comparing C. luteocerata to C. euphlebia (sect. seeding period unknown. The specific epithet Archaecamellia sensu Sealy). Camellia luteocerata is derived from the Latin luteo- (yellow) and exhibits elliptic to broadly elliptic leaves, not elliptic cerata (waxed) and refers to the species’ flower leaves; rigid and glabrous perules and sepals, not characteristics, i.e. the intense yellow colour of the perules and sepals that are white sericeous inside heavily wax-covered petals. (Ming and Bartholomew 2007), perules up to 13 mm long, not short perules 2 mm to 4 mm long, perules Taxonomic remarks with waxy or undulate margins, not perules ciliate Camellia luteocerata possesses a number of on margins (Chang and Bartholomew 1984) and 5- morphological characteristics common to the parted and only partially free style, not free 3-parted member species of sect. Archaecamellia (Merrill) free style (Sealy 1958, Chang and Bartholomew Sealy, (C. krempfii (Gagnep.) Sealy, C. euphlebia 1984, Gao et al. 2005). Merr. ex Sealy and C. petelotii (Merr.) Sealy); sect. The type species of sect. Archaecamellia Stereocarpus (Pierre) Sealy, (C. dormoyana (Pierre (sensu Sealy), C. petelotii, differs in some key ex Lanessan) Sealy); sect. Chrysantha Chang, characteristics from the newly described species. (C. chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama) and sect. Piquetia Camellia luteocerata possesses midbrown coloured, (Pierre) Sealy, (C. piquetiana (Pierre) Sealy, and semi-mature first year branches, not purplish brown 136 first year branches (Ming and Bartholomew 2007); Camellia luteocerata differs from the yellow 6 perules, not 10 persistent perules; waxy petals, flowering north Vietnamese Camellia species, for not puberulous petals; glabrous filaments, not example C. chrysantha (sect. Chrysanthas sensu puberulous filaments and 5-parted and only partially Chang), C. flava (sect. Chrysanthas sensu Chang), free style, not 3-parted free style (Sealy 1958, Chang C. impressinervis (sect. Chrysanthas sensu Chang) and Bartholomew 1984, Gao et al. 2005). and C. euphlebia (sect. Chrysanthas sensu Chang), Notable differences occur in the morphological in several key characteristics, e.g. leaf shape, pedicel comparison between C. luteocerata and size, flower form, flower size and the morphology C. dormoyana (sect. Stereocarpus sensu Chang). of its styles. This can be well demonstrated with Camellia luteocerata is a semi-upright, small to C. chrysantha (Chang and Bartholomew 1984). medium-sized shrub 5 m to 6 m high and not a Camellia luteocerata has elliptic to broadly elliptic tree 8 m to 10 m high (Pierre 1887), or 6 m to 10 leaves, not oblong to elliptic leaves; rounded m high (Sealy 1958); juvenile branches glabrous, leaf bases, not cuneate leaf bases (Chang and brown to grey, not initially rusty (Pierre 1887), or Bartholomew 1984, Gao et al. 2005); pedicels 1 3 rusty at first (Sealy 1958), with mature leaves up to mm long, not up to 10 mm long; perules 6, persistent, 275 mm long and 110 mm wide, not 250 50 mm not 5 persistent perules and 5-parted partially free (Pierre 1887), or up to 180 80 mm (Sealy 1958), styles, not 3 to 4-parted free styles (Chang and and secondary venation on abaxial side smooth, Bartholomew 1984, Gao et al. 2005). without numerous corky warts (Sealy 1958). The Camellia luteocerata differs from C. piquetiana new species possesses mature leaves with 8 10 (sect. Piquetia sensu Chang) in a number of key secondary veins, not 7 8 veins (Sealy 1958), or 13 morphological characteristics. Camellia luteocerata veins (Ho 1991), leaf petiole distinctly falcate, 15 20 exhibits leaves 220 275 mm long and 90 110 mm mm long, not 4 6 mm long and widest in the middle wide, not leaves up to 420 mm long and 125 mm point (Pierre 1887), or linear and shortly stalked wide (Sealy 1958), 300 420 mm long and 100 125 (Sealy 1958), leaf apex acute, or narrowly and mm wide (Chang and Bartholomew 1984) or 550 shallowly emarginate, not sub-sharp (Pierre 1887), mm long and 150 mm wide (Richards et al. 2002); or shortly acute (Sealy 1958), leaf margin dentate pedicels 1 3 mm long, not 8 11 mm long (Sealy with 30 to 40 teeth, closely but unevenly spaced, not 1958); flowers with 6 perules, not with 3 to 5 perules with 20 far spaced teeth (Pierre 1887), leaf margins (Sealy 1958); flower colour distinctly yellow, not glabrous, not hairy (Pierre 1887); flowers distinctly intensely dark pink to purple (Pierre 1887, Richards intensely yellow, not yellowish (Sealy 1958) or et al. 2002) and style 12 15 mm long, not ca 24 mm white (Ho 1991), 283 pedicel variable, 1 3 mm long, long (Sealy 1958). not completely covered by parts of the perianth Camellia luteocerata also differs from (Pierre 1887), flowers mostly solitary, axillary or C. dongnaiensis (sect. Piquetia sensu Chang) in terminal, not solitary and terminal (Pierre 1887), several key characteristics. Camellia luteocerata petal arrangement variable with 11 to 13 parts and possesses mature leaves 220 275 mm long, not without intermediate, persistent parts, not with more leaves up to 440 mm long (Orel 2006); with 8 to 10 than 19 perianth parts (Pierre 1887); petals rigid, secondary veins, not 22 pairs (Orel 2006); variable waxy and brittle, not silky on both sides (Pierre floral pedicel 1 3 mm long, not 25 30 mm long (Orel 1887), flowers 55 65 mm in diameter, not 55 mm 2006); irregularly obovate petals, not pentagonal (Pierre 1887), filaments randomly distributed in a petals (Orel 2006) and 5-parted, 12 15 mm long circular formation, not in 11 rows, with 1 or 2 centre style, not 6-parted 15 mm long style (Orel 2006). ones being unattached (Pierre 1887), stamens longer than the style, not shorter (Sealy 1958), anthers distinctly oblong, basifixed (Xia et al. 2008), not Editor’s note oval and almost orbicular (Pierre 1887), style 12 Due to lack of space the list of references used has 15 mm long, not 8 12 mm (Sealy 1958), and style been omitted but may be obtained from George Orel, fused for two thirds of its length, the remainder free, e-mail: [email protected] not always uniformly fused, with a short, disjoined Permission to reprint all or any part of this article extension at its distal end (Pierre 1887). must also be obtained from George Orel. 137 A New Species of Camellia Huang, and C. luteoflora Y. K. Li ex Hung T. Chang & F. A. Zeng. Sect. Stereocarpus (Theaceae) Data obtained from the taxonomic evaluation of from Vietnam the new Camellia species proposed here indicate a number of morphological characteristics that have George Orel and Peter G. Wilson established affinities with sections Brachyandrae Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Hung T. Chang and Furfuraceae Hung T. Chang Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia. (sensu Chang & Bartholomew, 1984). Placement [email protected] of the proposed new Camellia species into section Brachyandrae was judged rather tenuous A new species of Camellia L. (Theaceae), because the shared morphological characteristics C. maiana Orel, endemic to the Da Lat Plateau in were relatively few. Further detailed analysis has southern Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The shown that the proposed new Camellia species newly described species has variable-sized, ovate to possesses a number of, but not all, morphological obovate leaves; 2-whorled, terminal, sessile flowers characteristics exhibited by species in section exhibiting emarginate, opaque to translucently white, Brachyandrae. The new species also shares some finely textured petals; a compound style consisting affinities with the members of section Furfuraceae; of four parts that are fused at the base; persistent however, placement of the proposed new Camellia bracteoles; and a superior 4-chambered ovary. species into section Furfuraceae was also judged The morphological evidence supports taxonomic inappropriate, as the morphological traits in common placement as a transitional member of Camellia were only superficial. In similar cases, Sealy (1958) sect. Stereocarpus (Pierre) Sealy. and Chang and Bartholomew (1984) deemed such Camellia L. is a member of the tea family (Theaceae). species ‘‘transitional’’; we have followed Sealy’s This genus is well represented in Vietnam, and its approach and consider the new species proposed species are located throughout most areas of the here to be transitional in section Stereocarpus. country. Vietnam is considered a major center of A concise description of Camellia sect. Stereocarpus diversity for Camellia, having approximately 20% follows: of all the species located within its boundaries Camellia sect. Stereocarpus (Pierre) Sealy, Rev. (Sealy, 1958; Chang & Bartholomew, 1984). The Gen. Camellia. 45. 1958. Basionym: Thea sect. genus Camellia is characterized within the family by Stereocarpus Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch., fasc. 2: having seeds without wings and capsules dehiscing pl. 119. 1887. TYPE: Camellia dormoyana (Pierre from the apex (Sealy, 1958). ex Laness.) Sealy. In this paper, a new species within Camellia sect. Leaf blades 11–18(–25) 3 5.5–8 cm. Flowers Stereocarpus (Pierre) Sealy from Vietnam is solitary at the ends of the branches, erect, almost described. As the infrageneric classification of the sessile; bracteoles 2 or 4, opposite, inserted close to genus varies from author to author, in this study, the and much smaller than the sepals, persistent; sepals taxonomic treatments of Sealy (1958), Chang and 5 or 6, large, persistent; petals ca. 12; stamens united Bartholomew (1984), and Ming and Bartholomew with the petals but free above, glabrous; gynoecium (2007) are considered. This section was originally glabrous; style 1, 5(or 6)-lobulate. established by Pierre in 1887 and, as constituted by Orel, sp. nov. TYPE: Vietnam. Chang and Bartholomew (1984), it contains five Camellia maiana Lam Dong Prov.: unnamed mtn., Da Lat Plateau, 19 species, namely C. dormoyana (Pierre ex Laness.) Nov. 2002, G. Orel, R. Cherry, S. Jones, B. Mika Sealy, C. krempfii (Gagnep.) Sealy, C. yunnanensis 21149 (holotype, NSW; isotype, HN). Figure 1. (Pit. ex Diels) Cohen-Stuart, C. liberistyla Hung T. Chang, and C. liberistyloides Hung T. Chang (Chang Haec species a congeneris ad Camelliam sect. & Bartholomew, 1984). In Ming and Bartholomew’s Stereocarpum (Pierre) Sealy pertinentibus floribus classification system (2007), Camellia sect. albis plerumque non solitariis, petalis 7 vel 8, Stereocarpus contains three species, C. dormoyana filamentis abbreviatis 1.3– 1.5 cm longis, stylo 4- (the type species), C. pubipetala Y. Wan & S. Z. partito atque ovario 4-loculari distinguitur. 138 Perennial, small to medium variable evergreen shrub lighter green and dull abaxially; blade midrib to 2 to 5 m high; well branched, rarely multistemmed, mm proximally, 1 mm distally, light green and dull, upright habit; twigs glabrous, green toward terminals, adaxially sunken, abaxially prominent; secondary turning entirely light cinnamon brown on semi- venation pinnate, brochidodromous, with up to 9 mature branches; older branchesVolume light 20, to Number cinnamon 2 pairs of veins adaxiallyOrel & Wilson sunken, abaxially prominent;199 brown, to gray and slightly 2010 furrowed; trunk light tertiary venationCamellia sparse, maiana craspedodromous(Theaceae) from Vietnam (Roth- brown with sparse gray striations and slightly Nebelsick et al., 2001). Flowers sessile, terminal, furrowed. Leaf petiole slightly falcate and concave, slightly scented; flower buds round, ca. 10 mm slightly compressed, slender, green above, dark green and shiny beneath, to 7 3 3 mm; petiole ascending, attached at 50u angle to midrib; leaf lamina continues as a 1-mm-high ridge on each side of the adaxial petiole, axillary leaf buds dull green and glabrous at the proximal end, light brown and tomentose at the distal end, elliptic with blunt apex; terminal buds slightly canescent, flattened, falcate with sharp apex, 10–15 3 3–6 mm; developing leaves with 2 to 5 deciduous and overlapping leaf sheaths, yellowish green, 3–3.5 3 0.3–0.5 cm, leaf rigid, initially with coppery sheen, slightly waxy and ascending, adaxial lamina dull green, abaxial lamina slightly lustrous; juvenile leaves variable in both size and shape; mature leaves irregularly but distinctly finely serrate at distal end, serrations oriented abaxially, sometimes smooth at the proximal end, variable, to 10–14 3 5– 6 cm; lamina coriaceous, FigureFigure 1. 1.Camellia Camellia maiana maianaOrel. —A. Orel. Juvenile —A. leaf withJuvenile deciduous leaf leaf with sheaths. deciduous —B. Terminal leaf leaf sheaths. bud with leaf —B. petiole. —C. Adult leaf showing primary, secondary, and tertiary venation, adaxial view. —D. Adult leaf and leaf petiole, abaxial view. variable, elliptic, oval to Terminal—E. Adult leaf leaf and bud leaf petiole, with abaxialleaf petiole. view. —F. Adult—C. leaf Adult and leaf leaf petiole, showing adaxial view. primary, —G. Fully secondary, developed flower and bud. —H.tertiary Adult flower,venation, view of adaxial sepals, bracts, view. and bracteoles,—D. Adult proximal leaf end. and —I. leaf Petal, petiole, first whorl. abaxial —J. Petal, view. second whorl.—E. —K. obovate to oblanceolate, Sepal. —L. Bract. —M. Bracteole —N. Lateral view of adult flower, showing all flower parts. —O. Adult gynoecium, apex variable, sometimes transverseAdult section.leaf and —P. Adultleaf fruit.petiole, —Q. Branchabaxial with view. flowers and—F. leaves. Adult Drawn leaf from and the holotype leaf petiole,G. Orel et al.adaxial 21149 (NSW). emarginate, acuminate to view. —G. Fully developed flower bud. —H. Adult flower, view of sepals, bracts, cuspidate, base attenuate and bracteoles, proximal end. —I. Petal, first whorl. —J. Petal, second whorl. —K. Sepal. —L. Bract. —M. Bracteole —N. Lateral view of adult flower, showing all to rounded; adaxial surface flower parts. —O. Adult gynoecium, transverse section. —P. Adult fruit. —Q. Branch glabrous, green and shiny,Novon with novo-20-02-19.3d flowers and16/4/10 leaves. 16:12:59 Drawn from 199 the Cust holotype# 2008096 G. Orel et al. 21149 (NSW). 139 diam., initially green, then mostly white, brown bud scales covering 1/3 of proximal end, flowers in groups of 2 to 4(5), seldom solitary; flowers 5–8 cm diam., soft, opaque to translucent; petals emarginate, white, glabrous, overlapping at proximal end; petals arranged in 2 whorls; the outer whorl of 4 (rarely 3) petals, 3– 3.5 3 1.5–2.5 cm, slightly concave, asymmetric, elliptic to oblong, slightly overlapping, petal edges ruffled; the inner whorl of 4 petals, 2–3 3 1.5–2 cm, slightly concave, asymmetric, elliptic to oblong, distinctly emarginate, petal edges ruffled, petal striations slightly raised and of the Camellia maiana same color as petal; sepals ca. 0.7 3 1 cm, hairy, Phytogeographic and Taxonomic bilobate, light green or light brown, lighter toward Remarks distal end; bracteoles persistent and woody, in 2 whorls; first whorl with 3 bracteoles, ca. 8 3 7 mm, This endemic species appears to be confined to loosely adpressed to sepals, light brown, hairy, not a small mountainous area of dense rainforest. emarginated; second whorl with 3 to 4 bracteoles, Further searching of the relevant area is required. ca. 5 3 5 mm, triangular, woody, tightly adpressed to The author was not able to find another specimen the first whorl; bracteole bases arise from 0.1-mm- of Camellia maiana in any Vietnamese herbarium. deep indentation where attached to petiole; stamens Camellia maiana was found within the range of numerous (250 to 350), in a circular formation, 2– 3 camellia distribution suggested by Sealy (1958) cm diam.; filaments abbreviated, 1.3–1.5 cm, yellow, and Gao et al. (2005). Morphologically, the new fused in bottom 1/3; anthers yellow to dark yellow, species is transitional to section Stereocarpus acuminate at the distal end, cordate at proximal end; (sensu Chang & Bartholomew, 1984), sharing style compound, distally 4-parted, fused in bottom a number of morphological characteristics with 1/4, 10–12 mm long, green to yellow, hairy at base, some of its members. These include the sessile and glabrous at top, with an indistinct stigma of the terminal flowers (C. yunnanensis); free or partially same color; ovary superior, 4-carpellate, each carpel free stamens (C. liberistyla, C. yunnanensis); free not always bilocular, densely tomentose, 14–18 3 styles (C. liberistyla); and eight to 13 persistent 10–12 mm. Mature fruit reddish brown, globose to bracts and sepals (C. dormoyana, C. liberistyla, and unevenly ovoid, 15–20 3 9–12 mm, sessile, partially C. liberistyloides). furfuraceous; seed dark brown to black, dull, 8–10 Camellia maiana differs from the generalized mm, ovoid to hemispherical. description of section Stereocarpus (sensu Chang & Distribution. Camellia maiana is known only from Bartholomew, 1984) by possessing flowers that are the type collection. The species provenance details not solitary (as does C. yunnanensis); seven or eight are withheld for conservation reasons. petals, not 10 to 13 (C. dormoyana); a 4-parted style, not 5-parted (C. liberistyla and C. yunnanensis); and IUCN Red List category. Despite repeated searches 4-locular, not 5-locular ovaries (C. dormoyana and (in 2004 and 2005) of the area around the type C. liberistyloides) (Chang & Bartholomew, 1984). locality, no other plants were located. Given this situation, we assess the new species as Data Camellia maiana also differs from the generalized Deficient (DD) according to IUCN Red List criteria descriptions of the species of section Stereocarpus, (IUCN, 2001). as constituted by Ming and Bartholomew (2007) (C. pubipetala and C. luteoflora), by possessing Phenology. The new species was collected in flower white flowers that are mostly in groups of four to in March; this was followed by fruit maturation in five and seldom solitary, not yellow flowers that are May–July, with fruit capsules dehiscing in late July. always solitary (C. pubipetala and C. luteoflora); Etymology. The specific epithet honors Phoung Viet by possessing seven to eight petals, not nine to Mai and his son Phuoc Viet Mai, who made the 13 petals (C. pubipetala), or seven to nine petals collection of this new species possible. (C. luteoflora); by having abbreviated filaments, 140 1.3–1.5 cm, not 2.5– 3 cm (C. pubipetala), or (not bluntly acuminate), and the attenuate leaf very short filaments of 1.2 cm (C. luteoflora); base (not cuneate) clearly distinguishes C. maiana by possessing a 4-parted style 1–1.2 cm long, from C. gilbertii (Gao et al., 2005). Furthermore, not a 3- or 4-grooved style of unspecified length C. maiana lacks pedicels, whereas C. gilbertii (C. pubipetala), or a 3-parted style (C. luteoflora); possesses pedicels that are 4– 6 mm long. The distinct and by having 4-carpellate ovaries, not 3-carpellate lack of flower color ofC. maiana (translucent white) ovaries (C. pubipetala and C. luteoflora) (Ming & is perhaps the most notable feature that distinguishes Bartholomew, 2007). the newly described species from C. gilbertii, the latter species’ flowers being light yellow (Ming Due to its transitional taxonomic status, Camellia & Bartholomew, 2007) or greenish cream (Gao et maiana shares a number of characteristics with al., 2005). The flower size of the newly described Camellia species that belong to sections other than species seems to be confined to a narrow range, 5–8 Stereocarpus, particularly section Brachyandrae. cm diam., which is larger than the flower size of For example, C. nervosa (Gagnep.) Hung T. Chang C. gilbertii (10–17 mm diam.) (Gao et al., 2005). also possesses glabrous branchlets, numerous stamens, a 3- or 4-parted style, and furfuraceous Due to its transitional taxonomic status, Camellia capsules (Gagnepain, 1941; Sealy, 1958; Chang & maiana also shares some characteristics with Bartholomew, 1984). The relatively large leaf size Camellia species that belong to section Heterogenea (up to 14 cm) is reminiscent of C. yangkiangensis Sealy (sensu Sealy, 1958), section Furfuraceae Hung T. Chang (Chang & Bartholomew, 1984). (sensu Chang & Bartholomew, 1984), and section Despite this, C. maiana possesses a number of Heterogenea (sensu Ming & Bartholomew, 2007). morphological characteristics that place this Section Heterogenea (sensu Sealy, 1958) was newly proposed species into section Stereocarpus established as ‘‘a section of diverse species’’ or ‘‘a and distinguish it from the species members of section of convenience’’ made up of species that section Brachyandrae. Camellia maiana is well ‘‘do not fit easily into any of the other groups of distinguished from C. nervosa by a number of species’’ (Sealy, 1958) and contains 10 species. morphological characteristics. Camellia maiana is Section Furfuraceae (sensu Chang & Bartholomew, a small to medium evergreen shrub to 5 m high, not 1984) is based on the type species, C. furfuracea a large upright tree to 20 m (Gagnepain, 1941); with (Merr.) Cohen-Stuart, and contains some eight juvenile leaves orange to coppery red (not bright Camellia species. Section Heterogenea (sensu Ming green) and without a prominent yellow midrib; adult & Bartholomew, 2007) contains 14 diverse species. leaves ca. 14 3 6 cm (not ca. 7.5 3 3 cm); obovate to Of this large number of species, only three Camellia ovate leaves (not lanceolate or oblong); leaf petiole species, namely C. furfuracea, C. crapnelliana 7 3 3 mm (not 6–8 3 5–6 mm); sessile, 2-whorled, Tutcher, and C. gaudichaudii (Gagnep.) Sealy, have terminal flowers in groups of two to four (to five) found their way into each of the three taxonomic (not subsessile, 1- whorled, axillary, and solitary); systems, hence the following comparisons to the elliptic to oblong, emarginate, opaque to translucent type species C. furfuracea, as established by Chang petals (not obovate, non-emarginate, solid colored); and Bartholomew (1984). and a 4-parted, 10– 12 mm compound style (not 3- parted, ca. 14 mm [sensu Gagnepain, 1941, but noted Camellia maiana differs from C. furfuracea in as 4-parted in Chang & Bartholomew, 1984]). several phenotypic characteristics. Camellia maiana possesses obovate to ovate leaf laminas (not leaves The newly described species also shares some narrow to broad-elliptic [Sealy, 1958], narrowly morphological characteristics with Camellia oblong [Chang & Bartholomew, 1984], or elliptic, gilbertii (A. Chev.) Sealy (sect. Brachyandrae), i.e., oblong-elliptic, or oblong [Ming & Bartholomew, flowers borne in multiples and similar leaf size, but 2007]); a variable, acuminate leaf apex (not bluntly it differs from it in a number of key morphological acuminate [Sealy, 1958]); and an attenuate leaf base characteristics. Camellia maiana is a shrub up to 5 (not cuneate to obtuse [Sealy, 1958] or cuneate to m tall, not a small shrub of up to 2 m (Gao et al., broadly cuneate [Ming & Bartholomew, 2007]). 2005). The obovate to ovate leaf shape (not elliptic Furthermore, C. maiana lacks pedicels, whereas or oblongelliptic), the variable acuminate leaf apex C. furfuracea possesses pedicels that are 4–9 141 mm long (Sealy, 1958) or subsessile (Ming & Seemingly I Already Knew Bartholomew, 2007). The distinct lack of flower color of C. maiana (translucent white) is a notable the Ancient Camellia Trees feature that distinguishes the newly described species in Taiwan from C. furfuracea, the latter species’ flowers being greenish cream (Gao et al., 2005) or white (Ming & You Muxian, China Bartholomew, 2007). The flower size of the newly Spring was already here yet the air was still nippy. described species seems to be confined to a narrow My wife and I joined a local group of 45 to tour range, 5–8 cm diam., which is larger than the flower Taiwan on April 12, 2010. My dream to visit Taiwan size of C. furfuracea, 40–45 mm diam. (Gao et al., was finally realized. A few camellia friends in Taiwan 2005) or 20–35 mm diam. (Ming & Bartholomew, anticipated that I would spend some time with them 2007). Camellia maiana possesses a distally 4- to look through their camellia gardens, although the parted style that is fused in the bottom quarter, 10– flowering season was over. I was also thinking that 12 mm long, not a 3-parted free style that is 15 mm it would be an opportunity to acquire information long (Chang & Bartholomew, 1984), or a 3- to 5- and pictures for my new camellia book, “Ten Years parted free style that is 14–18 mm long (Gao et al., of Searching for Ancient Camellia Trees in China”. 2005). The ovary of C. maiana is 4- carpellate, not We carried some camellia books, written by me as 3-carpellate (Sealy, 1958; Ming & Bartholomew, gifts and tokens of our thanks. 2007). Camellia maiana produces mature fruit capsules that are globose to unevenly ovoid, 15–20 The first scenic spot to visit the next morning after 3 9–12 mm, not globose or oblate, 25– 35 mm diam. our arrival was Yangming Shan where we were met (Chang & Bartholomew, 1984), or 20– 40 mm long by my camellia friend Mrs. Lee Muqing who is (Ming & Bartholomew, 2007). head of the Floral Centre. I also made contact with the owner of SuanXi Camellia Garden in Taipei, Many of the species mentioned above have Mr. Zuang Chuanxiang, the vice administrator of had a varied history. Chang and Bartholomew CCBG, just returned to Taiwan from Chongqing and (1984) accepted both Camellia liberistyla and Jinhua. Our tour guide helped to arrange for us to C. liberistyloides in section Stereocarpus, but make a private camellia tour with Mr. Zuang. Now I Ming and Bartholomew (2007) treated both names felt much better about the whole trip. as synonyms of C. yunnanensis var. camellioides (Hu) T. L. Ming in section Heterogenea. Chang and There was occasional breeze, drizzle and a patch Bartholomew (1984) placed C. yangkiangensis in of sun, and we were driven, by Mr Wang Tianjeng section Brachyandrae with C. nervosa, but Ming and from the Experimental Station of the Yangming Bartholomew (2007) placed it in synonymy under Shan Floral Centre, through fog, to meet our C. crassipes Sealy in section Theopsis Cohen-Stuart. camellia friends who took us to a nice house at the Chang and Zeng (1982) had placed C. luteoflora in a back of Yangming Shan. Here we were shown an monotypic section Luteoflorae Hung T. Chang; this ancient camellia, ‘Leezi Cha’, a traditional Taiwan was maintained by Chang and Bartholomew (1984), cultivar. It is vigorous with deep red anemone form but Ming and Bartholomew (2007) included it in flowers. My wife handed a measuring tape toMr section Stereocarpus. These examples highlight the Wang and we found that the tree measured 101cm unstable nature of the infrageneric classification of in circumference, 32cm diameter, 4m in height, with Camellia and confirm the present authors’ view of the a canopy of 12.56 x 12.56 m. It was estimated to be unsatisfactory nature of the existing classifications about 200 years old. pic. and the need for further supporting evidence. Another camellia tree by the entrance was estimated to be about the same age. Mr Zuang described the Editor’s note flowers as being “white as white jade, formal double Due to lack of space the list of references used has and a traditional Chinese cultivar”. In Taiwan it is been omitted but may be obtained from George Orel, called ‘White Precious Pagoda’ and in mainland e-mail: [email protected] China, ‘Snow Pagoda’. Its measurements were Permission to reprint all or any part of this article 30cm trunk diameter, 3.8m height and canopy 11.34 must also be obtained from George Orel. x 11.34m. 142 this camellia is an early bloomer & has nice neat, clear pink flowers like peach blossom. It is widely used for roadside planting. Near the front of the house was a very impressive sasanqua, about 100 years old, 60cm in trunk circumference, 19cm diameter and a canopy of 3x3 meters. Mr Zuang later explained that this area was a private resort residency during the time of Japanese occupation. Mr. Chen was a well known developer who had named the resort Ruen-Xiu ‘Measuring an ancient camellia thought to be ‘Leezi Mountain Resort, a combination of the names of Cha’, and known as the ‘United Camellia Tree’. It is husband and wife. When they attended a camellia possibly the same variety as the ‘Ten Thousand Flowers’ symposium on the mainland near Guilin they had tree at Qingtong in Jingsu Province’. made a connection between their ‘Leezi Cha’ camellia and the ‘Ten Thousand flowers’ camellia Nearby was a camellia that had originated from at Qingtong, Jiangsu Province and suggested Korea. Estimated as 130 years old it has unusual that they be termed “United Camellia Trees”. bright orange red flowers and is valued for cutting and displaying under light. Our next stop would be the Floral Experimental Center where we were greeted by the Chief Administrator, Lee Muqing The neat office was bright with a huge desk and a glass name tag “Chief Administrator, Lee Muqing”. Colorful camellia pictures were hanging on the wall. Immediately we knew that the lady chief administrator was passionately in love with the

‘A camellia tree of Korean origin, thought to be about 200 years old. There were more ancient camellia trees in the garden. I was surprised to see the top of one of them being trimmed but Mrs Chen explained that there was a pest problem and that they also treated the branches. New growth would rejuvenate the tree. Many trees in this area had trunks that measured 20cm in diameter, ‘You Muxian presents a copy of his book with the largest being 33.5cm. Mr Zuang told us that “Chinese Camellia Culture” to Lee Muqing.’ ‘A 60 year old camellia for- est at the Floral Experimental Center’.

143 camellias from Fujiang Province. From overseas 600 camellia cultivars, a total of over ten thousand we imported camellias mostly from Japan. In recent plants. Most of them are of a large size, years we have also acquired many camellias from We saw a newlywed groom managing to take western countries. pictures of the bride. Then there was another pair We saw a large size C. nitidissima planted at the left of newlyweds taking pictures by the lawn. We then side of Office building. To the right, there was a large passed by a large camellia plantation, estimated to C. lutchuensis plant. I knew this camellia species contain over one thousand plants, planted 60 years that had very small leaves and very small clusters of ago. white fragrant flowers, a great parentage for breeding fragrant camellias. Mr. Zuang also mentioned that there was also a rather large C. hongkongensis, measured at 18 cm in circumference, 2.5 meters in width and 4.5 meters in height, estimated to be about 150 years old. However we had no time left to see their C. hongkongensis, their Sasanqua Garden and their Green House. We could only glance at the other areas from the e- mail pictures later sent by Mr. Zuang. We had to hurry back to the gate to catch the tour bus. We shook hands firmly. Lee Muqing said “We are looking forward to welcoming you back”. I replied “So long my friends, we will be back to attend your Camellia Show in Taipei”. People in Taiwan love to come here during the After the exchange of gifts we went to see the blooming season to see camellia blooms and to take camellias. We walked along a path, 200 meters long pictures and there is an annual camellia show here, landscaped on either side with camellias planted with a different theme for ever camellia show. Lee during the Japanese occupation. Muqing remembered that the theme of 2005 was “Camellia Flowers Dancing with Its Shadow”. The theme of 2008 was “The Scenarios of Spring”. The 2009 was of “Love Found in the Camellia Flower”. This year’s theme was “I knew You Before”. A specially selected camellia is chosen to be the flower of the show; last year it was ‘Valentine Day’ and the next, ‘Song of the Sun’. 100 potted camellia plants were given away. The crowded festival was blended with fine music and pretty paintings.

She said that we in mainland China have so many camellia cultivars. We have our own traditional camellias from Fujiang Province. From overseas ‘A 200 meter camellia path at the Floral Experimental we imported camellias mostly from Japan. In recent Center’. years we have also acquired many camellias from western countries. The Floral Experimental Center was formally established in 1976 and is a part of the Experimental We saw a large size C. nitidissima planted at the left Station of Taiwan Provincial Agriculture Department. side of Office building. To the right, there was a large In the early days, the main function of the Center was C. lutchuensis plant. I knew this camellia species engaged in citrus research. The location was also that had very small leaves and very small clusters of very suitable for growing flowers. Since 1945 the white fragrant flowers, a great parentage for breeding Center has been collecting and cultivating camellia fragrant camellias. Mr. Zuang also mentioned that and azalea plants. So far they have collected over there was also a rather large C. hongkongensis, 144 measured at 18 cm in circumference, 2.5 meters Camellia Nurseries are in width and 4.5 meters in height, estimated to be about 150 years old. However we had no time left to Booming in China see their C. hongkongensis, their Sasanqua Garden Greg Davis, past ICS President. USA and their Green House. We could only glance at the other areas from the e-mail pictures later sent by Mr. During 6 weeks in February and March, 2010, my Zuang . We had to hurry back to the gate to catch the wife and I, escorted by John Wang, Muxian You and tour bus. We shook hands firmly. Lee Muqing said his daughter M. Fei You, were privileged to visit “We are looking forward to welcoming you back”. 12 Chinese cities to promote camellias and discuss I replied “So long my friends, we will be back to camellia business with interested parties. Originally attend your Camellia Show in Taipei”. the plan was to represent the ICS at Camellia Festivals in Dali, Kunming, and Chongqing but due to some unforeseen schedule changes, we had four weeks between the Camellia Festivals. Thus we had time to discuss camellia business with camellia nurserymen, researchers, and college professors from Beijing to Dali. Everyone we talked to was excited about camellias and eager to listen to new ideas for expanding Chinese camellia business. We found that the camellia nursery business is booming in all the camellia growing areas we visited. We found that the camellia nurserymen are successful businessmen who keep up with the latest developments in camellias. In many locations, the recently discovered C.azalea now represents at least 25% of their camellia business. In Foshan, the City Maintenance Department is planting this species ‘White Precious Pagoda’. An ancient camellia tree along the city freeways, as they like the full blooms also known as ‘Snow Pagoda’ on Mainland China in May and the continuous blooms all summer. The Chinese nurserymen are not concerned that the proper name of C.azalea is still debated in some circles or that there is some question whether or not it is even a camellia. They have found it is easy to grow and that it has quickly become their best selling camellia. Camellia hybridization is a popular activity in China. New varieties are very desirable. Hot new camellia varieties spread quickly to all nurseries—nearly all have plants of the new “red leaf” sport of ‘Nuccio’s Bella Rossa’ that was featured in the December- January 2010 American Camellia Society Journal. It is reputed that a prized new hybridized seed can be planted as soon as it germinates; the seedling scion is then quickly grafted, then regrafted the next spring. By the fall as many as 200 scions of the new variety can be produced. Outstanding new camellia varieties go for big money and they are ‘C.hongkongensis’at the Floral Experimental Centre. carefully guarded as it is reported that the hot new Picture by Mr Zuang Chuanxiang camellia scions are somehow spirited away at night. 145 Mr. You’s Camellia Breeding Group is a very Bark Grafting is the principle means of propagation. popular and fast growing organization. Large C. oleifera root stock seems to be available everywhere. Some is grown in specific oleifera nurseries and some of the larger rootstock comes from the now considered unprofitable, oleifera orchards, which once produced seeds for making camellia oil.

One and two year old C. azalea grafts The camellia nurseries are primarily wholesale nurseries, selling mainly to large landscapers whose main business seems to be making instant gardens or parks for the many new high-rise apartment complexes sponsored by the city-governments. Each city is working to provide up-scale housing for their fast growing city populations. These landscapers Large C.oleifera rootstock ready for grafting purchase large camellia plants and even request full grown trees for these big projects. It is amazing The market for large C.azalea plants is huge. The that the full grown trees and large camellia plants nurseries buy large root stock, graft several C.azalea seem to thrive on their relatively small root balls. scions on each trunk and then grow the large plant All nursery plants are planted in containers or grow for at least three years before selling them primarily on small, above ground root balls that can be easily to landscapers. moved and replanted. Most camellia gardens as well as the large camellia festivals sell small camellia plants which target individual home-owners. The plants are small, in small containers, and are always sold in full bloom. How they achieve the large blooms on the 18-inch stick plants is amazing. Another innovative sales idea is gallon-sized containers which contain three different camellia plants—one for ”Early” blooms,, the next for “M—mid season” blooms and the last for “Late” blooms. A good idea for small camellia collections. C.azalea in bloom in municipal planting There was no discussion about expanding the Chinese camellia sales into the export market. Currently the camellia nurserymen are selling out each year and are having difficulties meeting local demands. We wish all of our ICS Countries had such a booming camellia market. Gregory E. Davis Early, mid and late-season blooming camellias to be sold in one pot 146 OTOMO ENDOWMENT RESEARCH FUND

There was no report on the Fund in the 2009 Journal because the change in chairman came too late for me to pull things together.

In 2009, Neville Haydon, Chairman of the Otomo Fund Advisory Board, requested that he not be reappointed to the Board because of his many other ICS duties. He served on the Board for 10 years, and as its Chairman for all that time. He steered the Fund with a steady hand from the original £2,087 (500,000 Yen) donation by the late Mrs. Sachiko Otomo in 1997 to the total of £36,893 in the ICS fiscal year ending 31 May 2009. During that time, research grants totaling £5,553 were made from the £8,613 interest earned by the Fund from 1998 through 2009. Congratulations, Neville, for a superb job.

And for the record, two grants of £2,000 each, made this year, also belong to his stewardship of the Fund. These latest grants were approved by the ICS Directors at their meeting during the International Camellia Congress in Kurume in March. They were awarded to Dr. George Orel for research into intraspecific and interspecific phylogeny of Camellia amplexicaulis, and to Dr. Takayuki Tanaka for research by molecular DNA analysis on the origins of Higo camellias.

Research grants are made from the interest earned on donations to the Fund. Current interest rates are so low – only £106 was earned on the Fund’s £38,749 balance for the year ending 31 May 2010 – a new way to generate greater interest had to be found. The answer was higher- interest-rate investments in the USA, where the ICS is incorporated as a non-profit, tax-free organization. We hope this change will enable us to offer further research grants in the near future.

During the year ending 31 May 2010, donations totaling £1,750 were received from Mrs. D. Cameron-Gavin, Mrs. C. Chitty, Mr. Greg Davis, Mr. Ron Macdonald, the Japan Camellia Society and the U.K. Region quilt raffle at the 2008 Congress in Cornwall. A donation of £500 by the ICS in remembrance of Vi Lort-Phillips, the third president of the Society who died late last year, is not included in this total as the transfer of funds could not be made before the end of the fiscal year because of banking procedure delays related to the change in signatory ICS officers for the 2010-2012 period.

Donations totaling £1,768 for the year ending 31 May 2009 were not acknowledged in previous reports. They were received from Mrs. J. Bischoff, Mrs B. Blake, Mrs. C. Chitty, Mrs. J. Currie, A. & J. Curry, Mr. Greg Davis, Mr. Ron Macdonald, S.A. O’Shea, Dr.George Orel, P. Prazak, Mr. Tim Shao, Mr. & Mrs. S. Williams, and the Japan Camellia Society.

Shigeo Matsumoto has been re-appointed to the Board with a term extending through mid- 2015. Dr. Hermann Schontag was appointed in 2009 with a term extending through mid-2014. The other members of the Board and their term expiration dates: Howard Rhodes (2011), Dr. Ross Hayter (2012) and Herb Short (2013).

We greatly appreciate all the donations that have been made. Please keep them coming.

Herb Short Chairman, Otomo Fund Advisory Board 147 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA REGISTRAR’S REPORT Neville Haydon

2010 is a special year in the history of the Register, as entries have now been closed for the Second Supplement. It is ready for printing and will be available early in 2011.

On a personal level, it also marks ten years since I became involved, firstly with tidying up the computerised version and combining the original Register and First Supplement, then commencing and building up the Second Supplement. By a decision made several years ago, the printed Second Supplement will republish the new information (pages 287 to 386) from the First Supplement and all new information gathered in the 15 years since the First Supplement was published.

Many new camellia books continue to be published, and the past year has been particularly busy in obtaining and perusing these for new information. Last year I commented on the difficulty that is caused by the fact that many nurseries are not registering their new introductions. I can therefore only become aware of them via their catalogues – if I can obtain them. At present, Australia is the only country taking a pro-active approach to this problem, by searching out such nurseries and, in co-operation with them, publishing names and descriptions under a special registration category. It would be very helpful if other countries where the same situation applies could follow Australia’s lead.

The Second Supplement will acknowledge the help of those who have assisted me in its compilation, but I must make special mention of Shigeo Matsumoto of Japan, and Gao Jiyin and Zhanglong Wang of China, for supplying the Japanese and Chinese characters required for the very extensive Oriental Indexes.

As regards Web publication, the 2010 version of the complete Register has been supplied to Professor Motta, and he advises that he and his students will complete its uploading to the Web by December 2010. This version has the same cut-off point as the printed Second Supplement.

The new printed, hardback Second Supplement will be available from your Membership representative from the beginning of March at a special price of £9.00 or the equivalent in local currency. This includes post and packing.

Copies of the two volumes of the original Register, (very limited availability), and the First Supplement may also be obtained by contacting your Membership Representative. 148 International Camellia Society Gardens of Excellence Ten countries now have the ICS Gardens of Excellence Award. Travellers and local people can visit gardens where the stringent ICS criteria have been met and good collections of camellias may be seen. The Award is for ten years after which they may be re-assessed. The total number of these gardens is now 17, following approval of 6 more at the Directors’ meeting in Japan this year. Approved in 2010:-

Italy Villa Anelli. Oggebio. Lake Maggiore. A garden of approximately 0.5hectare (1 acre) on the Piedmont side of the lake, originally established in 1872, and planted on a slope on either side of a creek. The camellia collection consists of 500 plants of 270 spring blooming cultivars, 40 winter blooming and 30 camellia species. The garden is open to the public at weekends in the spring.

Japan Goto Camellia Forest Park. Goto Island. near Nagasaki. Kyushu. Approximately 2,200 camellia trees in over 270 varieties are planted. There are themed areas where fragrant camellias, white camellias, those originating in Japan etc. are collected. Labels are in Japanese, English and, where appropriate, in botanical Latin. Camellia Garden of the Ishibashi Cultural Centre, Kurume. Kyushu. A popular public park with about 1,500 plants of 260 cultivars and species, many of which have been donated by local people. Kurume Camellia Garden. Kyushu. based on a site where many old camellias were planted, there are many new plantings and re-sited camellias, some of which are estimated to be more than 200 years old.

South Africa Vergelegen Estate. Somerset West.Near Capetown. South Africa. The Camellia Garden is one of 19 gardens on this famous fine wine estate. It has over 1000 camellia plants in 550 cultivars. The older camellias are now up to 5meters,(16ft) in height. The more recent (post1995) camellias have been donated by ICS member and South African camellia nursery specialist Jan van Bergen.

Switzerland Locarno City Camellia Park. Locarno. The first 500 varieties were planted here just prior to the 2005 ICS Congress. Since then the park has been doubled in size and there are now more than 1000 different cultivars and species with a special regard to the old camellias of the area around Lake Maggiore.

(Further descriptions and contact information will be included in the 2011 Journal. Editor).

Those gardens approved prior to this were fully described in the 2009 International Camellia Journal. The year when awarded is in brackets :-

Australia. Melbourne Botanic Gardens. (2001) China. Chinese Camellia Culture Park. Jinhua. (2005) Germany. Kamelien Paradies. Wingst. (2001) Japan. Tsubakiyama Forest Park. near Myazaki. (2003) 149 United Kingdom. Antony Woodland Garden.Plymouth Cornwall. (2003) Marwood Hill Gardens. Barnstaple. Devon. (2003) Mount Edgcumbe Country Park &Gardens.Plymouth Cornwall (2003)

United States. Descanso Gardens. La Canada. California. (2001). Huntington Botanical Gardens. San Marino. California. (2001) Massee Lane Garden. Fort Valley. Georgia. (2001) Norfolk Botanical Gardens. Norfolk. Virginia. (2001).

The ICS website has more information.

Historic Camellias Chuji Hiruki, PhD

The ICS Historic Camellias and Conservation Working Group was formed as the result of active discussions held at the dinner meeting on March 23, 2010, during the International Camellia Congress in Kurume, Japan.

Fourteen participants were present at the meetings and agreed to the following. 1. Mission statement The mission of the ICS Historic Camellias and Conservation Working Group is to record, identify and conserve historic camellias.

2. A symposium dealing with historic camellias be included in the program of 2012 International Camellia Congress in Chuxiong, China. At least five papers will be needed for this purpose.

3. A special working party for a field trip to southern China (to the Burmese border) be organized.

4. A special conference in Vietnam be organized in conjunction with 2012 International Camellia Congress.

5. Professor Chuji Hiruki will serve as a provisional Chair of the ICS Historic Camellias and Conservation Working Group.

Present: Amako, Jun-ichiro (Japan), Marc de Coninck (Belgium), Maria Gonzalez (Spain), Neville Haydon (New Zealand), Chuji Hiruki (Japan), Steve Lyus (UK), George Orel (Australia), Jim Powell (Australia), John Price (UK), Herb Short (UK), Martin Stoner (USA), Jennifer Trehane (UK), Stephen Utick (Australia), Pilar Vela (Spain) Other members have been added since the meeting. 150 New Books

Faszination: Duftkamelien / Louis Benoît Van Houtte, Fascination: Scented Camellias The Ghent Garden Prince by Helga Urban, with English translation by Klaus written by Luc Dhaeze-Van Ryssel, with René De Urban Herdt and Ronald Viane, was published in Belgium in July 2010. Helga Urban has been dealing with fragrance all her business life, so it is no surprise that her interest The author has examined the life of one of the pre- in fragrance has influenced her long-held passion eminent nurserymen/gardeners of 19th-century for camellias. In this slim volume, she details the Belgium, Louis Van Houtte. Van Houtte was one surprisingly large number of fragrant, or scented of the gardeners included in the author’s previous camellias that are available. As Helga notes, book, of 2008, but Dhaeze-Van Ryssel now puts the practically all people interested in camellias look spotlight on the life and accomplishments of Van for fragrance in the blooms and are disappointed Houtte. initially when the variety turns out scentless. But steer those people to the camellia species and Title: “Louis Benoît Van Houtte, De Gentse cultivars which are fragrant, and delight can quickly tuinbouwprins” turn to passion, as well. Authors: Luc Dhaeze-Van Ryssel with René De The German-language original was published in late Herdt and Ronald Viane 2009 by Books on Demand, Norderstedt, Germany. Publisher: The Museum of Industrial Archaeology Soft cover, 58 pages, many colour photographs. and Textiles (MIAT), Minnemeers 9, 9000 Gent, ISBN 978-3-8391-2897-8. It is available from Belgium; soft cover; July 2010. Reference Number www.amazon.de. There is no hard-copy printed ISBN 978 908 088 5370. version of the English book available at this time. Both the German and English-language versions Available from MIAT, price €13 plus postage. are available as eBooks (at €6.90 each) from the Contact MIAT at [email protected] publisher Ulmer. http://ebook.ulmer.de for details on ordering and making payment. 151

The Lost Gardens of Heligan: Camellias and Rhododendrons National Plant Heritage Collection by Bee Robson Published by Barman, Little Beside House, St. Day, Cornwall TR16 5PX ISBN: 978-0-956889-0-9 £9.95

This slim volume charts the progress that Cornish camellia enthusiast Bee Robson made over more than nine years, in studying, identifying, and propagating the historic camellias and rhododendrons at The Lost Gardens of Heligan. Heligan, located about five miles from St. Austell, has proved a rich resource for historical research into English horticulture. At an early ICS weekend in Cornwall, for example, organizer Jo Freeman took a group of members to Heligan in 1993, a visit detailed in a report by Elizabeth Scott-Moncrieff in the International Camellia Journal (1993, 25, pp 7-9). Most of the camellias and rhododendrons were still “sleeping beauties” – covered by a thick thatch of bramble and ivy – but recovery and restoration work had begun. Bee’s book covers the history of the house and gardens, and why the collections are historically significant. Separate chapters lead the reader on a tour of the camellias and the rhododendrons, with descriptions, including historic paintings of the cultivars, of those that have been identified. Included in Bee’s library resources have been the Chandler & Booth catalogue of 1831; Abbé Berlèse’s Iconographie du Genre Camellias; and the Vershaffelt catalogs of camellias. The book can be obtained from Heligan directly (www.heliganshop.com) or by writing The Lost Gardens of Heligan, Pentewan, St. Austell, PL26 6EN, U.K. 152 Deceased 2010

AUSTRALIA Mrs Elizabeth Eaton Mrs Jane Hayter Mrs Yvonne Young

BENELUX Mrs Kenter de Groot

ITALY Francesca Romana Abbate Coluzzi

JAPAN Mr Asaji Asai Mr Tsuneo Nakamara Mr Toshiro Ueda

SOUTH AFRICA Mrs P. Barlow

UNITED KINGDOM Mr Peter and Mrs Marigold Assinder Mrs H.Benson Mr Ralph Budge Mr Edmund De Rothschild Mr H.J.Gray Dr John Naish Mr Denis Newman Mr David Peck Mr Charles Puddle Mrs Noelene Sprague

UNITED STATES Mr Lewis M.Fetterman Mrs Jane M.Goodson Mr Alton B. Parker 153 Obituaries

Violet Lort Phillips 24th February 1909 – 20th December 2009

Violet in China 1994

Mrs Violet Susan Mary Lort-Phillips died peacefully after an eventful and adventurous life. She was the daughter of Colonel Guy St Aubyn and Florita Grenfell and married Captain Raymond Lort-Phillips of the Scots Guards in 1929. Violet was talented, charming and had a great sense of humour. She was also determined and strong-willed. An enthusiastic traveller, Violet wrote of her early excursions to Russia (1932, with Lanning Roper’s wife, Primrose), China (1947) and Japan (1963) Violet and her husband came to Jersey in 1957 and created a garden from a wilderness at La Colline, Gorey. The garden was well known for the interesting plants, including many camellias, collected on her travels. After her husband’s death in 1980, she moved to a cottage in the grounds, replanting some of her precious plants in the quarry garden. Most of these thrived, but some were lost due to cliff falls. Violet was undeterred and continued to plant, incorporating ideas gained from her travels. Her garden was enchanting and much admired by her many friends. After joining the International Camellia Society soon after it was formed, she attended most of the International Camellia Congresses, her last being Jinhua, China in 2003. She also enjoyed the UK Camellia Group Spring Meetings and encouraged local gardeners to join the Society. Many Channel Islanders enrolled in 1982, after the International Camellia Congress in Jersey. Violet took an active part in the island’s community life and was a member of several local societies. She was the first chairman of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Garden Committee and worked closely with garden experts Roy Lancaster and Arthur Hellyer. She was responsible for the Camellia Walk, planted circa 1971-72 and later, for our 1995 Congress, it was Vi’s idea to invite ICS Directors to donate camellias of their region to form an international camellia corner at the park. For her 100th birthday, her nephew, Tim 154 Miller, organised a planting of the Magnolia wilsonii Lewis M. Fetterman at the Jersey Wildlife Park (now named Durrell after its founder Gerald Durrell) in recognition of her contribution to horticulture. Violet served on the ICS Board of Directors as Director (1975), Vice President (1981) and finally as President (1983 – 1986), Housebound for the last few years, she spent most of her time in her ‘bookroom’ and was always happy to receive visitors and to hear the latest news. Violet never forgot to enquire after her camellia friends, locally and internationally. The International Camellia Society was an important part of her life and she was always grateful for the opportunities afforded to her through the Society. She once wrote: “I look with affection at the trees and shrubs that are living mementos of journeys, laughter, hard work, fellowship and friendship”. Thus she ended Lew Fetterman died peacefully at his home in her days. Clinton, North Carolina, aged 88, on September 12th 2010. He was a long-time officer of both the Mayda Reynolds American Camellia Society and the International Camellia Society, serving two six year terms as Vice Edith Burke Mazzei President for the American Region. He and his wife, Edith Burke Mazzei, a past ICS Membership Annabelle attended virtually all the ICS Camellia Representative for the American Region of the ICS, Congresses since the early 1980’s. Lew is credited died aged 89 on September 3rd 2010. She spent her with pushing the publication of the International childhood in New Zealand and moved to Clayton Camellia Register to completion by asking ICS California with her husband Lamar Mazzei in the Directors to loan $1,000 each in order to pay for 1940’s. Edith became involved with camellias this. It was published in 1993. in 1972 and soon became an avid judge with the Always larger than life, Lew was a thoughtful and American Camellia Society. She was also involved regular contributor to ICS Directors’ meetings, with the Australian, New Zealand and Pacific Coast particularly on financial matters. Camellia Societies. Always stylish and a great volunteer and supporter Greg Davis of many organisations, the camellia that Frank Pursel named after her in 1982 is a handsome large red reticulata. “Edith Mazzei” lives on in many gardens, growing particularly well in Australia and New Zealand and winning prizes on the show benches. Greg Davis 155 News from the Regions Many of the following reports were originally sent to Friday 8th March will be the V.I.P. day, President Pat Short in order to help her to compile her mid-year Newsletter. So good was the response to her Saturday 9th March a camellia flower contest and an request for news that she had insufficient space to do Ikebana demonstration, using camellia flowers, will them justice and they were forwarded on for inclusion be presented, as well as different papers. in this Journal. They show how active the camellia Visitors will also have the opportunity to visit the world is in the different climates and seasons all around the globe, and how enthusiastic and dedicated extensive camellia collection in the park as well as are those who lead this activity in the Regions. We owe the camellia flower and plant exhibition. All ICS them a lot. members can participate in the camellia flower contest. Australia On Sunday 10th March an important lecture As members may be aware, Australia has been concerning the Camellia sinensis var sinensis will be having a prolonged drought during which camellias given and the participants will have the opportunity have proved that they are capable of withstanding to taste different tea varieties. A workshop periods of little rain as long as they were previously explaining how one should take care of camellias well established in a garden bed. Fortunately the and how to propagate them will be organized too. east coast had reasonable rain in late 2009 and then, Finally there will be guided tours of the complete in Sydney, in April/May there were over 230mm camellia collection. In 2010 ten of our Benelux (9+inches). The result ? many more camellia bushes members participated at the fantastic International than usual, throughout the suburbs, all laden with Camellia Congress in Kurume (Japan) Back from excellent blooms saying “hey, look at me”. Japan a visit to the Het Leen arboretum in Eeklo Cold weather followed in July, but despite (Belgium) was organized, and a fortnight later our experiencing frost for the first time in 30 years, the members had the opportunity to visit the camellia camellias were superb.” collection at the Peace Palace as well as the famous Jean Evans, reporting from Western Australia helped and magnificent Japanese Garden Clingendael both Peter Levick at their National Show in Hobart, at The Hague (Netherlands). Our Dutch chapter Tasmania and comments on how different camellia participated also at the Belmonte event organized blooms are in the differing climates of Australia. at Wageningen (Netherlands). We have recently had our annual Autumn meeting at Bokrijk (Belgium). “In WA We try to use slow release fertilisers, not only to stop the impact of fast releasing fertilisers Marc de Coninck. on the water system and waterways but also the leaf scorch that occurs in hot dry summers. We have China learned that too much fertiliser can also produce over Tang Dayin reported that on March 9th the 7th vigorous growth which uses too much energy to lift China Camellia Expo was held in Nanshan (South moisture into the uppermost foliage. By changing Mountain) Botanical Garden, Chongqing. to “Basacote” we have also found that blooms have th been slightly bigger than usual. March 5-7 the First Camellia Show was held in Wucheng District, Jinhua in the International Garden Benelux of Camellia Species. Early in 2011, invitations concerning the following You Muxian, whose article is printed on p141, important event will be forwarded to all ICS reported his visit to Taiwan and the growing co- officials: operation between camellia enthusiasts in Taiwan Camellia Festival:- On Friday 8th March, Saturday and mainland China. Promotion and understanding 9th, and Sunday 10th, 2011 we are organizing of camellia horticulture in mainland China is our very first Camellia Festival at the Provincial extended toward the Taiwan camellia community. Domain Het Leen in Eeklo (Belgium). This is where At the end of the year, China’s Camellia Breeding our National Camellia Collection (more then 800 Group plan to visit Taiwan and learn their camellia varieties) is held. practice. 156 Croatia There was a ‘The Lady of the Camellias’ beauty The most important event of the Croatian Camellia contest to end the Fair. Society in 2010 was the Main Camellia exhibition, There were 14 candidates - 14 camellias: ‘Lady which took place within the 14th International Clare’(‘Akashi-gata’), ‘Berenice Body’, ‘Oki Flower Fair in Ludbreg from 7 -9 May. No Nami’, ‘Barbara Woodroof’, ‘Bonomiana’, ‘Margherita Serra’, ‘ Elegans’, ‘Snowman’, The most famous legend says that Ludbreg is the ‘Cleopatra’, ‘Pillnizer Kamelia’, ‘Tomorrow’s centre of the world, i.e. Centrum mundi, since, as Tropic Dawn’, ‘Meisner Porzellan’, ‘Bogliasco’ and was claimed in ancient times, the earth circles were ‘Camellia oleifera’. expanding concentrically from Ludbreg, and the position of all larger European cities was determined Members of the jury: Barbara Othman, opera singer, according to them. Alen Sabol, president of the jury and Darko Gjurgjan president of the CCS had a very difficult task. They Old Romans, appreciating the good geographic had to choose, not only the most beautiful, but also position, built Castrum Iovia on the site of today’s attractive, charming and gracious, as it relates to the Ludbreg. camellia. The Main Camellia Exhibition took place at the The most attractive was ‘Camellia oleifera’: gallery Centrum Mundi. Mrs Biserka Gložinić

Gallery Centrum Mundi, Camellias, camellias ... ‘The Lady of the Camellias’ beauty contest

Ludbreg becomes a Town of Flowers each year. The Darko Gjurgjan International Flower Fair takes place, and almost all streets and squares become a large fair with open Germany air stands, lots of entertainment and plenty of local In January two directors had to be elected. Three food, drinks and flowers. members were willing to take over the duty as director for Germany/Austria: Professor Michael Krause and the previous directors Dr. Hermann Schoentag and Peter Fischer. 114 members took part in the election. There were 96 votes for Peter Fischer, 57 for Professor Michael Krause and 56 for Dr. Hermann Schoentag. As Professor Krause resigned, Peter Fischer and Dr. Schoentag were approved by ICS President Pat Short. The winter of 2009 was in many parts of Germany even colder than the winter 2008 and brought a lot of damage to the plants and disappointment for camellia friends. Some decided not to start a new Camellia embroidery collection and to leave the ICS. 157 In February 2010, before the IC Congress in Japan, resemblance each other and do not at all differ from there was a meeting in Frankfurt at the Palmengarten- Berlese’s or Verschaffelt’s iconographies. However, exhibition and another in October in Ladenburg with micromolecular investigations performed by Cyrill Sasanqua camellias. Claudel, scientist in the laboratories of the Botanic Garden (Director Dr. Schirotat) of the Botanical At both meetings substantial presentations were Institute of the University of Hamburg proved given by the Directors. they are not genetically identical. Therefore Dr. In February 2010 Dr. Hermann Schoentag reported on Schoentag recommends that the epithets be adjusted the latest information about the C. j.‘Francofortensis’. to Taranto and Odessa respectively until further At about the same time as Prof. Klaus Peper information is available. The present information reintroduced the then forgotten Francofurtensis at will soon be published in detail in the German an international symposium in the early seventies Camellia Magazine “CAMELLIA”. back into the Frankfurter Palmengarten, Peter The greatest problem for camellias in Germany is Fischer of Wingst received a parcel from Odessa, the winter temperature. The report given in February Ukraine; it contained a grafted Francofurtensis. 2010 by Peter Fischer showed the compelling This is now about two meters (7 ft.) high, flowering experience of 60 years camellia cultivation in his every year. Prof. Peper got his plant from Northern garden in Wingst (the first and only ‘Garden of Italy. Just one single plant is growing there in the Excellence’ in Germany). garden of Villa Taranto. It was Andrea Corneo, who found and determined it as Francofurtensis. They As a result, he gave comprehensive recommendations

Name Description Year Black Lace Benten C. hybr. leaves with white edge, in other respects like ‘Black Lace’ 1988 C.M. Hovey Benten C. jap. leaves yellow-white with darkgreen middle, blooms like ‘C.M.Hovey’ 1994 Dagmar Berghoff C. hy������������br. pitardii 1985 Duftglöckchen C. hybr. C. lutchuensis x ‘Tinsie’ 1990 Fischer´s Jubiläums Rubin C. jap. seedling of ‘Rubina’ x ‘Duft’ 2003 Fischer´s Samtglut C. jap. seedling of ‘Kuro Wabisuke’, glowing-red, simple, stamen golden yellow 2009 Fischer´s Schnee Traverso������� C. jap. chance seedling of ‘Guiseppe Traverso’, stable white 1998 Frieda Petersen C. jap. chance seedling 1982 Harlekin C. jap. seedling of ‘Dixie Night Supreme’, red with fine white stripes, paeonie-form 2010 Hermann Hesse C. jap. seedling of ‘April Dawn’, white with small unregular rose-coloured stripes, anemone-form 2010 Jutta C. jap. ’Mrs. D.W.Davis’ x ’Adolphe Audusson’ 1986 Loki Schmidt C. hybr. of jap. ‘Akebono’ x C. pitardii 1990 Mailin C. sas. hybr. seedling of ‘Survivor’ sas. x oleifera, white, cup-form. First blossom 2005 2009 Mary Caroni C. jap. chance seedling of ‘Bokuhan’ 2005 Meine Ingrid C. jap. chance seedling 2009 Osterfreude C. jap. Higo seed, white with red areas and stripes and Higo petals 2009 Osterschnee C. jap. white with yellow stamen between petals, rose-form 2010 Osterstrahlen C. jap. Higo seed, white with red dots and fine stripes 2010 Perlmuttkelch C. jap. chance seedling 2007, simple, salmon-mother of pearl, cup-form 2009 Pit Pit Fischer C. pit. subsp. pit., rose-coloured, semi-double, miniature in habit and flower 2000 Seidenstern (Silk Star) C. jap. of ‘Moshio’, darkred 1993 Wingster Dreifaltigkeit C. jap. of C. jap. ’Shibori variegated’ 1992 Wingster Fanal C. jap. seedling of ‘Paul Jones Supreme’, white with red stripes, semi-double, paeonie-form. 2010 Wingste����r Fr�ü�����hling C. jap. �������������������������������������������������������Wabisuke seed, simple, white-rose with some red stripes 2009 Wingster Olymp C. jap. chance seedling, white, semi-double 1989 Wingster Schneewolke C. jap. seedling of ‘Finlandia’, white with yellow stamen between undulating petals, paeonie-form 2010 158 to bring our plants safely through rough weather. Enthusiasm is undimmed and a new camellia garden Beside the appropriate species and minimum age was planted in the grounds of the historic Frida at planting it is necessary to provide a shaded Hansen building near the centre of Stavanger. location with suitable soil conditions and adequate fertilization with extra water supply for maturing before the winter starts. At freezing temperatures precautionary measures are limited to shade and protection against wind from the east. An additional layer of 20 cm of humus such as leaf mould or peat every year around the camellias prevents rapid freezing and provides optimal humidity. To avoid breaking of branches after heavy snowfall, snow should be carefully shaken off the camellia branches Newly planted camellias in the Frida Hansen Garden, as soon as possible. Stavanger May 2010 The main topic of the October session at Ladenburg Many private gardeners from Stavanger (lat.59ºN), was the information about the IC Congress in Japan. as far north as Bergen, (lat. 62ºN) continue to plant Helga Allmeras and Gaby Müller-Lauer presented camellias in their gardens, despite the difficulties of the overwhelming pictures of the highlights of this the climate in this northern region. remarkable tour from Goto Island to Kyoto and A more comprehensive report will be included in Dr. Hermann Schoentag gave a summary about the the article “Camellias in cold conditions” in the topics of the scientific program at the IC Congress 2011 Journal. held in Kurume. Jennifer Trehane. With the presentation of his own cultivars Peter Fischer encouraged all demoralized camellia lovers Portugal to try their luck again. Karin Jacobs-Gebauer. Errata from Portugal’s News in the 2009 Journal:- Two pictures of C.j.’Calliope’ were Norway shown on page 97. The illustration on the top left I was lucky to be invited by Eli Stolsvig to visit was not ‘Duarte de Oliveira’. The correct image Norway in May 2010. of this variety is shown below. There was considerable damage to many camellias, caused by the unusually severe 2009/2010 winter but there were exceptions. A splendid C.x williamsii ‘Donation’ in a garden near the sea in Stavanger belonging to Berit Branston was covered in bloom in May.

2010 has been a wonderful year, not so much in terms of camellia blooms, due to the unusual weather changes, but in terms of the growing enthusiasm among camellia lovers. Much research was carried out and the “List of Portuguese Camellias”, 376 varieties, made by Joana Camellia x williamsii ‘Donation’, planted close to Berit Andreson Guedes and Armando Oliveira was finally Branston’s house near the seashore in the Stavanger area, flowered freely after the severe winter published and presented at the Porto Exhibition. 159

Cover of “The List of Portuguese Camellias” C.sasanqua ‘Barão de Soutelinho’ C.sasanqua ‘Baronesa de Soutelinho’

C.japonica ‘Arcozelo’ C. japonica ‘Bella de Fiaes’ C.japonica ‘Augusto Leal de Gouveia Pinto’ C.japonica ‘Bella Portuense’ 160 Spain The Director of the ICS for Spain, Dr. Carmen Salinero Corral and the membership representative Ms. Pilar Vela, and other Spanish members of the International Camellia Society presented the application to hold the 2014 ICS Congress in Pontevedra at the Directors meeting at the ICS Congress in Kurume. The application was unanimously approved. We have already started working on the organization of the congress together with our neighbouring country, Portugal. It is planned that ICS members will visit both Portuguese and Spanish camellia gardens. The International Camellia Show held in Pontevedra this year was a complete success. The chosen place to celebrate the event was the Pontevedra provincial museum.

C.japonica ‘Bento de Amorim’ C.japonica ‘Calliope’ (‘Fiaes’)

Quite a few ancient varieties were identified, others are still waiting for more conclusive classification— a very hard task as you all know. The International Camellia Exhibit at the Pontevedra Camellia Show Instead of the usual two or three exhibitions, this year we had five. In Porto, the show, with a section This is a traditional camellia show in Spain that has on documentation, attracted 5,500 visitors and in been celebrated since 1965, and rotates among the Celorico de Basto there was great local involvement most important cities in the south of the Galician and a beautiful indoor and outdoor show. Three new Atlantic coast, Pontevedra, Vigo and Vilagarcía. The shows were all in Northern Portugal, in Guimares, competitions give awards to the best group of flowers, Novelas and Lousada and there are prospects for an the best individual bloom and other categories such exhibition in Lisbon in 2011. as the best Camellia sasanqua, and C. reticulata, the camellia enthusiast who participates for the first time In addition to the exhibitions Carolina Meira, an ICS in the show, the best artistic display, etc… This year, member, held two very successful and well attended apart from the camellia show itself, an art exhibition courses on “How to care for your camellias”. of Spanish artists inspired by camellias was held, gathering the work of 11 artists. In order to make We are now gathering efforts to offer every the camellia more known to children we prepared participant in the 2014 Pre-Congress Tour in a camellia workshop for children of primary school Portugal an unforgettable visit. age. They enjoyed the experience with plenty of Joana Guedes activities around the camellia. 161 An initiative from the Galician Tourist Board and Switzerland the Spanish Camellia Society was the creation Rolf Stockman (Director), tells us that:- “On 16th of a camellia route to visit the historical Galician April we gave the name of a famous writer, ‘Herman camellia gardens. ��������������������������������Included so far are:- Pazo-museo Hesse’ to a wonderful new Camellia japonica. Bred Quiñones de León, Castillo de Soutomaior, Pazo by Peter Fischer at Wingst (Germany), it is white de la Saleta, Pazo de Rubiáns, Casa museo Rosalía with rose stripes. A three year old plant in full bloom de Castro, Pazo de Oca, Pazo de Santa Cruz de was planted in the court garden of the Hermann Rivadulla, Pazo de Mariñán. ���������������Now, three more Hesse Museum at Montagnola. Hermann Hesse gardens with monumental camellias have been lived for the greater part of his life at Montagnola in added: Pazo de Lourizán, Parque del Castro and southern Switzerland. He was not only an excellent Pazo Quinteiro da Cruz. There is a link to the web writer but also a great gardener and friend of plants page of the Camellia route (http://scamelia.efa-dip. who mentioned camellias several times in his work. org). We encourage all members of the ICS to visit Galicia and our gardens! On 6th May we had the great pleasure of celebrating the designation of the Camellia Garden at Locarno as an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. I had the honour to give the certificate to the Mayor of the city, Carla Speziali, in the presence of the head gardener and creator of the garden, Daniele Marcacci, and his team, Mirella Motta membership representative for ICS Italy, and Waldemar Max Hansen, Vice President for Europe. Also present were past Director, Mary Caroni, and our Membership Representive, Claudio Respini and past head gardener Remo Ferriroli.

UK (Northern Ireland) Some of Sydney Harrod’s camellias suffered A scene from the Pazo de Lourizan garden considerable winter damage, others such as C.x which is included in the Galician Camellia Route williamsii ‘St Ewe’ survived better than any other. His garden is in the far north of Northern Ireland Finally we have to mention the visit of the near Londonderry. horticulturist Franco Ghirardi, author of the book ‘Higo Camellia, un fiore per il terzo millenio’ His carefully documented record of weather and owner of the largest Higo camellia collection conditions and the effects of the cold winter on each in Europe, who this year donated more than one of the camellias in his collection will be included in hundred Higo Camellias to the Pontevedra provincial “Camellias in cold conditions” in the 2011 Journal. government. These specimens will be part of their camellia collection, becoming an important resource USA for horticulture in Spain. As you may know Higo Director Don Bergamini held a couple of events in camellias were for centuries hidden by Japanese July and October in Northern California. nobility and by the Samurais. At present they are strongly appreciated in Japan and they are less well He also attended the celebrations of the Nuccio th known in Europe. family’s 75 years in business as a nursery on 13 June. (A full report of this significant occasion will María González be published in the 2011 Journal, Editor). 162 Retiring Treasurer’s Report Enquiries showed that other forms of investment in Europe presented problems with both purchase and taxation. Our investments have therefore been shifted to the USA, where the Society is incorporated, and The Annual Accounts of the Society as at 31 May 2010, and representing its transactions for the 2009 where we hold tax free status. The investments are being made by advisers Smith Barney & Co., and calendar year, again show that the finances are in a very satisfactory position. supervised by our immediate Past President Mr Greg Davis. During the year it was found that our bankers in the Channel Islands are no longer able to offer an acceptable My thanks to all who have assisted me in my two spells as Treasurer beginning in 1997, and my best wishes rate of interest on term deposits. The Otomo Fund in particular depends on interest earned to be able to to my successor, Mr Colin Cook, whose address details will be found elsewhere in the Journal. make research grants. Neville Haydon

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS SUMMARY BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 MAY 2010 12 Months ending 31 May 2010 2010 2009 2010 2009 £Stg £Stg £Stg £Stg Current Assets Operating Income Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd Current Account 22873 6531 Net Subscriptions previous year 564 60 Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd Deposit Account nil 72917 Net Subscriptions current year 15587 13268 22873 79448 Transfer from Life Membership Fund 443 442 Less Subscriptions paid in advance 2563 nil Donations 98 nil Net Current Assets 20310 79448 Journal Advertising 384 nil Term Assets Interest 19 361 Bond Investments (USA) 69862 nil 17095 14131 Operating Expenditure Total Net assets 90172 79448 Journal Printing 5999 7976 which are distributed as follows; Journal Mailout 2797 2681 Designated Funds 2008 Membership Lists nil 599 Register Fund 25061 24519 Administration & Sundry expenses nil 372 Life Membership Fund 8431 8404 8796 11628 Otomo Research Fund 38749 36893 Operating Surplus 8299 2503 Total Designated Funds 72241 69816 MOVEMENTS IN DESIGNATED FUNDS Available Funds 17931 9632

Register Fund 31 May 2009 24519 22968 90172 79448 NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS Add Sales of Registers & Supplements 474 514 Add Interest 68 1037 1. The accounts are reported in £ sterling. 2. The Receipts and Payments Summary covers the 12 months ending 31 May 2010, but is analysed to Balance 31 May 2010 25061 24519 show all receipts and payments relating to the calendar and subscription year 2009. 3. Interest earned has been apportioned between the individual Designated Funds and Available Funds. Life Membership Fund 31 May 2009 8404 8463 4. Because of the collapse of fixed term deposit interest rates in Europe, investment has now been Add New Memberships 446 nil made in bonds. The investment has been made in the USA, where the Society is incorporated, and Add Interest 24 383 where we hold tax exempt status. Less Transfer to Current Subscriptions 443 442 5. 2009 Subscriptions are included from all Regions. Balance 31 May 2010 8431 8404 AUDITOR’S REPORT Otomo Research Fund 31 May 2009 36893 34658 I certify that these accounts show a fair and accurate summary of the Society’s transactions for the year Add Donations 1750 1768 ending 31 May 2010, and of its financial position at the end of that year, according to the books and Add Interest 106 1579 vouchers that I have checked. Less Grant nil 1112 Signed A. Tills Balance 31 May 2010 38749 36893 Date 14 June 2010 163 Retiring Treasurer’s Report Enquiries showed that other forms of investment in Europe presented problems with both purchase and taxation. Our investments have therefore been shifted to the USA, where the Society is incorporated, and The Annual Accounts of the Society as at 31 May 2010, and representing its transactions for the 2009 where we hold tax free status. The investments are being made by advisers Smith Barney & Co., and calendar year, again show that the finances are in a very satisfactory position. supervised by our immediate Past President Mr Greg Davis. During the year it was found that our bankers in the Channel Islands are no longer able to offer an acceptable My thanks to all who have assisted me in my two spells as Treasurer beginning in 1997, and my best wishes rate of interest on term deposits. The Otomo Fund in particular depends on interest earned to be able to to my successor, Mr Colin Cook, whose address details will be found elsewhere in the Journal. make research grants. Neville Haydon

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS SUMMARY BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 MAY 2010 12 Months ending 31 May 2010 2010 2009 2010 2009 £Stg £Stg £Stg £Stg Current Assets Operating Income Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd Current Account 22873 6531 Net Subscriptions previous year 564 60 Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd Deposit Account nil 72917 Net Subscriptions current year 15587 13268 22873 79448 Transfer from Life Membership Fund 443 442 Less Subscriptions paid in advance 2563 nil Donations 98 nil Net Current Assets 20310 79448 Journal Advertising 384 nil Term Assets Interest 19 361 Bond Investments (USA) 69862 nil 17095 14131 Operating Expenditure Total Net assets 90172 79448 Journal Printing 5999 7976 which are distributed as follows; Journal Mailout 2797 2681 Designated Funds 2008 Membership Lists nil 599 Register Fund 25061 24519 Administration & Sundry expenses nil 372 Life Membership Fund 8431 8404 8796 11628 Otomo Research Fund 38749 36893 Operating Surplus 8299 2503 Total Designated Funds 72241 69816 MOVEMENTS IN DESIGNATED FUNDS Available Funds 17931 9632

Register Fund 31 May 2009 24519 22968 90172 79448 NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS Add Sales of Registers & Supplements 474 514 Add Interest 68 1037 1. The accounts are reported in £ sterling. 2. The Receipts and Payments Summary covers the 12 months ending 31 May 2010, but is analysed to Balance 31 May 2010 25061 24519 show all receipts and payments relating to the calendar and subscription year 2009. 3. Interest earned has been apportioned between the individual Designated Funds and Available Funds. Life Membership Fund 31 May 2009 8404 8463 4. Because of the collapse of fixed term deposit interest rates in Europe, investment has now been Add New Memberships 446 nil made in bonds. The investment has been made in the USA, where the Society is incorporated, and Add Interest 24 383 where we hold tax exempt status. Less Transfer to Current Subscriptions 443 442 5. 2009 Subscriptions are included from all Regions. Balance 31 May 2010 8431 8404 AUDITOR’S REPORT Otomo Research Fund 31 May 2009 36893 34658 I certify that these accounts show a fair and accurate summary of the Society’s transactions for the year Add Donations 1750 1768 ending 31 May 2010, and of its financial position at the end of that year, according to the books and Add Interest 106 1579 vouchers that I have checked. Less Grant nil 1112 Signed A. Tills Balance 31 May 2010 38749 36893 Date 14 June 2010 164 I.C.S. MEMBERSHIP Report Ines Kasimir ICS members’ subscription rates current in 2011. Yearly subscriptions should be paid promptly every January, to the Membership Representatives listed below. Calculation of subscription rates for Life Membership (in the case of Double Life Membership the age of the younger of the two members should be used) :- Less than 50 years of age, 30 times the annual subscription rate. Between 50 and 65 years of age, 20 times the annual subscription rate. More than 65 years of age, 15 times the annual subscription rate. Africa. R60. Double R70 Keith Kirsten, PO. Box 1458, Fourways, Gauteng, 2055, South Africa, [email protected] Australia. $AU20. Double $AU55 Barry di Salvia, 61 Twynam Street, Narrandera, NSW, 2700, Australia, [email protected] Benelux. €20.00. Double €20.00. Includes supplement for Benelux Region services Marcel Vaassen, Avenue Bel Air 53, Rixensart, 1330, Belgium, [email protected] Netherlands position - to be filled. Channel Islands. £10.50. Double £13.00 Maxine Fergusson, Brookvale, La Rue du Pont, St. John, JE3 4FF, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] China. RMB 150 Tang Dayin, Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua, 321017 Zhejiang, China, [email protected] (English alt: [email protected]) France. €15.50. Double €18.00 Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois-Chaperon, Briis-sous-Forges, 91640, France, [email protected] Germany/Austria. €15.50. Double €18.00 Karin Jacobs-Gebauer, Fuchshohl 80, Frankfurt, 60431, Germany, [email protected] Italy. €15.50. Double €18.00 Mirella Motta, Via G.Boccaccio 4, Milano, 20123, Italy, [email protected] Japan and other Asia regions. Y2400. Double Y3300 Shigeyuki Murauchi, 1-312 Kasumi-machi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0004, Japan, [email protected] New Zealand. $NZ 24.50. Double $NZ 28.00 Ron Macdonald, Westwyn, 44 Kelland Road, Waipipi, 3 R.D. Waiuku, New Zealand, No e-mail Portugal. €15.50. Double €18.00 Sigrid Jensen Leite de Faria, Rua Antonio Nobre 70, Porto, 4150-630, Portugal, [email protected] Spain. €15.50. Double €18.00 Pilar Vela Fernández, Estación FIT, o Areeiro, Pontevedra, 36153, Spain, [email protected] Switzerland. CHF 27. Double CHF 33 Claudia Respini, [email protected] United Kingdom. £15.00. Double £17.50. Includes supplement for UK Region services Keith Sprague, 329 London Road, St. Albans, AL1 1DZ , U.K., No e-mail United States. $17.00. Double $20.00 Carol Comber, 521 Long Lake Drive, Pensacola, Florida, 32506-5683, U.S.A., [email protected] 165 2010 I.C.S. Membership LIFE LIFE ANNUAL ANNUAL TOTAL Single Double Single Double Australia 1) 7 1 51 33 126 Benelux 2) 59 55 169 Channel Islands* 3) 15 9 44 20 117 China 13 177 190 Croatia 1 1 Czech Republic 1 2 Denmark 2 2 France 4) 61 32 125 Germany 5) 1 69 49 168 Hungary 1 1 Ireland 2 2 Italy 2 30 16 64 Japan 6) 4 2 148 156 Korea 2 2 New Zealand 2 29 17 65 Norway 10 1 12 Panama 1 1 Portugal 7) 67 51 169 South Africa* 8) 7 2 1 2 16 Spain 1 35 1 38 Swaziland 1 2 Sweden 1 2 Switzerland 9) 1 20 18 57 United Kingdom 10) 6 4 168 71 324 United States 11) 3 118 47 215 Vietnam 5 5 Zimbabwe 1 1 3 TOTAL 63 20 1101 415 2034

1) Excludes members registered from UK (1); Vietnam (1) 2) Excludes members registered from Czech Republic (2); Germany (2) 3) Excludes members registered from Denmark (1); UK (1) 4) Excludes members registered from Switzerland (2); Vietnam (4) 5) Excludes members registered from Belgium (2); France (3); Italy (2) 6) Excludes member registered from Korea (1) 7) Excludes members registered from Netherlands (2) 8) Excludes members registered from Panama (1); Swaziland (2); Zimbabwe (3) 9) Excludes member registered from Italy (1) 10) Excludes members registered from Channel Island (2); China (1); Croatia (1); Hungary (1); Ireland (2); Norway (12); Sweden (2); Vietnam (1) 11) Excludes members registered from Korea (2); Switzerland (1); China (1) * no update 2010 166 Membership Changes 2010 (November 2010)

AUSTRALIA New Members BOWN, Mrs F., 407 Argyle Street, New Town, TAS 7008 DUNKERTON, Mr R. E., PO Box 1528, Atherton, QLD 4883 McLEOD, Mrs J., PO Box 22, Kingston, TAS 7051 MURAS, Mrs J. I., 11 Ackling Street, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153 KELLYFIELD CAMELLIAS, 958 Kidaman Creek Road, Curramore, QLD 4552 TULK, Ms H, 39 Hazelmead Road, Asquith, NSW 2077 WEBSTER, Mrs J., 15 Rookwood Street, North Balwyn, VIC 3104 Total New Members = 8, Single = 6, Double = 1 Change OKE, Mr G, 116 Broughton Vale Road, BERRY, NSW 2535 TATE, Mr K, Robert’s Lodge, Boundary Road, Peakhurst, NSW 2210 WATSON (Spicer), Mrs B, 136/207 Forest Way, BELROSE, NSW 2085

BENELUX (BELGIUM and NETHERLANDS) New Members – BELGIUM BARBARIN, Mr & Mme Jean-Pierre, rue Mercier 53, 6211 Mellet FONDU-DUBOIS, Mr & Mme, rue Duchateau 182, 7100 La Louvière RENNOIR, Mme Renée, rue Nestor Falise 4, 6180 Courcelles Total New Members = 5, Single = 1, Double = 2 – NETHERLANDS BLONK, Dhr R., Bloemendaalseweg 7, 2741 LD Waddinxveen REUDERINK, Dhr M.H. Kerstomaatplantsoen 18, 1104 VE Amsterdam SPAARGAREN, Dhr C.A., Roerdomplaan 10, 1431 WJ Aalsmeer VAN GELDEREN, Dhr C., Rijneveld 72, 2771 XS, Boskoop VAN NIEUWENHOVE, Dhr L.T.H., Nieuwe Westdijk 2, 3204 LC Spijkenisse VREEMAN, Dhr H.J.P., Kerkstraat 10, 6991 HC Rheden Total New Members = 6, Single = 6 167

CHANNEL ISLANDS Change REYNOLDS, Mrs M. 11, Chateau Valeuse, La Rue de la Valeuse. St Brelade, Jersey, JE3 8EE

Denmark Change JUST, Tom, DK 4000 Roshilde, Denmark

FRANCE New Members CHOTARD, Mr André, 7, descente de Bellevue, 29170 Fouesnant De TREGLODE, Dominique, 777, route de l’Isle, 29300 BAYE LOZAC’HMEUR, Felix, 19, route de Pouldreuzic l’Albaderie, 29700 PLUGUFFAN PENLAND, Mr Roger, OUESSANFLEURS Le Merdi, 29242 OUESSANT WEITZ, Carol, La Closerie des Saules, La Ville Neuve, 22410, Plourhan Total New Members = 5, Single = 5

GERMANY New Members LIEBICH, Margrit U., Gierather Straße 246, 51469, Bergisch-Gladbach RÖSNER, Petra & Werner, Am Wapelsberg 52, 51469, Bergisch-Gladbach ZIERENNER, Hans-Jürgen, Großsedlitzer Weg 1, 01257, Dresden Total New Members = 5, Single = 1, Double = 2

ITALY New Members FUSI Giustina, Via Litta 7, 28041, Arona (NO) MARTINO Cristoforo, Via Savio 10, 12038, Savigliano (CN) THOMAS BONNAURE Marie Jeanne, Via Milano 323, 21027, Ispra (VA) Total New Members =3, Single = 3 168 JAPAN New Members MATSUGAKI, Mr.Yoshinori, Kitsuki-shi, Oita-ken, 879-1312 SHIMIZU, Mr.Hideo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-0002 Total New Members =2, Single = 2 Change ASAI, Mr Mitsuya, 33 Motonoumi-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi-ken, 444-0063 NARAHARA, Mr.Toshinori, Kurume City Hall, 15-3, Jonan-cho,, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka-ken, 830-8520 YOSHIDA, Mr.Etsushi, Kyushu-denryoku,Saga-shiten, Saga-shi, Saga-ken, 840-0804

NEW ZEALAND New Members DUNEDIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, c/o Dunedin City Council, ATT. Marianne GROOTHUIS, P.O. Box 5243, Dunedin RANSON, Mrs. L, 151 Angle Road, R.D.3, Whakatane Total New Members =2, Single = 2 Change BISCHOFF, Mrs C R, Puketui, R.D.1, Waiuku JEX-BLAKE, Mrs S, Harbout View Apartment, 157/100 Custom House St., Gisborne

PORTUGAL New Members ALPENDURADA, Sra. Maria de Fátima P.S., Av. Montevideu, 50, 4150-516, Porto BASTOS, Sr. Casimiro Alves, R. da Ferradeira, 4 - Arrancada do Vouga, 3750-810, Valongo do Vouga CAMPOS, Sr. Manuel César Araújo, Rua Sarinhães, 201, Vila do Conde CARVALHO, Sra. Margarida Costa, Rua de Belos Ares, 157, 4100-109, Porto CASA DO CAMPO, CASA DO CAMPO, Molares , 4890-414, Celorico de Basto FUNDAÇÃO DE SERRALVES, R. D. João de Castro, 210, 4150-417, Porto FUNDAÇÃO ENG. ANTÓNIO DE ALMEIDA , R. Tenente Valadim, 325, 4100-479, Porto MALAFAYA, Sra. M. Antónia Bettencourt, R. do Molhe, 680, r/c, 4150-500, Porto MARTINS, Sra. Maria Teresa Pego Correia, R. Camilo, 62, 4490-485, Póvoa de Varzim 169 NEVES, Sra. Dinah Azevedo, R. de Sta. Catarina, 13-A, 1200-401, Lisboa NÓVOA, Sra. M. Ormezinda Sampaio da, Av. Fernão de Magalhães, 1014, 4350-154, Porto OLIVEIRA, Sra. Maria Luzia, Av. Boavista, 3076, 4100-120, Porto PARQUES DE SINTRA, MONTE DA LUA, S.A., Parque de Monserrate , 2710-405, Sintra QUALIDADE DE BASTO, EEM, Av. da República, Ed. Mercado Municipal, 1º, 4890-220, Celorico de Basto ROCHA, Sra. Maria Isabel Amaral da, Casa do Reguengo - Rua do Reguengo - Boelhe, 4575-100, Penafiel RODRIGUES, Sr. Albino Lopes, R. Prof. M.J. Pereira, 840, 4805-128, Caldas das Taipas TABORDA, Sra. Julieta P. Araújo, R. Marta Mesquita da Câmara, 199 - hab.66, 4150-485, Porto Total New Members =24, Single = 10, Double = 7 Change PAZ, Sra. Eduarda Maria Oliveira, 3880-350, Ovar

SWITZERLAND New Members Martino, Patrick e Sara, Via S. Martino 13a, 6600, Locarno, Osti, Aldo, Via Camporiva 19, 6976, Castagnola - Lugano, Total New Members = 4, Double = 2

UNITED KINGDOM New Members BRISTOW, Mrs. Jan, Worth Hall Lodge, Tuners Hill Road, Worth nr Crawley, RH10 4NB BROWN, Mr. David, Hurst Road, Hassocks, West Sussex, BN6 9NL DUNCAN GRANT, Ian, 68 Willis Street, Poplar, London, E14 6NB EVERIDGE, David & Chris, Heathlands, Morcombelake, Bridport, Dorset, DT6 6EP FURNEAUX, Dr. Peter, Southenay House, Church Street, Hartfield, E.Sussex, TN7 4AG GREGORY, Mr. Robin, “Dilwara”, No. 2 Gordon Road, Tideswell nr Buixton, Derbyshire, SK17 8PR PARRY, Mr M., Hampton House, Hampton Farm Lane, Swanmore. SO32 2GH UK PETHERICK, Charlotte, Porthpean House, Porthpean, St. Austell, PL26 6AX PORTCH, Mrs. Joy, Blowinghouse Cottage, Godolphin Cross, Helston, TR13 9RE 170 PRIEST, Mr.M & Mrs.Y., Warren Lodge, Heathly Way, Storrington, RH20 4DD ROWE, Richard C.G., Kenilworth, Playford Road, Little Bealings. Woodbridge, Suffolk, IP3 6ND SYDNEY-SMITH, Mr. A, THOMAS, Fiona, Blue Cedar, Abbots Lane, Kenley, Surrey, CR8 5JB Total New Members = 15, Single = 9, Double = 3 Change LYUS, Mr. Stephen & Mrs. Helen, 11 Meadway, Spital, Merseyside, CH62 2AR POSTLETHWAITE, John & Rosemary, Highbeech House, Pangbourne Hill, Pangbourne, Berks, RG8 7AS

UNITED STATES New Members COMBER, Carol, Pensacola, FL 32506, United States JOHNSON, Tom, Charleston, SC 29414, United States MALONE, Charles B., Arlington, TX 76013, United States PARKS, Clifford, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, United States WHITEHEAD, Mark, Highland, NC 28741, United States Total New Members = 5, Single = 5

VIETNAM New Member HONG, Vice Director, Dr Luu, Institute of Tropical Botany, 85 Tran Quoc Toan District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, (HCMC) Total New Members = 1, Single = 1 171 International Camellia Society Directors and other Officers 2010-2012

Africa Director Keith Kirsten, PO. Box 1458, Fourways, Gauteng, 2055, South Africa, [email protected] Australia Directors Jean Evans, 24 Orana Way, Roleystone, WA, 6111, Australia, [email protected] Margaret Levick, 73 Roland Avenue, Wahroonga, NSW, 2076, Australia, [email protected] Peter Levick, 73 Roland Avenue, Wahroonga, NSW, 2076, Australia, [email protected]

Benelux Directors Wytze Hoekstra, Zandstraat 2, Rosmalen, 5242 GR, Netherlands, [email protected] Micheline van Aubel, Misperlaarlaan 10, Kapellen, 2950, Belgium, [email protected]

Channel Islands Directors Melissa Bonn, Hamlet Farm, Rue de la Hambye, St. Saviour, JE2 7UQ, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] Peter Scott-Graham, Petite Coin, Rue des Vaux de L’Eglise, St. Martin, JE3 6BF, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] China Directors Guan Kaiyun, Kunming Institute of Botany, 132 Lanhei Rd, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650204 Yunnan, China, [email protected] Tang Dayin, Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua, 321017 Zhejiang, China, [email protected] (English alt: [email protected])

France Directors Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois-Chaperon, Briis-sous-Forges, 91640, France, [email protected] Roger Salaün, 6 Rue des Cendres, Chateauneuf-de-Faou, 29520, France, No e-mail

Germany/ Austria Directors Peter Fischer, Hoden 16, Wingst, 21780, Germany, [email protected] Hermann Schoentag, Gandersheimer Weg 27, Hamburg, 22459, Germany, [email protected]

Italy Director Gianmario Motta, Via G.Boccaccio 4, Milano, 20123, Italy, [email protected] 172

Japan and other Asia regions Directors Junichiro Amako, 2-5-9-203 Tanihara, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-0032, Japan, [email protected] Shigeo Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kita-Kyushu, 808-0144, Japan, [email protected]

New Zealand Directors Rodger Aitchison, R.D. 4, Palmerston North, New Zealand, [email protected] Vonnie Cave, Seafield, R.D. 24, Wanganui, New Zealand, [email protected] z

Portugal Director Joana Guedes, Rua Prof. Luis de Pina 20, Porto, 4150, Portugal, [email protected]

Spain Director Carmen Salinero Corrall, Rio tambre 19, A Caeria, Pontevedra, 36005, Spain, [email protected]

Switzerland Director Rolf Stockmann, Via sott’Ca 1, Montagnola, 6926, Switzerland,

United Kingdom Directors John Fildew, 12 Church Road, Plympton St. Maurice, Plymouth, PL7 3NH, U.K., [email protected] Steve Lyus, 11 Meadway, Spital, Merseyside, CH62 2AR, U.K., [email protected] Eric Taylor, 8 Cresford Road, London, SW6 2AH, U.K., No e-mail

United States Directors Don Bergamini, 2023 Huntridge Court, Martinez, California, 94553, U.S.A., [email protected] Art Landry, 10522 Ferncliff Avenue, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70815, U.S.A., [email protected] Ron Wolfe, 2019 Old Dominion, Albany, Georgia, 31721, U.S.A., [email protected] 173 Officers

President Patricia Short, 41 Galveston Road, London, SW15 2RZ, U.K., [email protected]

Treasurer Colin Cook, 2 New Cottages, Stone Allerton, Axbridge BS26 2NQ, U.K., [email protected]

Secretary Joan Wyn Jones, 31 Eldorado Road, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2PX, U.K., [email protected]

Membership Registrar Ines Kasimir, Stahlbühlring 96, Ladenburg, 68526, Germany, [email protected]

Patron Greg Davis, 7815 Burgoyne, Houston, Texas , 77063-2801, U.S.A., [email protected]

Vice-Presidents Annabelle Fetterman, 208 Fox Lake Drive, Clinton, North Carolina, 28328, U.S.A., No e-mail Waldemar Max Hansen, Grünenbergerstr. 24, Süssen, 73079, Germany, [email protected] Elva Harwood, Pikikiruna, Upper Takaka Road, Takaka, 7172, New Zealand, [email protected] Chuji Hiruki, 2-11 Fukue-cho, Gogo-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 853-0007, Japan, [email protected]

Journal Editor Jennifer Trehane, Church Cottage, 353 Hampreston, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 7LX, U.K., [email protected]

Otomo Fund Chairman Herb Short, 41 Galveston Road, London, SW15 2RZ , U.K., [email protected]

International Camellia Registrar Neville Haydon, 4/6 Ingram Street, Papakura, 2110, New Zealand, [email protected]

Web Editor Patricia Short, 41 Galveston Road, London, SW15 2RZ, U.K., [email protected] 174 Translations Résumé du contenu P.4 La lettre du Président. Ce fut la fin d’une époque lorsque, ce Printemps, Greg Davis, président depuis 2002, me passa le bâton présidentiel à Kurume. Je tiens à remercier Greg et les membres clefs de son équipe, Morris Waller, le secrétaire, et Neville Haydon, le trésorier, pour le beau travail qu’ils accomplirent durant ces années. J’en profite pour souhaiter la bienvenue au nouveau trésorier Colin Cook et la nouvelle secrétaire Joan Jones, tous deux habitant du Royaume Uni. Cet été, les Directeurs confirmèrent Greg Davis, Président sortant, en tant que Patron de l’ICS, succédant ainsi au défunt Charles Puddle. Résultat, nous avons une équipe forte qui garantira l’efficacité de l’ICS au service de ces membres. Il est surprenant de voir à quelle vitesse le temps a passé. Le programme concernant les Jardins d’Excellence de Camellia existe depuis dix ans et les cinq premiers jardins ayant reçus cette reconnaissance sont prêts à être réaffirmés en 2011. D’autres ont suivis et des nouveaux attendent cette reconnaissance tantles propriétaires et administrateurs se rendent compte du prestige d’un tel honneur. Lors de leur dernière réunion, les Directeurs ont approuvés six jardins supplémentaires, (voir Camellia Gardens of Excellence, p148). Neville Haydon, qui continue ses activités en tant qu’ International Registrar, annonce que le Deuxième Supplément au Registre International du Camellia sera publié début 2011. Il s’agit du résultat d’un travail de dix années, (voir International Registrar’s report p147). Herb Short, Directeur du Fonds de Recherche ICS Otomo conduisit la discussion concernant deux subventions décernées, par après, par les Directeurs, de même que l’ouverture du nouveau compte d’investissement ouvert aux Etats-Unis devant garantir les intérêts des dons. Les subventions seront le seul résultat des intérêts et non du capital. Le Fonds ICS Otomo, un fonds supportant la recherche, sur le plan international, concernant le camellia, a été joint par la Fondation Riggall, établie par Leslie Riggall avant son décès en 2005. Mme Gladys Riggall a approuvé une subvention destinée à financer un étudiant post-gradué de la Massey University en Nouvelle-Zélande, dans un programme de trois années de recherche sur le petal-blight affectant la fleur du camellia. Nous nous attendons, avec impatience et pour les années à venir, à de chaudes relations, au support mutuel et à une coopération productive, (voir l’Otomo Fund report et le Treasurers report p162). La formation d’un Groupe de Travail des Camellia Historiques a été annoncée. Ce nouveau groupe, sous la direction de Dr. Chuji Hiruki, Vice-Pésident ICS, a tenu sa réunion inaugurale à Kurume, (voir p 8). Le Congrès de Kurume a vu également le début de la Médaille du Président, discernée, à la discrétion du président, à ceux dont la contribution a été d’une grande valeur pour le monde du camellia. Les premiers bénéficiaires furent Neville Haydon, pour son énorme contribution à l’ICS, plus récemment en tant que Trésorier et Registrar, et Shinishiro Kishikawa qui a mis sa documentation historique à la disponibilité des chercheurs, en reproduisant à bon compte, des copies de son inestimable collection de livres anciens traitant le camellia. Le planning des Congrès futurs pour 2014/2016 & 2018 a été approuvé, (voir page 8). Les régions choisies sont toutes réputées pour leurs camellia magnifiques, leurs paysages époustouflants de même que pour leurs 175 populations locales avides de nous recevoir dans leurs communautés. Ces qualités sont largement démontrées par Chuxiong, Yunnan, Chine, où nos collègues avancent à grands pas dans la préparation du Congrès 2012 (voir p 9-17). Les informations complètes, de même que les bulletins d’inscription, sont préparés et prêts à être envoyés aux membres. Les dernières informations seront publiées, telles quelles, sur le website ICS www.camellia-ics.org. La liste des membres, utilisée également pour la préparation des étiquettes postales destinées à l’envoi de l’International Camellia Journal, est extrêmement importante. Il est impératif qu’Ines Kasimir, ICS Membership Registrar, reçoive rapidement les renseignements complets et mis à jour, de la part des membership représentatives des différentes régions. Nous ne soulignons probablement pas suffisamment le formidable travail accompli par nos membership représentatives. Ils doivent, très rigoureusement, tenir à jour l’enregistrement de nouveaux membres, les résiliations, les décès et autres changements. En sus, ils travaillent en collaboration avec les directeurs, à l’organisation des évènements dans leur région et à la distribution des informations concernant l’ICS. Ils méritent grandement notre gratitude pour leur dévouement. Patricia L Short

9-16 Les plans pour le Congrès ICS de 2012 à Chuxiong dans le Yunnan en Chine, et les routes pour les visites durant les Pré- et Post Congrès tours sont établies.

17-31 Les rapports concernant le Congrès International, très réussi, de l’ICS à Kurume ainsi que les Pré- et Post tours.

32-130 Les contenus de tous les documents présentés lors du dernier congrès ont été imprimés, ainsi que la plupart des illustrations. Les noms et les détails vous permettant de joindre les présentateurs sont publiés. Pour de plus amples informations et/ou permissions nécessaires pour la traduction et/ou la production des contenus des articles présentés durant ce congrès ICS, veuillez les contacter ou vous mettre en rapport avec l’éditeur.

131-136 George Orel décrit, en détail, C. luteocerata, une nouvelle espèce de camellia jaune très distincte, découverte au Vietnam. Il suggère que le système, tant taxonomique que moléculaire, actuellement utilisé dans la classification du camellia, est incompatible.

Il propose une nouvelle section, Camellia sect.. Dalatia Orel sect.nov. Il donne C. luteocerata comme type.

137-140 George Orel décrit C. maiana, une nouvelle espèce produisant des fleurs blanches virant de l’opacité à la translucidité, découverte au Vietnam.

141 You Mouxian décrit ses voyages à Taiwan où il a vu plusieurs camellia âgés de 100 ans et plus ainsi qu’un certain nombre d’espèces et où il a eu l’occasion de renforcer les liens d’amitié entre amateurs de Taiwan et de la Chine continentale.

144 Greg Davis nous décrit en partie son voyage de six semaines en Chine en compagnie de You Muxian et sa fille de même que John Wang (Californie). Il nous fournit les dernières nouvelles concernant le développement des pépinières, la propagation, la distribution et l’utilisation des camellia en Chine. Un commerce florissant. Marc de Coninck 176 Botschaft der Präsidentin (Seite 4) Es war das Ende einer Ära, als mir Greg Davis - Präsident seit 2002 – in diesem Frühjahr in Kurume den Marschallstab der Präsidentschaft übergab. Ich möchte mich bei Greg und den engsten Mitgliedern seines Teams, seinem Sekretär Morris Waller und dem Schatzmeister Neville Haydon für all die über die Jahre exzellent geleistete Arbeit bedanken und den neuen Schatzmeister Collin Cook und die neue Sekretärin Joan Jones, beide aus Großbritannien, herzlich begrüßen. Außerdem wurde in diesem Sommer der bisherige Präsident Greg Davis von den Direktoren als Patron bestätigt und folgt damit dem verstorbenen Charles Puddle nach. Daraus folgt, dass wir ein starkes Team haben, das die Kontinuität im Dienst der Mitglieder erfolgreich sicherstellt. Es ist überraschend wie schnell die Zeit vergeht. Das ‘Camellia Gardens of Excellence Program’ existiert seit 10 Jahren und die ersten 5 Gärten, die diese Anerkennung erhalten haben, müssen im Jahre 2011 bereits erneut bestätigt werden. Weitere sind anerkannt und andere bewerben sich, weil ihre Besitzer und Verwalter die Bedeutung dieses Ritterschlags erkennen. Sechs weiteren Gärten wurde von den Direktoren während des Treffens in Kurume dieser Status zuerkannt. (Seite 148: Camellia Gardens of Excellence report). Neville Haydon, weiterhin ‘International Registrar’ kündigte an, dass der zweite Ergänzungsband zum ‘International Register of Camellias’ Anfang 2011 erscheinen wird. Es ist die Krönung zehnjähriger Arbeit. (Seite 147: International Registrar’s report). Herb Short, Direktor des ‘ICS Otomo Research Fund’ leitete die Diskussion über die beiden Forschungsbeihilfen, die später von den Direktoren vergeben wurden, und das neue in den USA angelegte Bankkonto sichert das dafür nötige Zinseinkommen. Finanzielle Unterstützungen können nur aus den Zinseinkünften, nicht aus Kapital gewährt werden. Der ‘ICS Otomo Fund’, die herausragende Stiftung zur Unterstützung der Forschung über Kamelien auf internationaler Basis, wird ergänzt von der Riggall Foundation, die von Leslie Riggall vor seinem Tod 2005 begründet wurde. Sie wird als unabhängige Gesellschaft mit Sitz in Panama arbeiten. Mrs. Gladys Riggall hat die Unterstützung zur Finanzierung eines dreijährigen Forschungsvorhabens über die Kamelien-Blütenfäule an der Massey University in Neuseeland zugesagt. Wir freuen uns auf viele Jahre guter Beziehungen mit gegenseitiger Unterstützung und erfolgreicher Zusammenarbeit. (Seite 146: Otomo Fund report und Seite 162:Treasurer’s report). Die neu gebildete Arbeitsgruppe über Historische Kamelien unter der Leitung des Vize Präsidenten Dr. Chuji Hiruki trat in Kurume zu ihrer ersten Sitzung zusammen. (Seite 8). Anlässlich des Kongresses in Kurume wurde erstmals die Medaille des Präsidenten an Menschen verliehen, die für die Kamelienwelt wichtige Beiträge geleistet haben. Die beiden ersten Träger dieser Medaille sind Neville Haydon für seine riesige Mitwirkung in der ICS, zuletzt als Schatzmeister und Registrar, und Shinichiro Kishikawa, der durch die Bereitstellung kostengünstiger Nachdrucke seiner unbezahlbaren Erstausgaben von Kamelienbüchern historische Informationen einer großen Zahl von Kamelienforschern großzügig zugänglich machte. Die Terminplanung der zukünftigen Kongresse von 2014 bis 2018 wurde festgelegt (Seite 1). Alle ausgesuchten Treffpunkte sind reizende Orte mit wundervollen Kamelien, atemberaubenden Landschaften und Schauplätzen und freundlichen Menschen, die gespannt darauf warten, uns in ihrer Gemeinde zu begrüßen. 177 Diese Eigenschaften zeichnen ganz sicher auch Chuxiong, Yunnan, China, aus, wo unsere Kamelienfreunde mit den Vorbereitungen für den Kongress 2012 in vollem Gange sind. (Seite 9-17) Die vollständigen Informationen und Anmeldeformulare werden vorbereitet und allen Mitgliedern zugesandt, sobald die Mitgliederliste aktualisiert ist. Aktuelle Informationen werden sofort auf der ICS Internetseite www. camellia-ics.org bereitgestellt. Die Mitgliederliste ist außerordentlich wichtig, weil sie auch zur Erstellung der Adressetiketten für den Versand des ‘International Camellia Journal’ genutzt wird. Es ist daher zwingend notwendig, dass Ines Kasimir, unsere ICS ’Membership Registrar’, unverzüglich die vollständigen und aktualisierten Informationen von den Mitgliedsbetreuern aller Regionen erhält. Wir sagen vielleicht nicht oft genug, wie sehr wir alle die Arbeit unserer Mitgliedsbetreuer schätzen. Sie sind für die Buchführung bei Neumitgliedern, Rücktritten, Todesfällen und anderen Änderungen der Mitgliedslisten verantwortlich und arbeiten mit den Direktoren an der Organisation von Veranstaltungen in der Region und der Informationsweitergabe über die ICS. Sie verdienen unsere Dankbarkeit für die harte Arbeit, die sie für uns alle leisten. Patricia L Short.

Seite 9-16: Die Pläne für den ICS Congress 2012 in Chuxiong, Yunnan, China und die Reiserouten für die Vor- und Nachkongresstour liegen fest.

Seite 17-31: Berichte über den sehr erfolgreichen Internationalen Kamelienkongress 2010 in Kurume und die Reisen vor und nach diesem Ereignis.

Seite 32-130: Der Inhalt aller Kongressvorträge liegt gedruckt vor und enthält die meisten der präsentierten Darstellungen. Für weitere Informationen oder die Erlaubnis zur Übersetzung oder Nutzung (Abdruck) der Vorträge sind Namen und Adressen der Referenten angegeben mit der Bitte, diese oder den Herausgeber zu kontaktieren.

Seite 131-136: George Orel beschreibt detailliert die neu entdeckte und ausgeprägt gelb blühende C. luteocerata aus Vietnam. Er weist außerdem darauf hin, dass das aktuelle taxonomische System der Klassifikation der Kamelien auf morphologischer Basis mit der auf molekularbiologischer Basis nicht vereinbar ist und schlägt eine neue Unterabteilung Camellia sect. Dalatia Orel sect.nov mit C. luteocerata Orel als Art vor.

Seite 137-140: George Orel berichtet über C. maiana, eine in Südvietnam entdeckte neue Species mit teilweise durchscheinenden weißen Blüten.

Seite 141: You Muxian erzählt von seinen Reisen nach Taiwan, wo er viele über hundertjährige Kamelien und eine Vielzahl verschiedener Kamelienarten gedeihen sah und die Freundschaft zwischen Kamelienliebhabern von Taiwan und dem Chinesischen Festland gefestigt hat.

Seite 144: Greg Davis beschreibt einen Teil seiner 6-wöchigen Abenteuerreise mit You Muxian und seiner Tochter und John Wang aus Kalifornien in China. Er liefert aktuelle Informationen über Gartenbaubetriebe, Vermehrung, Aufzucht, Vertrieb und Nutzung von Kamelien in China: ein erfolgreiches, einen schnellen Aufschwung nehmendes Gewerbe. 178 第4页. �会���长来函 今年春天，在日本久留米市，前任会长格雷戈•戴维斯（2002年始任）将会长接力棒传给了我，这 标志着一个时代的结束。我首先对格雷戈和他的团队关键成员：秘书莫里斯•沃勒尔、财务主管内 维尔•海顿多年来高品质的工作表示感谢。同时也欢迎来自英国的新财务主管科林•库克、新秘书 琼•琼斯。 此外，今年夏天，理事们认定了前会长格雷戈•戴维斯，接替已故的查尔斯•帕多，成为国际茶花 协会的庇护人。因此，我们有一个强有力的团队保证国际茶花协会继续高效地为它的成员服务。 时间过得真是太快了。国际茶花精品园项目已经有十年时间了，第一批获认证的五个精品园也将 于2011年迎来再认证的工作。更多的精品园再认证也将接踵而至，还有不少茶花园也正在申请之 中，因为它们的园主和管理者认识到这个称号的威信。理事们在理事会上通过了6个茶花园的认证 （参见148页，茶花精品园报告）。 继续担任国际茶花品种登录主管的内维尔•海顿，宣布《国际茶花品种登录》第二增补本将于 2011年初出版。这是十年工作的结晶。（参见147页，国际茶花品种登录主管报告） 国际茶花协会奥托姆研究基金会主席赫勃•肖特领导了有关2个基金的讨论，其后获得了理事们授 权，在美国新开了投资帐号以保证利息收益。资助金只限于来自利息收入，而不是动用本金。国 际茶花协会奥托姆研究基金是基于国际标准的资助茶花研究的杰出基金。2005年莱斯利•里格尔去 世前成立的里格尔基金，也曾并入到奥托姆基金运作。如今，总部设在巴拿马的里格尔基金将作 为独立机构分开运行。格莱蒂斯•里格尔夫人已同意资助一个博士后研究生在新西兰梅西大学开展 为期三年的有关花腐病的研究。我们期待这二个基金间继续互相支持和富有成效的合作。（参见 146页的奥托姆基金报告和162页的财务报告） 茶花历史工作组宣布成立，由执行主席、副会长比留木忠治领导，在久留米召开了成立典礼。 （参见第8页） 会长勋章也在久留米大会开始启动，由会长遴选，授予对茶花界有突出贡献的人士。首届获奖者 有2人：内维尔•海顿，表彰他作为财务主管和登录主管对国际茶花协会的巨大贡献；岸川慎一 郎，表彰他重印出版了无价的初版茶花书籍，让全世界的茶花研究者以低廉的价格就很容易地获 取历史资料。 通过了2014至2018年大会举办计划（参见第1页）。所有被选择的举办地都是令人兴奋的地方，有 美丽的茶花、令人窒息的美景，更有渴望我们光临的热情的当地民众。 这些特性一定会在中国云南省楚雄市得以展示，在那里我们的同行正为2012年大会有条不紊的筹 备中。（参见第9-17页）详细信息和登记表都已完成，一旦他们收到最新的会员名单，就将邮寄 给我们所有的会员。相关的最新的消息，如同所收到的，将上传到国际茶花协会的官方网站 www.camellia-ics.org。 会员名录是极其重要的，也被用于制作通信地址标签，向所有的会员邮寄《国际山茶杂志》。国 179 际茶花协会的会员注册主管因内斯•克什米尔必须尽快从各地区会员注册代表获得完整的、最新的 会员信息。我们可能不常提及这些会员注册代表的工作是多么有价值的。这些代表必须保证有关 新成员、退会成员、已故成员及其他变动记录的准确性。此外，在各自地区，他们还要与理事一 起工作，组织本地区的活动及传播国际茶花协会的信息。在此，谨代表所有会员对他们的辛勤劳 动致以衷心的感谢！ 帕特翠西亚•肖特

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第9-16页 中国云南楚雄召开的2012年国际茶花大会的相关计划，概要介绍了会前、会后考察线 路。 第17-31页 2010年在久留米市成功举办的国际茶花大会及会前会后考察的相关报道。 第32-130页 涵盖了久留米大会所有论文，包括绝大多数在报告中的图片。登载了所有报告者的 名字和联络方式。如果需要进一步的信息、获取使用或翻译许可或者重印这些国际茶花大会的论 文，请联系这些作者或者本编辑。 第131-136页 乔治•奥勒尔详细描述了从越南发现的、独特的黄花新种---蜡黄山茶 (C. luteocerata)。他也提出，与当前的基于形态学分类系统与基于分子生物学的分类系统都是不 相符的。他以蜡黄山茶为模式建立了一个新组 Camellia sect. Dalatia Orel sect.����� ����nov. 第137-140页 乔治•奥勒尔描述了从越南南部发现的一个新种---美雅山茶（C. maiana），具有 不透明至半透明的白色花瓣。 第141页 游慕贤描述了在台湾的旅行，他看见了几株超过百年的茶花古树及茁壮生长的山茶原 种，增强了中国大陆与台湾茶花爱好者间的友谊。 第144页 格雷戈•戴维斯描述了与游慕贤及其女儿、来自美国加州的王大庄一起，在中国进行的 为期6周的旅程。他提供了一些有关苗木生产、繁殖、发展、分布及利用方面的最新信息。一个欣 欣向荣（成功）的行业。

Translated by Wang Zhonglang 王仲朗 翻译 MS Mincho shigeo ２０１０年国際ツバキ誌要約 会長からのメッセージ [email protected]

180 ２０１０年国際ツバキ誌要約 （４頁）会長のメッセージ この春久留米に於いて、2002年から会長を務めたグレッグ・デービスが私に会長職のバ トンを渡した時に一時代が終わった。グレッグと長年に亘り素晴らしい仕事をして来た、 彼のチームの主要メンバーである事務局長のモリス・ウォーラ及び収入役のネービル・ヘ イドンに対してお礼を申し上げたい。また、新収入役のコリン・クック及び新事務局長の ジョアン・ジョーンズを歓迎したい。 加えて、今夏、理事達は辞任するグレッグ・デービスを故チャールズ・パドルに続く ICSのパトロンにすることを承認した。この結果、ICS会員に効果的に奉仕し得る強力なチ ームを作ることが出来た。 期日が経つのは実に驚嘆すべきものだ。国際優秀ツバキ園の企画が実施されて既に10年 が経過した。この認定を最初に得た５つの庭園が2011年に再承認を受けることになる。そ の後、国際優秀ツバキ園システムの栄誉を認める、多くの庭園所有者や管理者が指定を受 けたし、引き続き指定申請を計画している者も多い。久留米大会の理事会では６つのツバ キ園が承認された（14８頁の国際優秀ツバキ園の報告を参照）。 国際ツバキ登録担当役を引き続き務める、ネービル・ヘイドンは国際ツバキ登録簿第２ 補遺版を2011年の初頭に出版することを宣言した（147頁の国際ツバキ登録担当役の報告を 参照）。 大伴ツバキ研究基金の委員長であるハーブ・ショートは２件の助成金授与について論議 を指導し、後に理事会の承認を得た。助成金のための利子を確保すべく、米国に於いて新 たに投資口座を開設した。助成金は元本からではなく、利子のみから得ている。大伴ツバ キ研究基金は国際的な基盤に基づくツバキ研究を支援する卓越した基金であるが、2005年 に死去したレスリー・リゴールにより設立されたリゴール基金がここに加わることになっ た。この基金はパナマに本部を置き、独立した団体として運営されることになる。グラデ ィス・リゴールは、ニュージーランドのマッセイ大学に於いて３年間のツバキ花腐れ病の 研究を行う、一大学院生に助成金を授与することを承認した。私共は両基金が良好な相互 協力関係を維持することを期待する（146頁の大伴基金報告を参照）。 歴史的ツバキ作業グループの結成が公表された。議長を務めた副会長・比留木忠治博士 の指導のもと、久留米に於いて発会の会合が持たれた（８頁参照）。 久留米大会に於いて、会長メダルがお目見えした。これは会長の自由裁量で、ツバキ界 に目覚ましい貢献をした人々に贈呈されるものである。最初の受賞者は、極最近まで会計 担当役員及び国際ツバキ登録担当役員として国際ツバキ協会に莫大な貢献をしたネービル ・ヘイドンと、大変貴重なツバキ初版本を安価に復刻版作成することにより歴史的情報を 広くツバキ研究者に供給した岸川慎一郎であった。 2014年から2018年までの国際ツバキ大会のスケジュールが承認された（１頁参照）。こ れらの選ばれた全ての開催地には綺麗なツバキと素晴らしい景観があり、自分らの地に熱 烈に我々を歓迎するべく待ち焦がれている人々が居る。 MS Mincho shigeo ２０１０年国際ツバキ誌要約 会長からのメッセージ [email protected]

181 中国雲南省楚雄市に於いては正にその通りで、2012年大会が我々の椿友等により周到に 準備中である（9～17頁参照）。最新の会員リストが得られ次第、全情報及び参加申込書が 郵送される段取りになっている。最新情報はICSウエブサイト、www.camellia-ics.org に 送達されることになっており、到着次第アップロードされる。 国際ツバキ誌の郵送ラベルにも使用されている会員リストは非常に重要なものである。 ICS会員登録担当役員のイーネス・カジミアに、各地域事務局長が完全で且つ最新の会員情 報を至急に提出することが緊要である。各地域の事務局長が如何に重要な仕事を為してい るか、高く評価しているのだが、そのことを日頃あまり表現していないと思う。事務局長 等は新会員の登録、死去その他の移動について正確な記録を維持しなければならない。加 うるに、当該地域に於けるイベント開催については理事と協力し、またICSに関する情報を 広報しなければならない。それらのご苦労にたいして、我々を代表して、私から謝意を表 したい。 パトリシア・ショート

（9～16頁）2012年中国雲南省楚雄国際ツバキ大会及びプレ・ポストツアーの計画の概要に ついて記述している。 （17～31頁）大成功を納めた2010年久留米国際ツバキ大会及びプレ・ポストツーについて 報告している。 （32～130頁）久留米大会の講演会で発表された全ての論文を殆どの添付図表と共に掲載し ている。講演者の連絡先も掲示している。これらの論文の更なる情報、使用許可、翻訳及 び印刷についての問い合わせは各講演者又は編集者に連絡されたい。 （131～136頁）ジョージ・オレル博士はベトナムで新たに発見された、独特な黄色ツバ キ、C. luteocerataについて詳しく報告している。また、博士はこの新種が現在の形態学 的、分子的ツバキ分類システムとは矛盾すると指摘している。博士は新しい節、Camellia sect. Dalata Orel sect. novを設定することを提案している。C.luteocerata Orelを標準 木とする。 （137～140頁）ジョージ・オレル博士は南ベトナムで発見された不透明乃至半透明な白色 の花の新種、C. malanaについて述べている。 （141頁) 游慕賢氏は彼の台湾への旅について記述している。そこで、樹齢100年以上のツ バキや多くのツバキ属原種が繁茂していることを見たり、台湾と中国本土のツバキ愛好家 間の友好を深めた。 （144頁）グレッグ・デービス氏は游慕賢氏、その令嬢及びジョーン・ワン氏（カリフォ ルニア在住）と共にした６週間に亘る中国での長大な旅の一部について記述している。氏 は中国に於ける園芸ビジネス、ツバキの増殖、開発、販路拡大及び利用について記してい る。正に一大ブームのビジネスである。

Translated by Shigeo Matsumoto 182

uccio’s urseries

3555 Chaney Trail Nuccio’s Carousel Altadena, CA 91001 Guilio Nuccio Write for free catalogue listing over 600 Camellias and 400 Azaleas We Enjoy Having Visitors – Stop In

Closed on Wednesday and Thursday all year; Closed Sundays, June through December Hours - 8.00 to 4.30

Holly Bright (626) 794 - 3383 Nuccios Pink Lace

KAMELIEN KULTUREN

Camellia Nursery established 80 years in Northern Germany And International Camellia Garden of Excellence

Willkommen! Welcome!

P.Fischer Höden 16 21789 Wingst

E-mail: [email protected]

homepage http://www.kamelie.de

Tel: 04778/263 Fax: 04778/274

Tuesday-Closed-All Year December-Closed-on Weekends

Camellia “Loki Schmidt”, one of more than twenty Fischer-bred Camellia novelties 183 podf!wjtjufe-! jnqpttjcmf!up!gpshfu///

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TREHANE NURSERY

The Camellia Specialists

Visitors always welcome at our peaceful woodland nursery or online at www.trehanenursery.co.uk Opening hours: Monday - Friday 8:30 - 4:30 (all year) Weekends 10:00 - 4:00 (February to May and October to November)

TREHANE NURSERY Stapehill Road, Wimborne, BH21 7ND email: [email protected] tel/fax: +44 (0)1202 873490 184

ICS recipient ‘Award of Garden Excellence’ Marwood Hill Gardens Barnstaple. North Devon. EX31 4EB England 01271 342528

[email protected] www.marwoodhillgarden.co.uk Extensive collection of Camellias. Twenty acres of gardens with three lakes. A haven for plants from around the world. Plants Sales and Garden Tea Room Groups welcome by appointment FRONT COVER PICTURE ‘Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki’ was seen on several occasions on visits during the 2010 International Camellia Society Congress in Japan. The name means, literally “Five colours, double, petals scattering”. The five colours are all seen on one tree, with branches bearing white, deep pink, pale pink, striped pink on a white background, and striped with white on a pink background, making a glorious display. The most striking trees are ancient, estimated to be 400 – 500 years old. Its history is not clear, but there is a legend that the plant of the same cultivar at Jizoin Temple in camellia japonica camellia seeds filtered camellia oil Kyoto was brought in from Korea during the war between Japan and Korea in 1593. This unique cultivar the pride of the people of Kyoto and Nara. “to love the camellia, to love people, to love nature.” In Kyoto’s northern suburbs a huge plant fills the front garden of the Okumura From ancient times, Japanʼ s camellia tree has family’s house. been the focal point of many traditions and an object of beauty and wonder. Its applications 882277 (0)1202 +44 . UK

range from medicine, to food, to makeup and ,

lamp oil. At the same time, it has a beautiful LN flower that continues to captivate the hearts of 21 1 21

countless scores of people. H The utilitarian aspects of the camellia tree are also undeniable;the oil from the seeds are used both as cooking oil and as a skin and hair care product, and have been in use for more than a thousand years, making it an essential and inseparable part of Japanese culture. Our company manufactures and sells filtered virgin camellia oil, which is harvested from the island of Izu Oshima. Oshima has an abundance of over ane, Wimborne, Dorset B Dorset Wimborne, ane,

three million camellia trees. Our mission is “to love the camellia, to love people, L to love nature.” ill M Our filtration process is carried out through a special method that does not involve the heating of the oil (thereby preserving the flavor and nutrients). 14 , Our camellia oil is clear and scentless. And moreover we are convinced that it has moisturizing and osmotic properties which are superior to the other camellia oils. Itʼ s our mission to spread word of the wonder and charm of camellia oil Press inster Designated a natural treasure by Kyoto City in 1984, its longevity is thought to be M throughout the world, so that everyone may enjoy its many benefits. he he

due, at least in part, to being planted over a spring of clear water. It is probably the T largest tree of this variety in Japan, measuring 9m in height, with a crown of 10m. Tsubaki Co.,Ltd It originally had a single trunk up to the height of 70cm where it branched into four president

measuring about 100 to 80cm in girth respectively. At present the site is filled in to Yukitaka Hihara by Printed 4-10-13 Motomachi Oshima-machi the height of the branching and is now seen as if it is a multi-forked plant. Tokyo 100-0101 Japan The second ‘Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki’ is in the grounds of Byakugoji Temple at e-mail:[email protected] the foot of Mount Takamado in a south eastern suburb of the ancient city of Nara, http://www.tubaki.co.jp/ a former capital of Japan. It too is designated a natural monument, one of three most famous camellias in Nara. The Temple, built in 715, is reached by climbing about 150 stone steps, but this 400 year old camellia, and others almost as old in its grounds, and the view across the whole of the Nara Basin are well worth the effort. With thanks to Shigeo Matsumoto for information about this historic camellia. J.E.T. An official publication of 2010 I nternational Camellia Journal 2010 International Camellia society international number ISSN 0159-656X International Camellia Journal

国际山茶杂志 国際 ツノヾキ会誌 Journal International DU Camellia Revista internazionale della camelia Revista internacional de la camelia Internationale kamelienzeitschrift International Camellia tijdschrift

Main Photo: Katsuhiko Mizuno. Inset:� S�hi��g�eo�������� Matsum�oto���

‘Jikkô’(literally meaning ‘the sunlight’) is a 300 year old camellia just inside the entrance to the garden of Reikanji Temple in Kyoto City. It is thought to be the original plant of this variety and was cherished by the retired Emperor Gomizuno’o (1596-1680) and designated as a natural treasure by Kyoto City.

See page 104 for Kentaro Nakamura’s paper that includes information about experiments for the propagation of this historic camellia.