DOCSLIB.ORG

2 Modeling Fundamentals for Electricity Systems with Renewable Energy Sources 9 2.1 Energy System Modeling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft, Prof. Dr. Möst Christoopph Philipppp KKoost RReenneewwaabble eennerggyy in NNoorthth AAffrriccaa: MMooddeelingng ofof fuutture electtrricityty sscceenarios aanndd thehe impmpaacctt oonn manuffaacctuurring and eemmpploymmeennt Schriften des Lehrstuhls für Energieewwirtschaft, TU Dresden S eries of the chair of energy economics, TU Dresden Voolume 7 i Renewable energy in North Africa: Modeling of future electricity scenarios and the impact on manufacturing and employment Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctorum rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) vorgelegt an der Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Dresden am 10. Oktober 2014 von Dipl.-Wi.-Ing. Christoph Philipp Kost geb. 22. November 1982 in Tübingen Verteidigt am 4. Juni 2015 Betreuender Hochschullehrer Gutachter Prof. Dr. Dominik Möst Prof. Dr. Dominik Möst Technische Universität Dresden Prof. Dr. Edeltraud Günther Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft Abstract The transition of the North African electricity system towards renewable energy technologies is analyzed in this thesis. Large potentials of photovoltaics (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP) and onshore wind power provide the opportunity to achieve a long-term shift from conventional power sources to a highly interconnected and sustainable electricity system based on renewable energy sources (RES). A multi-dimensional analysis evaluates the economic and technical effects on the electricity market as well as the socio-economic impact on manufacturing and employment caused by the large deployment of renewable energy technologies. The integration of renewable energy (RE) into the electricity system is modeled in a linear optimization model RESlion which minimizes total system costs of the long-term expansion planning and the hourly generation dispatch problem. With this model, the long-term portfolio mix of technologies, their site selection, required transmission capacities and the hourly operation are analyzed. The focus is set on the integration of renewable energy in the electricity systems of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt with the option to export electricity to Southern European countries. The model results of RESlion show that a very equal portfolio mix consisting of PV, CSP and onshore wind power is optimal in long-term scenarios for the electricity system. Until the year 2050, renewable energy sources dominate with over 70% the electricity generation due to their cost competiveness to conventional power sources. In the case of flexible and dispatchable electricity exports to Europe, all three RE technologies are used by the model at a medium cost perspective. The socio-economic impact of the scenarios is evaluated by a decision model (RETMD) for local manufacturing and job creation in the renewable energy sector which is developed by incorporating findings from expert interviews in the RE industry sector. The electricity scenarios are assessed regarding their potential to create local economic impact and local jobs in manufacturing RE components and constructing RE power plants. With 40,000 to 100,000 new jobs in the RE sector of North African countries, scenarios with substantial RE deployment can provide enormous benefits to the labor market and lead to additional economic growth. The deployment of renewable energy sources in North Africa is consequently accelerated and facilitated by finding a trade-off between an optimal technology portfolio from an electricity system perspective and the opportunities through local manufacturing. By developing two model approaches for evaluating the effects of renewable energy technologies in the electricity system and in the industrial sector, this thesis contributes to the literature on energy economics and energy policy for the large-scale integration of renewable energy in North Africa. iii Acknowledgement This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a large group of people who contributed to this work on different ways. First, I am very thankful to Prof. Dr. Dominik Möst for supervising this thesis and supporting me with scientific guidance and profound discussions during the whole process in the last years. I also want to thank my co-advisor Prof. Dr. Edeltraud Günther who was in the thesis committee and gave me additional comments and advice. For providing me the opportunity and freedom to work on this thesis at the Fraunhofer Institute of Solar Energy Systems ISE in Freiburg, I especially thank Dr. Thomas Schlegl. He has supported me with fruitful and challenging discussions on the development of a renewable energy based electricity system in North Africa. Furthermore, I want to thank all of my colleagues in my research group at the Fraunhofer ISE and our research partners at the Fraunhofer ISI. With regard to this thesis, we worked together in the Fraunhofer Internal Program »Markets of Tomorrow« which supported our research under the Grant No. 823 813 Project »Supergrid«. From my colleagues, I want to express special thanks to Jessica Thomsen who was very supportive and patient throughout the last years when we worked on our research topics side by side in the institute. I thank Verena Jülch, Niklas Hartmann, Charlotte Senkpiel and Noha Saad for our common work and scientific discussions on many different research topics. I always liked the productive, friendly and communicative atmosphere in our research group. A thank also to Hans Schermeyer and Maximilian Engelken who both worked with me during their master theses on related questions. I am grateful to work in this exciting research field of renewable energy technologies and energy economics. Finally, I am in deep gratitude to my family for being there for me in any situation of life. Table of contents Abstract ii Acknowledgement iii Table of contents iv List of tables viii List of figures xi List of abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Renewable energy in North Africa ................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Research questions and aim of this thesis ................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Modeling of electricity systems .......................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Modeling of manufacturing and employment impact ................................................. 6 1.2.3 Optimal renewable energy scenarios ............................................................................... 6 1.3 Related research .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Structure of thesis .............................................................................................................................. 7 2 Modeling fundamentals for electricity systems with renewable energy sources 9 2.1 Energy system modeling .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Electricity models ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Classifications and taxonomy ............................................................................................ 17 2.2.2 Differences between operation models and planning models ............................... 20 2.2.3 Typical modeling approaches ............................................................................................ 21 2.3 Optimization models ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Basic model structure .......................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Objective functions of electricity models ...................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Technical aspects of electricity systems as models constraints ............................ 26 2.3.4 Combining different objectives in energy scenarios ................................................. 27 Table of contents v 2.4 Models for high shares of renewable energy .......................................................................... 28 2.5 Models for North African electricity systems......................................................................... 31 2.6 Conclusions for model development ......................................................................................... 34 3 Electricity system of North Africa 36 3.1 Market structure .............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2 National targets for renewable energy ..................................................................................... 40 3.2.1 Morocco .................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Algeria ....................................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Tunisia ...................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Libya .........................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • World Bank Document

    World Bank Document

    Public Disclosure Authorized Morocco Infrastructure Review May 2020 (originally published in French in December 2019) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Final version © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work was originally published by the World Bank in French in 2019. In case of discrepancies, the original language should prevail. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: 2020. Morocco Infrastructure Review. World Bank, Washington D. C. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights,
  • Wind Power Business in the Middle East and North Africa

    Wind Power Business in the Middle East and North Africa

    UNIVERISTY OF VAASA FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION Marhaf Kharat Halou WIND POWER BUSINESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Market Analysis through Supply Chain and Marketing Perspectives Master‟s Thesis in Economics and Business Administration Industrial Management VAASA 2012 2 FOREWORD Firstly, thanks God almighty for supporting me through all my life. Then I would like to thank my thesis Supervisor, Professor Petri Helo for his time and support which I cannot describe with words. I have personally learned a lot through the endeavor. I believe that our mission in life is to live in peace and harmony while as we develop innovations for making our lives easier without harming our environment. Renewable energy is the key for green future. I would like to thank my family members for supporting and believing in me; I would not have achieved any of this without their support. I would like to thank my friends and all Industrial Management group staff at university of Vaasa for their help and knowledge. I would like to thank Finland as a great country for offering this opportunity to develop my skills and to deepen my international life experiences and work experiences. Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my dearest parents for making it possible to be where I am now but the true dedication should go to the Syrian revolution and its martyrs who taught us the true meaning of dignity and ambition. They were the real motivation for me to go ahead in my life and feel the need to improve myself, to prove that our youth can go beyond the barriers and restrictions, and to share a very small part of the success with those brave people who gave it all to our country.
  • Technical Implementation and Success Factors for a Global Solar and Wind Atlas Carsten Hoyer-Klick

    Technical Implementation and Success Factors for a Global Solar and Wind Atlas Carsten Hoyer-Klick

    The Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy Carsten Hoyer-Klick Folie 1 CEM/IRENA Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy > Carsten Hoyer-Klick > IRENA End User Workshop Jan. 13th 2012, Abu Dhabi Getting Renewable Energy to Work Technology data and learning Available Resources Resource mapping Socio-economic Which and policy data Framework Economic + Political technologies Technical and are feasible? economical Potentials Setting the right the Setting How can RE Technology contribute to the deployment scenarios Best practices energy system? How to get them into the Strategies for market? Where to start? market development Legislation, incentives Political and financial Instruments RE-Markets Slide 2 CEM/IRENA Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy > Carsten Hoyer-Klick > IRENA End User Workshop Jan. 13th 2012, Abu Dhabi Project Development for Renewable Energy Systems Pre feasibility Resources Finding suitable (Atlas) sites with high The Atlas should Feasibility resolution maps few few data no no market Project developmentsupport the first steps and economic Engineering evaluations 1200 in potential assessment, ground 1000 satellite 800 Resources 600 W/m² Detailed 400 policy development200 0 13 14 15 16 17 18 day in march, 2001 (time series) and project pre feasibility, engineering with site Engineering specific data with high Construction temporal resolution as input to Commissioning simulation software data and servicesavailable Operation existing existing commerical market Slide 3 CEM/IRENA Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy > Carsten
  • The Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): an Open Platform for Optimizing Multi-Scale Energy-Water-Land System Transformations

    The Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): an Open Platform for Optimizing Multi-Scale Energy-Water-Land System Transformations

    https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-134 Preprint. Discussion started: 15 July 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. The Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): An open platform for optimizing multi-scale energy-water-land system transformations Adriano Vinca1,2, Simon Parkinson1,2, Edward Byers1, Peter Burek1, Zarrar Khan3, Volker Krey1,4, Fabio A. Diuana5,1, Yaoping Wang1, Ansir Ilyas6, Alexandre C. Köberle7,5, Iain Staffell8, Stefan Pfenninger9, Abubakr Muhammad6, Andrew Rowe2, Roberto Schaeffer5, Narasimha D. Rao10,1, Yoshihide Wada1,11, Ned Djilali2, and Keywan Riahi1,12 1International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria 2Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria, Canada 3Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States 4Dept. of Energy & Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway 5Energy Planning Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 6Center for Water Informatics & Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan 7Grantham Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom 8Centre for Environmental Policy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom 9 Dept. of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 10School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, United States 11Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 12Institute for Thermal Engineering, TU Graz, Austria Correspondence: Adriano Vinca ([email protected]) Abstract. The energy-water-land nexus represents a critical leverage future policies must draw upon to reduce trade-offs be- tween sustainable development objectives. Yet, existing long-term planning tools do not provide the scope or level of integration across the nexus to unravel important development constraints.
  • Marygold Manor DJ List

    Marygold Manor DJ List

    Page 1 of 143 Marygold Manor 4974 songs, 12.9 days, 31.82 GB Name Artist Time Genre Take On Me A-ah 3:52 Pop (fast) Take On Me a-Ha 3:51 Rock Twenty Years Later Aaron Lines 4:46 Country Dancing Queen Abba 3:52 Disco Dancing Queen Abba 3:51 Disco Fernando ABBA 4:15 Rock/Pop Mamma Mia ABBA 3:29 Rock/Pop You Shook Me All Night Long AC/DC 3:30 Rock You Shook Me All Night Long AC/DC 3:30 Rock You Shook Me All Night Long AC/DC 3:31 Rock AC/DC Mix AC/DC 5:35 Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap ACDC 3:51 Rock/Pop Thunderstruck ACDC 4:52 Rock Jailbreak ACDC 4:42 Rock/Pop New York Groove Ace Frehley 3:04 Rock/Pop All That She Wants (start @ :08) Ace Of Base 3:27 Dance (fast) Beautiful Life Ace Of Base 3:41 Dance (fast) The Sign Ace Of Base 3:09 Pop (fast) Wonderful Adam Ant 4:23 Rock Theme from Mission Impossible Adam Clayton/Larry Mull… 3:27 Soundtrack Ghost Town Adam Lambert 3:28 Pop (slow) Mad World Adam Lambert 3:04 Pop For Your Entertainment Adam Lambert 3:35 Dance (fast) Nirvana Adam Lambert 4:23 I Wanna Grow Old With You (edit) Adam Sandler 2:05 Pop (slow) I Wanna Grow Old With You (start @ 0:28) Adam Sandler 2:44 Pop (slow) Hello Adele 4:56 Pop Make You Feel My Love Adele 3:32 Pop (slow) Chasing Pavements Adele 3:34 Make You Feel My Love Adele 3:32 Pop Make You Feel My Love Adele 3:32 Pop Rolling in the Deep Adele 3:48 Blue-eyed soul Marygold Manor Page 2 of 143 Name Artist Time Genre Someone Like You Adele 4:45 Blue-eyed soul Rumour Has It Adele 3:44 Pop (fast) Sweet Emotion Aerosmith 5:09 Rock (slow) I Don't Want To Miss A Thing (Cold Start)
  • The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities Overview

    The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities Overview

    U.S. Department of Energy The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities JUNE 2014 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................. v Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 DOE’s Motivation and Role .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The DOE Approach ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Opportunities ............................................................................................................................................. 4 References ..........................................................................................................................................................
  • The March 10, 2020 Council Packet May Be Viewed by Going to the Town of Frisco Website

    The March 10, 2020 Council Packet May Be Viewed by Going to the Town of Frisco Website

    THE MARCH 10, 2020 COUNCIL PACKET MAY BE VIEWED BY GOING TO THE TOWN OF FRISCO WEBSITE. RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS WORK SESSION MEETING AGENDA OF THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF FRISCO MARCH 10, 2020 5:00 PM Agenda Item #1: Excavation Code Amendment Discussion Agenda Item #2: Fuel Discussion Agenda Item #3: Remodel Design of Police Department Draft RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS REGULAR MEETING AGENDA OF THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF FRISCO MARCH 10, 2020 7:00PM STARTING TIMES INDICATED FOR AGENDA ITEMS ARE ESTIMATES ONLY AND MAY CHANGE Call to Order: Gary Wilkinson, Mayor Roll Call: Gary Wilkinson, Jessica Burley, Daniel Fallon, Rick Ihnken, Hunter Mortensen, Deborah Shaner, and Melissa Sherburne Public Comments: Citizens making comments during Public Comments or Public Hearings should state their names and addresses for the record, be topic-specific, and limit comments to no longer than three minutes. NO COUNCIL ACTION IS TAKEN ON PUBLIC COMMENTS. COUNCIL WILL TAKE ALL COMMENTS UNDER ADVISEMENT AND IF A COUNCIL RESPONSE IS APPROPRIATE THE INDIVIDUAL MAKING THE COMMENT WILL RECEIVE A FORMAL RESPONSE FROM THE TOWN AT A LATER DATE. Mayor and Council Comments: Staff Updates: Presentation: Frisco’s Finest Award – Jeff Berino Consent Agenda: • Minutes February 25, 2020 Meeting • Warrant List • Purchasing Cards New Business: Agenda Item #1: First Reading Ordinance 20-03, an Ordinance Amending Chapters 65 and 180 of the Code of Ordinances of the Town of Frisco, Concerning Building Construction and Housing Standards, and the Unified Development Code, Respectively,
  • US, JAPANESE, and UK TELEVISUAL HIGH SCHOOLS, SPATIALITY, and the CONSTRUCTION of TEEN IDENTITY By

    US, JAPANESE, and UK TELEVISUAL HIGH SCHOOLS, SPATIALITY, and the CONSTRUCTION of TEEN IDENTITY By

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by British Columbia's network of post-secondary digital repositories BLOCKING THE SCHOOL PLAY: US, JAPANESE, AND UK TELEVISUAL HIGH SCHOOLS, SPATIALITY, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF TEEN IDENTITY by Jennifer Bomford B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 1999 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2016 © Jennifer Bomford, 2016 ABSTRACT School spaces differ regionally and internationally, and this difference can be seen in television programmes featuring high schools. As television must always create its spaces and places on the screen, what, then, is the significance of the varying emphases as well as the commonalities constructed in televisual high school settings in UK, US, and Japanese television shows? This master’s thesis considers how fictional televisual high schools both contest and construct national identity. In order to do this, it posits the existence of the televisual school story, a descendant of the literary school story. It then compares the formal and narrative ways in which Glee (2009-2015), Hex (2004-2005), and Ouran koukou hosutobu (2006) deploy space and place to create identity on the screen. In particular, it examines how heteronormativity and gender roles affect the abilities of characters to move through spaces, across boundaries, and gain secure places of their own. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii Acknowledgement v Introduction Orientation 1 Space and Place in Schools 5 Schools on TV 11 Schools on TV from Japan, 12 the U.S., and the U.K.
  • Opportunities for Energy Efficient Computing: a Study of Inexact General Purpose Processors for High-Performance and Big-Data Applications

    Opportunities for Energy Efficient Computing: a Study of Inexact General Purpose Processors for High-Performance and Big-Data Applications

    Opportunities for Energy Efficient Computing: A Study of Inexact General Purpose Processors for High-Performance and Big-data Applications Peter Düben Jeremy Schlachter AOPP, University of Oxford EPFL Oxford, United Kingdom Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] Parishkrati, Sreelatha Yenugula, John Augustine Christian Enz Indian Institute of Technology Madras EPFL India Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] K. Palem T. N. Palmer Electrical Engineering and Computer Science AOPP, University of Oxford Rice University, Houston, USA Oxford, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—In this paper, we demonstrate that disproportionate hardware artifacts such as adders, multiplier or FFT engines gains are possible through a simple devise for injecting inexactness [22], [23], [20], [21]. For additional references on inexact or approximation into the hardware architecture of a computing hardware, architectures and related topics, please also see [1], system with a general purpose template including a complete [32], [12], [39], [35], [2]. More recently, this work has also memory hierarchy. The focus of the study is on energy savings been extended to evaluations of large-scale applications—in possible through this approach in the context of large and challenging applications. We choose two such from different ends of the context of our own group, climate modeling and weather the computing spectrum—the IGCM model for weather and climate prediction served as the driving example in which the floating modeling which embodies significant features of a high-performance point operations were rendered inexact [9].
  • Tive Turn and Presence: Possibilities Toward a Performance Philosophy

    Tive Turn and Presence: Possibilities Toward a Performance Philosophy

    PERFORMANCE PHILOSOPHY E-ISSN 2237-2660 The Crisis of Representation, the Performa- tive Turn and Presence: possibilities toward a Performance Philosophy Luciana da Costa DiasI IUniversidade Federal de Ouro Preto – UFOP, Ouro Preto/MG, Brazil ABSTRACT – The Crisis of Representation, the Performative Turn and Presence: possibilities toward a Performance Philosophy – In this paper, the so-called Crisis of Representation is discussed as a hallmark of Western Theatre and Modernity. The key hypothesis of overcoming such a crisis is investigated through the emergence of a performative turn, in which performance is understood in a broader sense derived from Per- formance Studies. To address this, the paper builds on authors such as Artaud, Derrida, Heidegger, Gum- brecht and Féral for a general theoretical background, and on the work of authors such as Cull, Street and oth- ers for a more specific approach concerning the field of Performance Philosophy. This paper argues that a phil- osophical turn in Performance Studies has happened through a radicalization of ‘Presence’. Keywords: Representation Crisis. Theatrum Mundi. Performance. Performative Turn. Performance Philosophy. RÉSUMÉ – Crise de la Représentation, Virage Performatif et Présence: possibilités vers une Philo- Performance – Dans cet article, la soi-disant crise de représentation est discutée comme une caractéristique du théâtre occidental et de la modernité. L’hypothèse clé de surmonter la crise par l’émergence d’un virage performatif a été étudiée, dans lequel la performance est comprise au sens large par les études de performance. À cette fin, nous nous référons à des auteurs tels que Artaud, Derrida, Heidegger, Gumbrecht et Féral comme cadre théorique général, et à des auteurs tels que Cull, Street et d’autres pour une approche plus spécifique dans le contexte de la philo-performance.
  • Morocco's Efforts on the Knowledge Economy

    Morocco's Efforts on the Knowledge Economy

    Morocco's efforts on the knowledge economy Abelkader DJEFLAT Consultant CMI Revised, September 2012 1 List of tables Table n°1: Classification of Mena countries according to KEI level and level of unemployment Table n°2 : Progress made by Morocco in Health and Education Table n°3 : Doing business in Morocco Table n°4 : the Building blocks of the Green Morocco Plan Table n°5: The six resorts benefiting from the Plan Azur (initial plan) Table n°6: Les five resorts planned in the Plan Azur 2020 (revised plan) Table n°7: The main components of the “Maroc Innovation Initiative” Table n°8 : Expected growth and balance of public/private funding of R&D by 2025 List of figures Figure n°1: GDP per capita in constant 2000 PPP adjusted dollars Figure n°2: Composition of output (%) Morocco and comparators Figure n°2b: Various trade agreements of Morocco Figure n°4 : The openness of the economy 1995-2004 Figure n°5: Rate of unemployment and age group (2011) Figure n°6: Percentage of first job seekers (2008) Figure n°7: Diversification Index (2008) Figure n°8: Diversification export index in Mena countries 2006 Figure 9: The HHI exports concentration index for selected countries Figure n°10: Morocco compared to Argentina and Turkey through KEI (KAM 2012) Figure n°11: Elements of the Global Competitiveness index in Morocco (2010 – 2011) Figure n°12: Doing Business Morocco ranking (2011 – 2012) Figure n°13 :Venture Capital Availability (2009-2010) Figure n°14: The Most Problematic Factors for Doing Business Figure n°15 : Scores of the education index
  • Building Performance Analysis Considering Climate Change

    Building Performance Analysis Considering Climate Change

    Building performance analysis considering climate change Yiyu Chen1, Karen Kensek1, Joon-Ho Choi1, Marc Schiler1 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA ABSTRACT: Climate change will significantly influence building performance in the future both through differences in energy consumption (perhaps drastically in certain climate zones) and by changing the thermal level of comfort that occupants experience. A building that meets the current energy consumption standard has the potential to become energy inefficient in the future, and well-meaning designers might be applying passive strategies for current conditions without understanding what impact their choices have under different climate change scenarios for their location. By analyzing a case study building’s thermal performance, specifically lifecycle energy use, for multiple climate change scenarios and in different climate zones, it is possible to inspect the resilience of passive design strategies over time. Varying the solar heat gain coefficient (SGHC) was the first strategy tested. To estimate the building’s future performance, three projected future climate conditions were created (for low, moderate, and severe climate change) in three climate zones for three different time periods (2020s, 2050s, and 2080s). The first step was to create new projected weather files. They were calculated from a world climate change weather file generation tool that was developed at the University of Southampton. Then the weather files were used in EnergyPlus to determine the energy consumption. Aggregated multiple runs provided lifecycle energy use for each of the three locations. Then the SHGC values were varied to determine which initial values provided the best long- term result. Although currently only SHGC was tested, this research provides a methodology for architects and engineers during the early stage of design that they can use to avoid the detrimental consequences that might be caused by climate change over the lifecycle of the building.