Safety Assessment of Xanthine Alkaloids As Used in Cosmetics
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SCH 58261: a Potent and Selective Non-Xanthine A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonist
22 DIRECTED DRUG DISCOVERY™ LIGAND-SETS™ for Assay Validation and High Throughput Screening Easy-to-use collections of pharmacologically-similar, small organic ligands Sigma-RBI LIGAND-SETS™ are a convenient and affordable way to screen a specific target with a collection of well- characterized, pharmacologically-active compounds. Each LIGAND-SET™ contains 40-80 high purity (>96%), small organic ligands arranged by pharmacological class in a 96-well format, one compound (2 mg) per well (1 ml capacity). N Standardize/validate new screening assays with well-characterized ligands N Guide secondary screening of larger, diverse libraries using pharmaceutically-relevant structures N Screen new drug targets for leads with pharmacologically-active compounds Nine different LIGAND-SETS™ are now available: N Adrenergics (Prod. No. L 0383) N Enzyme Inhibitors (Prod. No. L 6787) N Purines/Pyrimidines (Prod. No. L 2538) N Cholinergics (Prod. No. L 2663) N GABAergics (Prod. No. L 7884) N Glutamatergics (Prod. No. L 6537) N Dopaminergics (Prod. No. L 6412) N Ion Channel Modulators (Prod. No. L 6912) N Serotonergics (Prod. No. L 6662) For further information, please visit our Drug Discovery website at sigma-aldrich.com/drugdiscovery Technical information for each compound is provided in standard SD file format for use with ISIS/Base or other compatible software (software not provided). SCH 58261: A potent and selective non-xanthine A2A adenosine receptor antagonist Vol. 19 No. 4 Vol. Adenosine (Prod. No. A 9251) acts as a modulator of [3]. These results suggest a neuroprotective effect of this neuronal activity through its interaction with four receptor compound. In another study, the role of A1 and A2A subtypes referred to as A1, A2A, A2B and A3. -
Full Article-PDF
Bachu Naveena et al, IJMPR, 2015, 3(1): 948–955 ISSN: 2321-2624 International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Research Journal Home Page: www.pharmaresearchlibrary.com/ijmpr Review Article Open Access Health Effects and Benefits of Chocolate Bachu Naveena*, Chennuru Madavi latha, Pigilam Sri Chandana, Pamula Nandini, Koppolu Hyndavi Narayana Pharmacy College, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. A B S T R A C T Its history can be traced back to the ancient peoples of Central and South America. Early civilizations gave a religious significance to their beloved cocoa and their descendants still give offerings of cacao to their gods to this day. Chocolate may even have helped change the course of history. One of the great riches of the New World discovered by the conquistadors, a vein of chocolate runs through many historical events: imperialism and the slave trade, revolutions planned in the coffee houses of 17th-century Europe, the Industrial Revolution and as a welcome boost to the morale of troops in many wars. Today, it is impossible to imagine a world without chocolate. In the words of Milton Hershey, founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company, "caramels are only a fad. Chocolate is a permanent thing. Keywords: Physico-chemical traits, ash values, SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy A R T I C L E I N F O CONTENTS 1. Introduction . 948 2. Benefits of Chocolates. .949 3. Effects of Chocolates. 952 4. Conclusion . .. .. .954 5. References . .954 Article History: Received 15 October 2014, Accepted 10 December 2014, Available Online 10 February 2015 *Corresponding Author Bachu Naveena Narayana Pharmacy College, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. -
Official Newsletter of the German Wirehaired Pointer Club of Northern California
Official Newsletter of the German Wirehaired Pointer Club of Northern California March/April/May2013 Volume 3 - Issue 3 Newsletter Editor: Diane Marsh [email protected] 2013 Club Officers President Francis Marsh Vice President Cindy Heiller, DVM Secretary Debbie Lewis Treasurer Diane Marsh 2013 Directors Silke Alberts Randy Berry Frank Ely Robert Lewis Joan Payton Club Web Site: www.gwpcnc.9f.com Web Master: Kathy Kimberlin [email protected] Informational Web Sites AKC American Kennel Club www.akc.org GWPA German Wirehaired Pointer Club of America www.gwpca.com GWPCNC German Wirehaired Pointer Club of N. California www.gwpcnc.9f.com NAVHDA N. American Versatile Hunting Dog Association www.navhda.org OFA Orthopedic Foundation For Animals www.offa.org VHDF Versatile Hunting Dog Federation www.vhdf.org German Wirehair Alliance - www.wirehairalliance.com (promoting and safeguarding the breed) 1 Welcome New Members: Cliff & Joan Thomas 2 Happy “Belated” Birthday Mildred.... April 17th (thank you Janet Levy for the birthday picture) Submitted by Sharon Jahn Many of our new club members have not had the opportunity of meeting Mildred Revell. I, along with other early members, consider her the “matriarch” of our club, so am including a little history about Mildred’s involvement in the early years of the GWP. Mildred was recognized at the 2006 GWP Nationals Awards Banquet with an Award of Appreciation. The following information is reprinted from the winter 2006 Wire News: “...Her first Wirehair in 1969, an anniversary gift from her hus- band, convinced Mildred that the GWP was the breed for her. Prior to the acquisition of the first Wirehair, CH Weidenhugel Anniversary, Mildred bred German Shorthairs under the Weidenbach prefix, but quickly found she preferred the Wirehairs – and so the Weidenhugel prefix was creat- ed to distinguish the GWPs from the Shorthairs. -
Effect of Theophylline and Enprofylline on Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.44.12.1022 on 1 December 1989. Downloaded from Thorax 1989;44:1022-1026 Effect of theophylline and enprofylline on bronchial hyperresponsiveness G H KOETER, J KRAAN, M BOORSMA, J H G JONKMAN, TH W VAN DER MARK From the Department ofPulmonology and Lung Function, University Hospital, Groningen; Pharma Bio Research, Assen; and Astra Pharmaceutica, Rijswijk, The Netherlands ABSTRACT The effect of increasing intravenous doses of theophylline and enprofylline, a new xanthine derivative, on bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was studied in eight asthmatic patients. Methacholine provocations were carried out on three days before and after increasing doses of theophylline, enprofylline, and placebo, a double blind study design being used. Methacholine responsiveness was determined as the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a fall of 20% in FEV, (PC20). The patients were characterised pharmacokinetically before the main study to provide an individual dosage scheme for each patient that would provide rapid steady state plasma concentration plateaus of 5, 10, and 15 mg/l for theophylline and 1 25, 2 5, and 3-75 mg/l for enprofylline. Dose increments in the main study were given at 90 minute intervals. FEV, showed a small progressive decrease after placebo; it remained high in relation to placebo after both drugs and this effect was dose related. Methacholine PC20 values decreased after placebo; mean values were (maximum difference 2-0 and 1 7 higher after theophylline and enprofylline than after placebo copyright. doubling doses of methacholine); the effect of both drugs was dose related. Thus enprofylline and theophylline when given intravenously cause a small dose related increase in FEV1 and methacholine PC20 when compared with placebo. -
Pro-Aging Effects of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Products
antioxidants Review Pro-Aging Effects of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Products , , Maria Giulia Battelli y , Massimo Bortolotti y , Andrea Bolognesi * z and Letizia Polito * z Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (M.G.B.); [email protected] (M.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (L.P.); Tel.: +39-051-20-9-4707 (A.B.); +39-051-20-9-4729 (L.P.) These authors contributed equally. y Co-last authors. z Received: 22 July 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 8 September 2020 Abstract: The senescence process is the result of a series of factors that start from the genetic constitution interacting with epigenetic modifications induced by endogenous and environmental causes and that lead to a progressive deterioration at the cellular and functional levels. One of the main causes of aging is oxidative stress deriving from the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and their scavenging through antioxidants. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities produce uric acid, as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which all may be relevant to such equilibrium. This review analyzes XOR activity through in vitro experiments, animal studies and clinical reports, which highlight the pro-aging effects of XOR products. However, XOR activity contributes to a regular level of ROS and RNS, which appears essential for the proper functioning of many physiological pathways. This discourages the use of therapies with XOR inhibitors, unless symptomatic hyperuricemia is present. -
Veterinary Toxicology
GINTARAS DAUNORAS VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY Lecture notes and classes works Study kit for LUHS Veterinary Faculty Foreign Students LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 Lietuvos sveikatos moksl ų universitetas Veterinarijos akademija Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra Gintaras Daunoras VETERINARIN Ė TOKSIKOLOGIJA Paskait ų konspektai ir praktikos darb ų aprašai Mokomoji knyga LSMU Veterinarijos fakulteto užsienio studentams LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 UDK Dau Apsvarstyta: LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedros pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 20 d., protokolo Nr. 01 LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto tarybos pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 28 d., protokolo Nr. 08 Recenzavo: doc. dr. Alius Pockevi čius LSMU VA Užkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra dr. Aidas Grigonis LSMU VA Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra CONTENTS Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 SECTION I. Lecture notes ………………………………………………………………………. 8 1. GENERAL VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY ……….……………………………………….. 8 1.1. Veterinary toxicology aims and tasks ……………………………………………………... 8 1.2. EC and Lithuanian legal documents for hazardous substances and pollution ……………. 11 1.3. Classification of poisons ……………………………………………………………………. 12 1.4. Chemicals classification and labelling ……………………………………………………… 14 2. Toxicokinetics ………………………………………………………………………...………. 15 2.2. Migration of substances through biological membranes …………………………………… 15 2.3. ADME notion ………………………………………………………………………………. 15 2.4. Possibilities of poisons entering into an animal body and methods of absorption ……… 16 2.5. Poison distribution -
COPD Agents Review – October 2020 Page 2 | Proprietary Information
COPD Agents Therapeutic Class Review (TCR) October 1, 2020 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, digital scanning, or via any information storage or retrieval system without the express written consent of Magellan Rx Management. All requests for permission should be mailed to: Magellan Rx Management Attention: Legal Department 6950 Columbia Gateway Drive Columbia, Maryland 21046 The materials contained herein represent the opinions of the collective authors and editors and should not be construed to be the official representation of any professional organization or group, any state Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee, any state Medicaid Agency, or any other clinical committee. This material is not intended to be relied upon as medical advice for specific medical cases and nothing contained herein should be relied upon by any patient, medical professional or layperson seeking information about a specific course of treatment for a specific medical condition. All readers of this material are responsible for independently obtaining medical advice and guidance from their own physician and/or other medical professional in regard to the best course of treatment for their specific medical condition. This publication, inclusive of all forms contained herein, is intended to be educational in nature and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Send comments and suggestions to [email protected]. October 2020 -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,603,526 B2 Tygesen Et Al
USOO8603526B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,603,526 B2 Tygesen et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 10, 2013 (54) PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS 2008. O152595 A1 6/2008 Emigh et al. RESISTANT TO ABUSE 2008. O166407 A1 7/2008 Shalaby et al. 2008/0299.199 A1 12/2008 Bar-Shalom et al. 2008/0311205 A1 12/2008 Habib et al. (75) Inventors: Peter Holm Tygesen, Smoerum (DK); 2009/0022790 A1 1/2009 Flath et al. Jan Martin Oevergaard, Frederikssund 2010/0203129 A1 8/2010 Andersen et al. (DK); Karsten Lindhardt, Haslev (DK); 2010/0204259 A1 8/2010 Tygesen et al. Louise Inoka Lyhne-versen, Gentofte 2010/0239667 A1 9/2010 Hemmingsen et al. (DK); Martin Rex Olsen, Holbaek 2010, O291205 A1 11/2010 Downie et al. (DK); Anne-Mette Haahr, Birkeroed 2011 O159100 A1 6/2011 Andersen et al. (DK); Jacob Aas Hoellund-Jensen, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Frederikssund (DK); Pemille Kristine Hoeyrup Hemmingsen, Bagsvaerd DE 20 2006 014131 1, 2007 (DK) EP O435,726 8, 1991 EP O493513 7, 1992 EP O406315 11, 1992 (73) Assignee: Egalet Ltd., London (GB) EP 1213014 6, 2002 WO WO 89,09066 10, 1989 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this WO WO91,040 15 4f1991 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 WO WO95/22962 8, 1995 U.S.C. 154(b) by 489 days. WO WO99,51208 10, 1999 WO WOOOf 41704 T 2000 WO WO 03/024426 3, 2003 (21) Appl. No.: 12/701,429 WO WOO3,O24429 3, 2003 WO WOO3,O24430 3, 2003 (22) Filed: Feb. -
Nutritional Guidelines For
Publication - September 2008 F.E.D.I.A.F. NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPLETE AND COMPLEMENTARY PET FOOD FOR CATS AND DOGS SEPTEMBER 2008 FEDIAF – EUROPEAN PET FOOD INDUSTRY FEDERATION / Av. Louise 89 / B-1050 Bruxelles / Tel.: +32 2 536.05.20 / www.fediaf.org 1/78 Publication - September 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections Content Page I Glossary Definitions 3 Objectives II Introduction 5 Scope Guidance: 7 - Nutrient recommendations 7 - Energy contents of pet foods 8 - Maximum level of certain substances 8 - Product validation 9 - Repeat analysis 9 - Feeding instructions 9 Tables with nutrient recommendations: 10 Complete pet food - Dogs 11 - Adult III - Guidance - Growth - Recommendations (tables) - Early growth & Reproduction - Substantiation - Cats 15 - Adult - Growth - Reproduction Substantiation: 18 - Scientific literature - Legislation - Other clarifications Introduction IV Complementary pet food 29 Validation procedure V Analytical methods Non-exhaustive list of analytical methods 31 Feeding trials 34 Digestibility & Energy: VI Feeding test protocols - Indicator method 34 - Quantitative collection method 37 Nutrients - Energy 42 - Taurine 44 - Arginine 47 - Vitamins 48 Food allergy 50 VII Annexes Risk of some human foods regularly given to pets 55 - Grapes & raisins 55 - Chocolate 57 - Onions & garlic 60 Product families 64 2/78 Publication - September 2008 The glossary contains definitions of key words used in this Guideline followed by the source of the definition. Whenever appropriate, definitions are adapted to pet food. I. GLOSSARY Allowance An Allowance or Recommendation for daily FNB’94, Harper’90. intake (RDI) is the level of intake of a nutrient or food component that appears to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy individuals. -
Anesthesia and Your
A professional publication for the clients of East Valley Animal Clinic WINTER 2016 East Valley Animal Clinic 5049 Upper 141st Street West Apple Valley, Minnesota 55124 Phone: 952-423-6800 Anesthesia Kathy Ranzinger, DVM Pam Takeuchi, DVM Katie Dudley, DVM and Your Pet Tessa Lundgren, DVM Mary Jo Wagner, DVM Many owners are frightened of the thought of their www.EastValleyAnimalClinic.com pet undergoing anesthesia, either because of a bad experience with another pet, or things they have heard from other pet owners. Many pet owners decline or Find us on Facebook! postpone procedures for their pets because they are afraid something bad will happen while their pet is under anesthesia. The truth is, there is always a risk with anesthesia, for any pet of any age. But thankfully, that risk is often very small. A study by Dr. David Brodbelt and associates looked at over 98,000 pets (dogs, cats and rabbits) and found that in healthy dogs, the risk of death from anesthesia was 0.05% and 0.11% in healthy cats. This very low number is due to several factors, including better anesthetic protocols, sophisticated monitoring and trained professionals overseeing your pet. The first step to ensuring safe anesthesia is a thorough pre-anesthetic examination by your veterinarian. This is performed on every patient undergoing anesthesia. We Happy Valentine’s Day also recommend blood work prior to anesthesia, which can identify underlying from all of us at East Valley Animal disease that may make anesthesia more risky. It may be better to postpone an elective Clinic! While enjoying this delectable procedure until we can determine if an abnormality in blood work is not a concern. -
Death by Chocolate’ Experience
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Suspected case of Angel’s near ‘death by chocolate’ experience Author : MARTIN ATKINSON Categories : Vets Date : October 20, 2008 MARTIN ATKINSON discusses the toxicity of chocolate to dogs and the history, diagnosis and treatment of a dog presenting with vomiting and diarrhoea Acute chocolate poisoning in dogs is relatively common – following a history of consuming large amounts of milk or dark chocolate. The toxic ingredients are methylxanthines, mainly theobromine and caffeine, which cause an increased release of catecholamines and increased muscle contractility by facilitating cellular entry of calcium and inhibition of sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Benzodiazepine receptors in the brain are competitively antagonised. Toxicity The amount of methylxanthines in chocolate varies depending on the degree of refinement and its formulation. Theobromine is contained in higher quantities than caffeine (three to 10 times) and, in practice, is more toxic, because it is metabolised more slowly in dogs. Raw cocoa beans contain 1.2 per cent theobromine by weight. Far smaller quantities are found in milk chocolate (1.2-1.8g/kg) than in dark chocolate, cocoa powder and bakers’ chocolate, which contain 12-20g/kg. White chocolate contains insignificant amounts. LD50 for theobromine in dogs is around 200mg/kg bodyweight but death may occur at much lower rates. Cardiotoxicity may occur at 40-50mg/kg, while signs of mild toxicity can be seen after the ingestion of as little as 16mg/kg. 1 / 11 Therefore, in practical terms, one ounce of milk chocolate per pound of bodyweight (60g per kilo) may be fatal – or a tenth of that amount in cooking chocolate. -
The Xanthines (Theobromine and Aminophyllin)
effect of this might conceivably escape detection in THE XANTHINES (THEOBROMINE AND individuals engaged in very heavy work. From this AMINOPHYLLINE) IN THE TREAT- point of view our subjects were particularly favorable for this since of as MENT OF CARDIAC PAIN study, most them, shown in the table, were not engaged in any occupation. HARRY M.D. GOLD, GLYCERYL TRINITRATE TEST NATHANIEL T. M.D. KWIT, Early in the course of the study it was believed AND desirable to HAROLD M.D. restrict the selection of patients to those OTTO, who could establish their qualifications for service in NEW YORK such a study as this by their ability to distinguish An endeavor was made in this study to secure evi- between the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate taken under dence on the question of whether the xanthines relieve the tongue and a soluble placebo tablet taken in the cardiac pain. same manner for relief during attacks of pain. The SELECTION OF PATIENTS discovery of several patients who found the two equally effective those who had suffered an of The were 100 ambulant in attend- among attack subjects patients thrombosis and were to thoracic ance at the cardiac in whom the of coronary subject pain clinic, diagnosis on effort led us to abandon this restriction. arteriosclerotic heart disease with cardiac pain was made, in accordance with the nomenclature and criteria The results obtained in sixty patients in whom the the New York Heart Association.1 glyceryl trinitrate test was made are of some interest. adopted by These received trinitrate were selected from a total case load of patients glyceryl tablets, %0o They approxi- or cr 0.4 which were mately 700 patients, representing an average sample /4so grain (0.6 mg.), they of the cardiac clinic several racial directed to take under the tongue at the onset of an population, comprising attack of In of these of groups, both native and born.