DOCSLIB.ORG

Caffeine and Theobromine Identifications in Post

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caffeine and Theobromine Identifications in Post MEDICINE—EXERCISE Caffeine and Theobromine Identifications in Post- Race Urines: Threshold Levels and Regulatory Significance of Such Identifications Amit Budhraja, BVSc, AH; Fernanda C. Camargo, DVM, PhD; Charlie Hughes, BS, MS; Andreas F. Lehner, BS, MS, PhD; Kent Stirling, BBA; Noel Brennan, BSc; Mark Dowling, BSc; and Thomas Tobin, MVB, MSc, PhD, MRCVS, Diplomate ABT* Caffeine is a widespread environmental substance, and testing for caffeine is now highly sensi- tive. Currently, many authorities in North America are not concerned about plasma caffeine concentrations of Ͻ100 ng/ml, equivalent to ϳ300 ng/ml in urine. This is because such low caffeine concentrations are likely to be associated with environmental exposure to caffeine and are also unlikely to be associated with pharmacological responses. Authors’ addresses: Gradu- ate Center for Toxicology, Health Sciences Research Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (Budhraja); Maxwell Gluck Equine Research Center, Farm Lane and Nicholasville Road, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 (Camargo, Hughes, Tobin); U.K. Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40512 (Lehner); Florida Horse- men’s Benevolent and Protective Association, PO Box 1808 Calder race course, Opa-Locka, FL 33056 (Stirling); and Connolly’s Redmills, Goresbridge, Kilkenny, Ireland (Brennan, Dowling); e-mail: [email protected] (Tobin). © 2007 AAEP. *Presenting author. 1. Introduction In horses, caffeine is metabolized to theophylline, Caffeine and theobromine are commonly found in theobromine, and paraxanthine. These metabo- equine feeds and environments. They are well lites are excreted at high concentrations in equine absorbed and may appear at microgram concen- urine. Caffeine identifications in the absence of trations in equine blood and urine; enzyme-linked these metabolites suggest post-collection entry of immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests can detect caffeine into the sample. low nanogram per milliliter (ppb) concentrations. Behavioral studies suggest that performance- Therefore, low-concentration identifications of caf- threshold plasma and urinary concentrations of caf- ϳ feine and theobromine are not unusual and are feine are 2000 and 10,000 ng/ml, respectively. most likely caused by environmental exposure or Regulatory thresholds or “cut-offs” for caffeine and feed. Between 2000 and 2006, ϳ67 caffeine “pos- theobromine are in place in a number of jurisdic- itives” were called in the United States, and 2 tions worldwide. For caffeine, reported “cut-offs” were called in Canada. vary from 10 ng/ml in plasma to 1000 ng/ml in urine. NOTES AAEP PROCEEDINGS ր Vol. 53 ր 2007 87 MEDICINE—EXERCISE Theobromine is both a metabolite of caffeine and a medication in its own right. Theobromine is also a common component of equine feed, and there is a long established international threshold of 2000 ng/ml in urine of theobromine, although this thresh- old may be relatively conservative. Theophylline is another metabolite of caffeine and a therapeutic medication in its own right. The Ca- nadian urinary “withdrawal time” for theophylline is 96 h after therapeutic administration. The equivalent urinary cut-off seems to be ϳ1000 ng/ml. 2. Background Caffeine is a central nervous-system stimulant and the most widely consumed psychoactive substance Fig. 1. Urinary concentrations of caffeine and its metabolites in the world. In humans, caffeine-containing bev- after administration of2gofcaffeine orally to a horse. Repro- erages, at a dose rate of ϳ80–200 mg per cup of duced with permission from the Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency’s coffee1,2 (special coffee brands may contain higher Analytical Methodology for Detection and Confirmation of Drugs amounts), ward off drowsiness and restore alert- in Body Fluids, vol. 2. ness. Common human beverages containing caf- feine include coffee, tea, soft drinks, and especially, 1–3 “energy drinks.” Its actions are largely terminated by metabolism, and In nature, caffeine is a plant alkaloid that func- the decline of plasma concentrations follows simple tions as a natural pesticide against insect predators. first-order kinetics.1,3 In the horse, the plasma half- The most widely cultivated caffeine-containing life of caffeine is relatively long (ϳ19 h).4,5 plants are Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (tea), and to a lesser extent, Theobroma cacao (Co- Caffeine in the Horse coa). The primary source of caffeine is the coffee Caffeine, at doses of up to 2 g/day, seems to produce bean. The coffee plant is native to Africa. It was broadly similar pharmacological affects in horses first introduced to Europe in about 1600 A.D., and and humans. Orally administered caffeine is well the first cup of coffee consumed in England was in absorbed, and urinary concentrations peak at Balliol College, Oxford in 1637.1 Tea is another ϳ21,000 ng/ml at ϳ1 h post-administration; it then common source of caffeine. The tea plant is origi- declines to 1000 ng/ml at 96 h post-administration. nally native to Burma, reaching China by 300 A.D. Of considerable forensic significance, the concentra- and Japan by 1000 A.D.. In Europe, tea arrived as tions of its metabolites, paraxanthine, theophylline, a medicinal in 1500 A.D. and became a common and theobromine, are always higher than those of beverage by 1600 A.D. caffeine by 24 h after administration and at least Caffeine is now inextricably associated with hu- 10-fold higher at 96 h post-administration (Fig. 1).6 mans and can be found in many unexpected places. For example, bee pollen has been found to contain Caffeine and Its Metabolites in the Horse sufficient caffeine to trigger “positive” identifications Caffeine, a trimethylxanthine, is metabolized in the in racing dogs and horses in Florida in the 1990s. liver to yield three dimethylxanthines (Fig. 2), and each of these metabolites has a different spectrum of 3. General Pharmacology pharmacological effects on the body. Theophylline In humans, caffeine is a central nervous-system and (1,3-dimethylxanthine) is a bronchodilator; theobro- metabolic stimulant and is widely used to restore mine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) is a less potent di- mental alertness and alleviate physical fatigue. uretic, but there are no reports of significant Caffeine produces these effects by virtue of its pu- pharmacological activity for paraxanthine rine structure acting on some of the same receptors (1,7-dimethylxanthine). as adenosine-related nucleosides and nucleotides, such as the cell surface G protein-coupled receptors 4. Sensitivity of ELISA Testing for Caffeine, (GPCRs) as well as the intracellular ryanodine re- Theophylline, and Theobromine ceptor (RyR).1 Physiologically, however, caffeine’s Routine post-race testing for these agents is now action is unlikely to be caused by increased RyR highly sensitive. Commercially available ELISA opening, since this would likely require a lethal tests have an I-50 of about 10 ng/ml for caffeine; as plasma concentration of caffeine; as such, its effects such,a1mg/horse dose of caffeine has the potential are most likely due to its actions on adenosine to give rise to detectable (10 ng/ml) plasma and receptors. urinary concentrations of caffeine. The IC-50s (i.e., After oral administration, caffeine is rapidly and the concentrations for one-half maximal inhibition completely absorbed from the stomach and small of the tests) are caffeine at 10 ng/ml, theophylline at intestine and distributed to all tissues of the body. 7 ng/ml, and theobromine at 25 ng/ml (Figs. 3 and 88 2007 ր Vol. 53 ր AAEP PROCEEDINGS MEDICINE—EXERCISE Fig. 2. Chemical structures of caffeine and its metabo- lites. Note that caffeine has three methyl groups, and its me- tabolites have two methyl groups each. 4).7 Review of the urinary excretion concentrations of these agents after the administration of pharma- cologically effective doses shows that concentrations in the low ␮g/ml range (1000 ng/ml) are readily Fig. 4. ELISA standard curves for theobromine in several attained urinary concentrations of these substances. equine matrixes, such as urine, plasma, and serum and also, in These findings give rise to the following general EIA buffer. The IC-50 represents the sensitivity of the test, guidelines with reference to caffeine. If the concen- which is ϳ20 ng/ml for serum and plasma and ϳ70 ng/ml for tration is Ͻ100 ng/ml in plasma or 300 ng/ml in equine urine. Adapted with permission from Neogen Corp. urine, the finding is pharmacologically ineffective and of no forensic interest; if the expected metabo- lites of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and parax- anthine are not present, then it is unlikely that the caffeine in question “passed through the horse.” Therefore, the caffeine identification is most likely caused by post-collection contamination, which is also the case if caffeine is not detectable in the blood. With respect to post-collection contamination, caf- feine may be present in unexpected places, including as a “binder” in pH test strips. In Australia ϳ20 yr ago, a laboratory was testing the pH of post-race urine samples by dipping pH strips into the urine samples, a violation of good laboratory procedure. The strips’ caffeine binder contaminated many sam- ples. This matter was eventually sorted out but not before a very large number of caffeine identifications were made and called in the absence of any metab- olite or blood-caffeine information.8 Finally, these data also show a considerable re- serve of detection sensitivity with regard to concen- trations of these agents likely to be found in association with pharmacological administrations. As such, there is a clear need for “limitations” on the sensitivity of testing for these agents, and indeed, the first international horse-racing “threshold” ever introduced was for theobromine in horse urine. Fig. 3. ELISA standard curves for caffeine in several equine 5. Theobromine matrixes, such as urine, plasma and serum and also, in EIA buffer. The IC-50 represents the sensitivity of the test, which is The caffeine metabolite theobromine is also a plant ϳ9–10 ng/ml for serum and plasma and ϳ10–20 ng/ml for equine alkaloid and a medication in its own right.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Xanthines (Theobromine and Aminophyllin)
    effect of this might conceivably escape detection in THE XANTHINES (THEOBROMINE AND individuals engaged in very heavy work. From this AMINOPHYLLINE) IN THE TREAT- point of view our subjects were particularly favorable for this since of as MENT OF CARDIAC PAIN study, most them, shown in the table, were not engaged in any occupation. HARRY M.D. GOLD, GLYCERYL TRINITRATE TEST NATHANIEL T. M.D. KWIT, Early in the course of the study it was believed AND desirable to HAROLD M.D. restrict the selection of patients to those OTTO, who could establish their qualifications for service in NEW YORK such a study as this by their ability to distinguish An endeavor was made in this study to secure evi- between the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate taken under dence on the question of whether the xanthines relieve the tongue and a soluble placebo tablet taken in the cardiac pain. same manner for relief during attacks of pain. The SELECTION OF PATIENTS discovery of several patients who found the two equally effective those who had suffered an of The were 100 ambulant in attend- among attack subjects patients thrombosis and were to thoracic ance at the cardiac in whom the of coronary subject pain clinic, diagnosis on effort led us to abandon this restriction. arteriosclerotic heart disease with cardiac pain was made, in accordance with the nomenclature and criteria The results obtained in sixty patients in whom the the New York Heart Association.1 glyceryl trinitrate test was made are of some interest. adopted by These received trinitrate were selected from a total case load of patients glyceryl tablets, %0o They approxi- or cr 0.4 which were mately 700 patients, representing an average sample /4so grain (0.6 mg.), they of the cardiac clinic several racial directed to take under the tongue at the onset of an population, comprising attack of In of these of groups, both native and born.
    [Show full text]
  • Chocolate, Theobromine, Dogs, and Other Great Stuff
    Nancy Lowry, Professor of Chemistry, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA [email protected] Chocolate, Theobromine, Dogs, and Other Great Stuff. Chocolate is now considered a health food, according to many news reports. It provides a goodly dose of antioxidants, prolongs the lives of Dutch men, contains compounds that chemically echo tetrahydocannabinoid and encourage feelings of love, and it even “may halve the risk of dying,” according to a recent headline in the New Scientist. On the other hand, if chocolate is included in the diet in therapeutic doses, it will also most assuredly lead to obesity. Furthermore, the amounts of anandamide (the THC mimic) and phenylethylamine (the so-called “love” compound) are present in chocolate in very, very low amounts. And finally, we all have a 100% chance of dying at some time, so a headline that talks about cutting our chance of dying in half makes no sense. Nevertheless, chocolate is great stuff. It comes in many varieties. One end of the spectrum is bitter baking chocolate; adding sugar provides chocolate of various degrees of sweetness. Adding milk finally brings us to milk chocolate, which many people consider barely makes it over the line into chocolate. White chocolate is only cocoa butter fat, and really isn’t chocolate at all. Over 600 different molecules contribute to the taste of chocolate. Many people talk about the caffeine in chocolate, but there is relatively very little caffeine in chocolate; the compound that particularly characterizes chocolate is theobromine, a very close relative of caffeine. There is six to ten times more theobromine in chocolate than caffeine.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Practical Timing of Dosage on Theophylline Blood Levels In
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.2.167 on 1 February 1978. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1978, 53, 167-182 Short reports Effect of practical timing of dosage Methods on theophylline blood levels in For the period of the study, the children did not asthmatic children treated with receive tea, which contains theophylline. choline theophyllinate GroupA. These childrenwere given choline theophyll- The bronchodilator effect of theophylline has been inate in a dosage of as near as possible 8 mg/kg per known for over 50 years, but although it has been dose qds (mean 7 9 mg/kg, range 7-2-8 7 mg/kg), widely used both intravenously and rectally in the starting with half the dose on the first day to try and treatment ofacute asthma, its use as an oral broncho- minimise nausea. The doses were given at 0800 h, dilator has been limited by inadequate knowledge of 1300 h, 1700 h, and 2100 h, times considered suitable the correct dosage of the oral preparations. The for administration outside hospital. On the third day therapeutic level of theophylline is generally con- ofthe study serum levels were measured 2 hours after sidered to be between 10 and 20 ,ug/ml (Turner- each dose and before the 0800 h dose the following Warwick, 1957; Jenne et al., 1972), although sub- morning. optimal bronchodilation can be achieved with levels of 5 ,ug/ml or less (Maselli et al., 1970; Nicholson and Group B. These children were given cholinetheophyll- Chick, 1973). Serious toxicity with levels of less than inate in a dosage of as near as possible 10 mg/kg per copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-Methylxanthine Production Through Biodegradation of Theobromine By
    Zhou et al. BMC Microbiology (2020) 20:269 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01951-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access 3-Methylxanthine production through biodegradation of theobromine by Aspergillus sydowii PT-2 Binxing Zhou1*† , Cunqiang Ma1,2,3*†, Chengqin Zheng1, Tao Xia4, Bingsong Ma1 and Xiaohui Liu1 Abstract Background: Methylxanthines, including caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, are natural and synthetic compounds in tea, which could be metabolized by certain kinds of bacteria and fungi. Previous studies confirmed that several microbial isolates from Pu-erh tea could degrade and convert caffeine and theophylline. We speculated that these candidate isolates also could degrade and convert theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation. In this study, seven tea-derived fungal strains were inoculated into various theobromine agar medias and theobromine liquid mediums to assess their capacity in theobromine utilization. Related metabolites with theobromine degradation were detected by using HPLC in the liquid culture to investigate their potential application in the production of 3-methylxanthine. Results: Based on theobromine utilization capacity, Aspergillus niger PT-1, Aspergillus sydowii PT-2, Aspergillus ustus PT-6 and Aspergillus tamarii PT-7 have demonstrated the potential for theobromine biodegradation. Particularly, A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 could degrade theobromine significantly (p < 0.05) in all given liquid mediums. 3,7- Dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine, and uric acid were detected in A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 culture, respectively, which confirmed the existence of N-demethylation and oxidation in theobromine catabolism. 3-Methylxanthine was common and main demethylated metabolite of theobromine in the liquid culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Cocoa Properties: Is Theobromine a Cognitive Modulator?
    Psychopharmacology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-5172-0 REVIEW Exploring cocoa properties: is theobromine a cognitive modulator? Ilaria Cova1 & V. Leta1,2 & C. Mariani2 & L. Pantoni2 & S. Pomati1 Received: 7 May 2018 /Accepted: 16 January 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Nutritional qualities of cocoa have been acknowledged by several authors; a particular focus has been placed on its high content of flavanols, known for their excellent antioxidant properties and subsequent protective effect on cardio- and cerebrovascular systems as well as for neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions. Other active components of cocoa are methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine). Whereas the effects of caffeine are extensively researched, the same is not the case for theobromine; this review summarizes evidence on the effect of theobromine on cognitive functions. Considering animal studies, it can be asserted that acute exposition to theobromine has a reduced and delayed nootropic effect with respect to caffeine, whereas both animal and human studies suggested a potential neuroprotective action of long-term assumption of theobromine through a reduction of Aβ amyloid pathology, which is commonly observed in Alzheimer’s disease patients’ brains. Hence, the conceiv- able action of theobromine alone and associated with caffeine or other cocoa constituents on cognitive modulation is yet underexplored and future studies are needed to shed light on this promising molecule. Keywords Cocoa . Theobromine . Cognitive modulator . Cognition Introduction predominant fraction of triglyceride molecules species (in particular oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linoleic acid) Theobroma cacao and its products (Pittenauer and Allmaier 2009); proteins contribute to 10–15% of the dry weight of cocoa seeds and consist Cocoa comes from the processing of seeds of a tropical tree, mainly of albumin and globulin fractions (Zak and considered by the Aztecs as a sacred plant.
    [Show full text]
  • High Throughput Separation of Xanthines by Rapid Resolution HPLC Application Note
    High Throughput Separation of Xanthines by Rapid Resolution HPLC Application Note Biochemistry, Food and Beverage, Pharmaceutical Author from 8 minutes to 1.5 minutes without a major loss in resolution. A simple isocratic HPLC method was used John W. Henderson and Ronald E. Majors and described to analyze theobromine, theophylline and Agilent Technologies, Inc. caffeine in liquid refreshments (tea, chocolate syrup, and 2850 Centerville Road cocoa). Wilmington, DE 19808-1610 USA Introduction Abstract Xanthines are a group of alkaloids with the most common xanthine being caffeine, found in foods such as coffee Xanthines were found to be optimally separated by beans, tea, kola nuts, and in small amounts in cacao reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column. By a reduction in beans. The chemical structures of these xanthines and column length and particle size, the separation time for some of their metabolites are depicted in Figure 1. a mixture of the xanthines investigated was reduced H O H O O HC O CH3 3 CH H HC H N N 3 N N 3 N N N N N O N N O O N N N O CH3 H CH3 CH3 Theophylline Basic xanthine Caffeine Theobromine (1,3-dimethylxanthine) structure (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) (3,7-dimethylxanthine) O H O O H CH3 HC N HC HC 3 N 3 N 3 N O O N N O N N O N N H CH3 H H 1,3-dimethyluric acid 1,7-dimethylxanthine 1-methylxanthine (theophylline metabolite) (caffeine metabolite) (theophylline metabolite) Figure 1. Structures of selected xanthines and metabolites used in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthine Urolithiasis: Inhibitors of Xanthine Crystallization
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/335364; this version posted May 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Xanthine urolithiasis: Inhibitors of xanthine crystallization Authors: Felix Grases, Antonia Costa-Bauza, Joan Roig, Adrian Rodriguez Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Corresponding author: Felix Grases. Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Telephone number: +34 971 17 32 57 e-mail: [email protected] Key words: xanthine lithiasis, 7-Methylxanthine, 3-Methylxanthine, Theobromine. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/335364; this version posted May 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract OBJECTIVE. To identify in vitro inhibitors of xanthine crystallization that have potential for inhibiting the formation of xanthine crystals in urine and preventing the development of the renal calculi in patients with xanthinuria. METHODS. The formation of xanthine crystals in synthetic urine and the effects of 10 potential crystallization inhibitors were assessed using a kinetic turbidimetric system with a photometer.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Perfusion Stress Test
    Mian A. Jan, M.D., F.A.C.C., F.S.C.A.I. Ramprasad Gadi, M.D. Bhavna Mohandas, M.D. Amanulla Khaji, M.D., F.A.C.C. Leeann Parton, MS, PA-C Frederick Pereira, CRNP Seamus Winters, MS, PA-C PATIENT INSTRUCTION NUCLEAR PERSANTINE PERFUSION STRESS TEST Our camera used for Nuclear Stress testing can accommodate up to 400 lbs. On rare occasions, we are not able to image some body types if the camera cannot move freely around the patient. Our Nuclear lab is located on our lower level. Patients will be required to walk up and down stairs in order to get to the Nuclear lab. Please follow these instructions to ensure a high quality nuclear stress test: 1. Please shower or bathe the day of the test. Do not apply lotion/powder to your chest. 2. Wear loose fitting slacks or shorts with a button down/loose fitting topNO ( METAL SNAPS, BUTTONS, ZIPPERS, ETC) from the waist up, a comfortable bra, sneakers or walking shoes. 3. NPO (nothing by mouth) 4 hours prior to test. 4. Do NOT drink coffee/tea (caffeinated or decaffeinated), alcohol and no smoking after midnight prior to the procedure. 5. You may bring a small snack. 6. Bring something to read, such as a book or newspaper. 7. If you have HMO insurance, your referral needs to be current. Some insurance companies require prior precertification for nuclear stress testing. Please check with the receptionist. If a physician from our practice orders the stress test, our staff will handle the precertification.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolite Standards Detected by UHPLC-HRMS
    Metabolite standards detected by UHPLC-HRMS #ID NAME 1 - 1,2-DIDECANOYL-SN-GLYCERO-3-PHOSPHOCHOLINE 2 - 10-HYDROXYDECANOATE 3 - 1-HYDROXY-2-NAPHTHOATE 4 - 2,4-DIHYDROXYPTERIDINE 5 - 2,6-DIHYDROXYPYRIDINE 6 - 2-Sulfoaniline 7 - 3-AMINO-4-HYDROXYBENZOATE 8 - 3-AMINO-5-HYDROXYBENZOATE 9 - 3-Hydroxyphenyl acetate 10 - 3-METHYL-2-OXINDOLE 11 - 3-NITRO-L-TYROSINE 12 - 4-QUINOLINECARBOXYLATE 13 - 4-QUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID 14 - ANILINE-2-SULFONATE (2-SULFOANILINE) 15 - BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE 16 - CORTISOL 21-ACETATE 17 - delta-Valerolactone 18 - DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE 19 - DIDECANOYL-GLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE 20 - D-MANNOSAMINE 21 - ETHYL 3-INDOLEACETATE 22 - GALACTOSAMINE 23 - GLUCOSAMINATE 24 - Hydrocortisone acetate 25 - Hydrocortisone acetate (CORTISOL 21-ACETATE) 26- LUMICHROME 27 - Methyl vallinic acid 28 - N6-(DELTA2-ISOPENTENYL)-ADENINE 29 - N-ACETYLPROLINE 30 - N-METHYLGLUTAMATE 31- PALATINOSE 32 - S-HEXYL-GLUTATHIONE 33 - SN-GLYCERO-3-PHOSPHOCHOLINE 34 - URACIL 5-CARBOXYLATE 35 HMDB0000001 1-METHYL-L-HISTIDINE 36 HMDB0000012 DEOXYURIDINE 37 HMDB0000014 DEOXYCYTIDINE 38 HMDB0000015 CORTEXOLONE 39 HMDB0000017 4-pyridoxic acid 40 HMDB0000020 p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 41 HMDB0000022 3-METHOXYTYRAMINE 42 HMDB0000026 ureidopropionic acid 43 HMDB0000030 BIOTIN 44 HMDB0000033 CARNOSINE 45 HMDB0000034 ADENINE 46 HMDB0000036 Taurocholic acid (TCA) 47 HMDB0000038 DIHYDROBIOPTERIN 48 HMDB0000043 BETAINE 49 HMDB0000045 ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP) Inselspital Printed on 30.05.2018 University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Page 1/9 Bern,
    [Show full text]
  • Certificate of Analysis
    National Institute of Standards & Technology Certificate of Analysis Standard Reference Material 3254 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves This Standard Reference Material (SRM) is intended primarily for use in validating analytical methods for the determination of catechins, xanthines and elements in the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and similar matrices. SRM 3254 can also be used for quality assurance when assigning values to in-house control materials. This SRM has also been characterized for its DNA sequence. A unit of SRM 3254 consists of five packets, each containing approximately 3 g of leaf powder. The development of SRM 3254 was a collaboration among the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH-ODS), and the Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (FDA CDER). The addition of genetic information was accomplished through collaboration among NIST, NIH-ODS, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), AuthenTechnologies (Richmond, CA), and American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Scotts Valley, CA). Taxonomic Identification: The taxonomic identity is Camellia sinensis, established through identification by a trained botanist using an herbarium specimen from original material and from associated DNA sequence analysis from botanically authenticated Camellia sinensis. The associated DNA sequences are available in companion FASTA-formatted files [1]. The uncertainty associated with each nucleotide in the sequence, and in turn the uncertainty associated with the DNA sequence as an identifier of species, is expressed in an ordinal scale that represents the confidence estimates of the assigned value (Tables 1 and 2) [2]. These DNA sequences are used as a source of identity data for Camellia sinensis.
    [Show full text]
  • Caffeine, Theobromine and Theophylline Content of Commonly Purchased Weight-Loss and Sports Performance-Enhancing Dietary Supplements
    Caffeine, Theobromine and Theophylline Content of Commonly Purchased Weight-loss and Sports Performance-enhancing Dietary Supplements KW Andrews1, A Schweitzer1, C Zhao1, J Holden1, J Roseland1, M Brandt2, C Spease2, J Woo2, J Dwyer3, M F Picciano3, LG Saldanha3, K Fisher3, JM Betz3, and E Yetley3 1Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, Agricultural 2Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, MD, 20740, 3 Research Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892 Service Abstract Methods and Materials Theobromine and Theophylline Results Consumers’ intake of caffeine occurs through The following ingredients and their synonyms were identified as containing caffeine, theobromine or theophylline: coffee, Figure 4. Theobromine levels for dietary supplements as well as traditional food and coffea, caffeine, cocoa, cacao, chocolate, Colanida, green tea, black tea, Camellia sinensis, yerba mate, mate, Ilexparaguarensis, cola beverage items. To better identify overall consumer 38 Products nut, kola, kola nut, guarana, P. Cupana. 16 exposure to caffeine, 63 products commonly marketed The sample of products was drawn according to retail channel, stratified by 2001 market data from the Nutrition Business for weight loss or sports performance were selected from 14 Journal1. Products were chosen based upon the market share for four categories: 1) health food/natural foods and vitamin stores Thirty-eight of the 63 products 4 sales channels. Caffeine-containing dietary (30.1%, n=18); 2) traditional supermarkets, grocery stores, drug stores and mass merchandisers (25.4% n=16); 3) multi-level 12 contained theobromine in all lots (n=2 or 3) supplements were selected when labels listed one or marketers and direct (internet, catalog) sales (41.3% n=27); and 4) practitioners (3.2% n=2).
    [Show full text]
  • Chocolate Intoxication by Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, DVM, Phd
    Chocolate intoxication by Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, DVM, PhD Pets may be exposed to a wide variety of chocolate and cocoa products, including candies, cakes, cookies, brownies, baking supplies (e.g. chocolate chips, cocoa powder), and cocoa bean mulches. Not surprisingly, most accidental chocolate exposures in pets occur around holidays, especially Valentine’s Day, Easter, Halloween and Christmas, when chocolate is more prevalent in the household. Cocoa bean hull mulches are attractive to many dogs and may be ingested as dogs dig through them.1 Because of their indiscriminate eating habits, dogs are far more commonly affected than cats. The toxic compounds in chocolate are methylxanthines, specifically theobromine and caffeine. Methylxanthines' mechanisms of action Competitive inhibition of cellular adenosine receptors is thought to cause most signs seen in animals with methylxanthine toxicosis, including central nervous system stimulation, diuresis, and tachycardia.2 Methylxanthines also inhibit cellular calcium reuptake, which increases the free calcium concentration and enhances cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility.2 Methylxanthines may also exert their effects by competing for benzodiazepine receptors within the central nervous system and by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, resulting in increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate.2 Susceptibility and clinical signs The relative amounts of theobromine and caffeine vary with the form of chocolate (Table 1). In most chocolate compounds theobromine is the predominant toxic component, and caffeine is present in much lower concentrations. For animals that have ingested chocolate products made in the home or in bakeries or produced as a prepackaged mix, it may be difficult to identify the exact amount and type of chocolate used. In these cases estimate the methylxanthine dose based on a worst-case scenario.
    [Show full text]